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Soskra<br> | Soskra<br> | ||
'''Gìdago'''<br> | '''Gìdago'''<br> | ||
| Má<br> | ||
|morph=Agglutinative | |morph=Agglutinative | ||
|ms=Nominative-Accusative | |ms=Nominative-Accusative | ||
|wo=SVO | |wo=SVO | ||
|creator=ILuvEire | |creator=[[ILuvEire]] | ||
|date=February 2009}} | |date=February 2009}} | ||
Gìdago is a daughter of the first language (Soskra) to really split off from Ginhtköl. Therefore it has the most simplified and changed grammar and phonology. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
If you compare this phonology with the phonology of Ginhtköl, you'll see MANY changes. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
<br/> | |||
<div style="text-align: center;"> | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants | |||
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Velar | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}ng | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || || {{IPA|d}} || || || || {{IPA|g}} | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || || || || {{IPA|v}} || || {{IPA|ð}} || || {{IPA|z}} || || {{IPA|ʒ}}j || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
In the chart, I wrote in the orthography, where it's different from IPA. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
<br/> | |||
<div style="text-align: center;"> | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels | |||
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}} | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}} | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}} | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
====Tones==== | ====Tones==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Name | |||
! Description | |||
! Diacritic | |||
|- | |||
| '''Nan''' 'level' | |||
| mid level | |||
| align="center" | <small>(no mark)</small> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Ùen''' 'hanging' | |||
| mid falling | |||
| align="center" | '''`''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Sá''' 'sharp' | |||
| mid rising | |||
| align="center" | '''´''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Ôi''' 'asking' | |||
| mid dipping-rising | |||
| align="center" | ''' '''^''' | |||
|} | |||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
<table> | |||
<tr><td></td> <td>First</td> <td>Second</td> <td>Third</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Singular</td> <td>Wi</td> <td>Mó</td> <td>Vo</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Plural</td><td>Gú</td> <td>Mò</td> <td>Lu</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
No, that's not a typo. The only difference between the second person plural and the singular is the tone. They traditionally came from totally different words but, through sound change, came to have very similar sounds. | |||
===First Conjugation=== | ===First Conjugation=== | ||
Root: Aðeva - eat | |||
In the singular, there is no change. So "I eat" is "wi áheva." | |||
In the plural, the first person plural (like we) uses the affix -no. So it's is "gú áhevano." There is no change in the second person plural (think y'all). The third person plural (they) changes the last vowel to -o, so "lu ahevo." | |||
Conjugation of an example verb: | |||
<table> | |||
<tr><td>Pronoun</td><td>Example Verb</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>We</td><td>Áhevano</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>They</td><td>Áhevo</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
===Second Conjugation=== | ===Second Conjugation=== | ||
This one has a bit more conjugation involved! I'm just going to make a chart: | |||
<table> | |||
<tr><td></td><td>Singular</td><td>Plural</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>First</td><td>-a</td><td>-a</td> | |||
<tr><td>Second</td><td>-a</td><td>-o</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Third</td><td>-u</td><td>-u</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
And an example verb, win (to buy) | |||
<table> | |||
<tr><td></td><td>Singular</td><td>Plural</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>First</td><td>Wina</td><td>Wina</td> | |||
<tr><td>Second</td><td>Wina</td><td>Wino</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Third</td><td>Winu</td><td>Winu</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
To negate a verb, all you need to do is use the negation verb, <i>ó</i>. | |||
<tr><td></td><td>Singular</td><td>Plural</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>First</td><td>Ón</td><td>Óno</td> | |||
<tr><td>Second</td><td>Ód</td><td>Óm</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Third</td><td>Óg</td><td>O</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
===First Declension=== | ===First Declension=== | ||
<table> | |||
<tr><td>Case name</td><td>Affix</td><td>Example</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Plural</td><td>-gó</td><td>êgo</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Accusative</td><td>-d</td><td>êd</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Genitive</td><td>-nd</td><td>ênd</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Dative</td><td>-na</td><td>êna</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Locative</td><td>-d</td><td>êd</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Instrumental</td><td>-du</td><td>êdu</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Vocative</td><td>-ge</td><td>êge</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Aversive</td><td>Tone change</td><td>è</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
===Second Declension=== | ===Second Declension=== | ||
<table> | |||
<tr><td>Case name</td><td>Affix</td><td>Example</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Plural</td><td>-ó</td><td>goló</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Accusative</td><td>-od</td><td>golod</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Genitive</td><td>-ud</td><td>golud</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Dative</td><td>Tone change</td><td>gól</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Locative</td><td>-d</td><td>gold</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Instrumental</td><td>-aga</td><td>golaga</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Vocative</td><td>-eje</td><td>goleje</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Aversive</td><td>-ð or tone change</td><td>gò</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
==Numbers== | ==Numbers== | ||
Gìdago numbers are a base five system, just like Ginhtköl before it. There have been some changes though: | |||
<p>1 ìg | |||
<p>2 gá | |||
<p>3 mán | |||
<p>4 nara | |||
<p>5 ví | |||
<p>10 gávi | |||
<p>20 naravi | |||
<p>30 vínivi | |||
<p>40 vínemavi | |||
<p>50 gávivi | |||
==Honorifics== | ==Honorifics== | ||
<table> | |||
<tr><td>Honorific</td><td>Meaning</td><td>Example</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Jíla</td><td>Used with an elder</td><td>Jonzeje-jíla - Grandmother Jones</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Nusan</td><td>Used with a priest</td><td>Garige-nusan - Pastor Gary</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Jun</td><td>Used as a general honorific for a man</td><td>Tanakagege-jun - Mr. Tanaka</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Junau</td><td>Used as a general honorific for a woman</td><td>Milage-junau - Ms. Miller</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Aná</td><td>A polite diminutive</td><td>Janvaige-aná - little girl</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Garu</td><td>An impolite diminutive</td><td>Gozijige - little man</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Jinénji</td><td>Used when addressing a large group of people</td><td>Mirozod-jinénji - Microsoft</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Zan</td><td>Used with a royal person or deity</td><td>Danéjeje-zan - God</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
==Extras== | ==Extras== | ||
===Using Do=== | ===Using Do=== | ||
Jimá means "to do" and it is used in many ways. | |||
* It changes nouns into verbs. | |||
* It changes foreign nouns into inflectable verbs. This way we can keep the loan, unmolested. EX: Wi gobí jimá - I'm making a copy. | |||
* Just as ó can be used as an informal way of saying no, jimá can be used to mean yes. | |||
<p>Mó nád gábad aga? - Are you a walrus? | |||
<p>Jimá - Yes (lit. I do) | |||
* The final way this verb is used is for emphasis. If you want to emphasize the sentence, stick jimá before all the other verbs. EX: Wi jimá nán gábad! - I AM a walrus! | |||
===Forming Questions=== | ===Forming Questions=== | ||
=== | Questions are formed in two ways: | ||
* -(a)na is stuck on to the main verb in the sentence. This is generally more formal. EX: Mó nenande gábad? - Are you a walrus? | |||
* Aga is thrown at the end of the sentence (the very last word!). EX: Mó nen gábad aga? - Are you a walrus? | |||
===To be=== | |||
The most used verb in the language is also highly irregular. In the present tense it conjugates like this: | |||
<p>Infinitive: na | |||
<table> | |||
<tr><td></td> <td>First</td> <td>Second</td> <td>Third</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Singular</td> <td>nán</td> <td>nád</td> <td>ná</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>Plural</td><td>nau</td> <td>nâ</td> <td>nâ</td></tr> | |||
</table> | |||
[[Category: Conlangs]] | |||
Latest revision as of 10:59, 17 July 2011
| Gìdago | |
|---|---|
| Pronounced: | /gi˧˥dago/ |
| Timeline and Universe: | none |
| Species: | Human |
| Spoken: | Gimá |
| Total speakers: | 13 million |
| Writing system: | Latin |
| Genealogy: | Gan Language Family North Ganic |
| Typology | |
| Morphological type: | Agglutinative |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | Nominative-Accusative |
| Basic word order: | SVO |
| Credits | |
| Creator: | ILuvEire |
| Created: | February 2009 |
Gìdago is a daughter of the first language (Soskra) to really split off from Ginhtköl. Therefore it has the most simplified and changed grammar and phonology.
Phonology
If you compare this phonology with the phonology of Ginhtköl, you'll see MANY changes.
Consonants
| Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labiod. | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Velar | |||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋng | |||||||||||||
| Plosive | b | d | g | |||||||||||||
| Fricative | v | ð | z | ʒj | ||||||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l | |||||||||||||||
In the chart, I wrote in the orthography, where it's different from IPA.
Vowels
| Vowels | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||||||
| High | i | u | ||||||||
| High-mid | e | o | ||||||||
| Low | a | |||||||||
Tones
| Name | Description | Diacritic |
|---|---|---|
| Nan 'level' | mid level | (no mark) |
| Ùen 'hanging' | mid falling | ` |
| Sá 'sharp' | mid rising | ´ |
| Ôi 'asking' | mid dipping-rising | ^ |
Verbs
Pronouns
| First | Second | Third | |
| Singular | Wi | Mó | Vo |
| Plural | Gú | Mò | Lu |
No, that's not a typo. The only difference between the second person plural and the singular is the tone. They traditionally came from totally different words but, through sound change, came to have very similar sounds.
First Conjugation
Root: Aðeva - eat In the singular, there is no change. So "I eat" is "wi áheva."
In the plural, the first person plural (like we) uses the affix -no. So it's is "gú áhevano." There is no change in the second person plural (think y'all). The third person plural (they) changes the last vowel to -o, so "lu ahevo."
Conjugation of an example verb:
| Pronoun | Example Verb |
| We | Áhevano |
| They | Áhevo |
Second Conjugation
This one has a bit more conjugation involved! I'm just going to make a chart:
| Singular | Plural | |
| First | -a | -a |
| Second | -a | -o |
| Third | -u | -u |
And an example verb, win (to buy)
| Singular | Plural | |
| First | Wina | Wina |
| Second | Wina | Wino |
| Third | Winu | Winu |
Negation
To negate a verb, all you need to do is use the negation verb, ó.
SingularPlural FirstÓnÓno SecondÓdÓm ThirdÓgO
Nouns
First Declension
| Case name | Affix | Example |
| Plural | -gó | êgo |
| Accusative | -d | êd |
| Genitive | -nd | ênd |
| Dative | -na | êna |
| Locative | -d | êd |
| Instrumental | -du | êdu |
| Vocative | -ge | êge |
| Aversive | Tone change | è |
Second Declension
| Case name | Affix | Example |
| Plural | -ó | goló |
| Accusative | -od | golod |
| Genitive | -ud | golud |
| Dative | Tone change | gól |
| Locative | -d | gold |
| Instrumental | -aga | golaga |
| Vocative | -eje | goleje |
| Aversive | -ð or tone change | gò |
Numbers
Gìdago numbers are a base five system, just like Ginhtköl before it. There have been some changes though:
1 ìg
2 gá
3 mán
4 nara
5 ví
10 gávi
20 naravi
30 vínivi
40 vínemavi
50 gávivi
Honorifics
| Honorific | Meaning | Example |
| Jíla | Used with an elder | Jonzeje-jíla - Grandmother Jones |
| Nusan | Used with a priest | Garige-nusan - Pastor Gary |
| Jun | Used as a general honorific for a man | Tanakagege-jun - Mr. Tanaka |
| Junau | Used as a general honorific for a woman | Milage-junau - Ms. Miller |
| Aná | A polite diminutive | Janvaige-aná - little girl |
| Garu | An impolite diminutive | Gozijige - little man |
| Jinénji | Used when addressing a large group of people | Mirozod-jinénji - Microsoft |
| Zan | Used with a royal person or deity | Danéjeje-zan - God |
Extras
Using Do
Jimá means "to do" and it is used in many ways.
- It changes nouns into verbs.
- It changes foreign nouns into inflectable verbs. This way we can keep the loan, unmolested. EX: Wi gobí jimá - I'm making a copy.
- Just as ó can be used as an informal way of saying no, jimá can be used to mean yes.
Mó nád gábad aga? - Are you a walrus?
Jimá - Yes (lit. I do)
- The final way this verb is used is for emphasis. If you want to emphasize the sentence, stick jimá before all the other verbs. EX: Wi jimá nán gábad! - I AM a walrus!
Forming Questions
Questions are formed in two ways:
- -(a)na is stuck on to the main verb in the sentence. This is generally more formal. EX: Mó nenande gábad? - Are you a walrus?
- Aga is thrown at the end of the sentence (the very last word!). EX: Mó nen gábad aga? - Are you a walrus?
To be
The most used verb in the language is also highly irregular. In the present tense it conjugates like this:
Infinitive: na
| First | Second | Third | |
| Singular | nán | nád | ná |
| Plural | nau | nâ | nâ |
