|
|
| (3 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| *Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic, the citizens have their own dialect. | | *[[Athonite Grammar I]] |
| *It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
| | *[[Athonite Grammar II]] |
| *It is written with the Greek alphabet, but for ease I'm rendering it here in the Latin alphabet.
| |
| ==Orthography and Pronunciation==
| |
| *The name of the language is Athonite (<font color=blue>Αþωνίτ</font>). | |
| *A spelling reform has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation.
| |
| *Double letters have been eliminated.
| |
| *An acute accent is placed over the accented vowel.
| |
| {|border=1
| |
| |i=No| Greek
| |
| |c=01| Latin
| |
| |c=02| Pronunciation
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| α
| |
| |c=01| a<br>ä
| |
| |c=02| f'''a'''ther when accented<br>b'''u'''t otherwise
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| αι
| |
| |c=01| e
| |
| |c=02| b'''e'''d
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| αυ
| |
| |c=01| af before voiceless consonants<br>av otherwise
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| β
| |
| |c=01| v
| |
| |c=02| '''v'''ine
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| γ
| |
| |c=01| g
| |
| |c=02| Sp. va'''g'''ar
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| γγ
| |
| |c=01| ng
| |
| |c=02| si'''ng'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| γκ
| |
| |c=01| g
| |
| |c=02| '''g'''o
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| γξ
| |
| |c=01| nks
| |
| |c=02| ly'''nx'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| γχ
| |
| |c=01| nkh
| |
| |c=02| '''n'''ew + Ger. i'''ch'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| δ
| |
| |c=01| ð
| |
| |c=02| '''th'''at
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ε
| |
| |c=01| e
| |
| |c=02| b'''e'''t
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ει
| |
| |c=01| i
| |
| |c=02| f'''ee'''t
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ɛυ
| |
| |c=01| ef before voiceless consonants<br>ev otherwise
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ζ
| |
| |c=01| z
| |
| |c=02| '''z'''oo
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| η
| |
| |c=01| i
| |
| |c=02| f'''ee'''t
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| θ
| |
| |c=01| þ
| |
| |c=02| '''th'''in
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ι
| |
| |c=01| i
| |
| |c=02| b'''ee'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| κ
| |
| |c=01| k
| |
| |c=02| '''k'''in
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| λ
| |
| |c=01| l
| |
| |c=02| '''l'''ong
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| μ
| |
| |c=01| m
| |
| |c=02| '''m'''at
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| μπ
| |
| |c=01| b
| |
| |c=02| '''b'''at
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ν
| |
| |c=01| n
| |
| |c=02| '''n'''ap
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ντ
| |
| |c=01| d
| |
| |c=02| '''d'''ot
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ξ
| |
| |c=01| x
| |
| |c=02| a'''x'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ο
| |
| |c=01| ø
| |
| |c=02| '''awe'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| οι
| |
| |c=01| i
| |
| |c=02| f'''ee'''t
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ου
| |
| |c=01| u
| |
| |c=02| b'''oo'''t
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| π
| |
| |c=01| p
| |
| |c=02| '''p'''it
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ρ
| |
| |c=01| r
| |
| |c=02| Sp. pe'''r'''o
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ς
| |
| |c=01| s
| |
| |c=02| '''z'''oo before voiceless consonants<br>'''s'''ue otherwise
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| τ
| |
| |c=01| t
| |
| |c=02| '''t'''ap
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| τζ
| |
| |c=01| dz
| |
| |c=02| rea'''ds'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| υ
| |
| |c=01| i
| |
| |c=02| b'''ee'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| φ
| |
| |c=01| f
| |
| |c=02| '''f'''un
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| χ
| |
| |c=01| kh
| |
| |c=02| Ger. i'''ch'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ψ
| |
| |c=01| ps
| |
| |c=02| li'''ps'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| ω
| |
| |c=01| o
| |
| |c=02| b'''oa'''t
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Grammar==
| |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| *Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.
| |
| *Masculine nouns are those preceded by the definite article <font color=blue>ø</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>ø ánþrop</font>, the man; <font color=blue>ø pätér</font>, the father. The indefinite article is <font color=blue>en</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>en kíp</font>, a garden.
| |
| *Feminine nouns are those preceded by the definite article <font color=blue>i</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>i pørt</font>, the door; <font color=blue>i ginék</font>, the woman. The indefinite article is <font color=blue>éni</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>én' istørí</font>.
| |
| *Neuter nouns are those preceded by the definite article <font color=blue>tø</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>tø gräfí</font>, the office; <font color=blue>tø péð</font>, the child. The indefinite article is <font color=blue>énä</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>éna ðømáti</font>.
| |
| *The final vowel is elided when it is the same as the initial vowel of the word following, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>én' istrí</font>; <font color=blue>én' amáx</font>.
| |
| | |
| ====The Genitive Case====
| |
| *The genitive case is indicated by a change in the form of the article.
| |
| *The singular definite article:
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø þi</font>, the uncle > <font color=blue>tu þi</font>, of the uncle
| |
| **<font color=blue>i þi</font>, the aunt > <font color=blue>tis þi</font>, of the aunt
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø pøð</font>, the foot > <font color=blue>tu pøð</font>, of the foot
| |
| *The singular indefinite article:
| |
| **<font color=blue>en þi</font>, an uncle > <font color=blue>énos þi</font>, of an uncle
| |
| **<font color=blue>éni þi</font>, an aunt > <font color=blue>énis þi</font>, of an aunt
| |
| **<font color=blue>énä pøð</font>, a foot > <font color=blue>énäs pøð</font>, of the foot
| |
| *The plural definite article:
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø þis</font>, the uncles > <font color=blue>ton þis</font>, of the uncles
| |
| **<font color=blue>i þis</font>, the aunts > <font color=blue>ton þis</font>, of the aunts
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø pøðs</font>, the feet > <font color=blue>ton pøðs</font>, of the feet
| |
| *The plural indefinite article:
| |
| **<font color=blue>en þi</font>, some uncles > <font color=blue>énon þis</font>, of some uncles
| |
| **<font color=blue>éni þi</font>, some aunts > <font color=blue>énon þis</font>, of some aunts
| |
| **<font color=blue>énä pøð</font>, some feet > <font color=blue>énon pøðs</font>, of some feet
| |
| *The genitive case is used to express possession of appurtenance
| |
| **<font color=blue>T' ǿnøm tu pätér mu Vasíl in</font>, the name of my father is Basil.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Ø äðélf mu en fil tu Giórgu in</font>, my brother is a friend of George.
| |
| **<font color=blue>I pørt tu spít mu mávr in</font>, the door of my house is black.
| |
| | |
| ====The Accusative Case====
| |
| *The accusative case is indicated by a change in the form of the article.
| |
| *The singular definite article:
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø þi</font>, the uncle > <font color=blue>tøn þi</font>, the uncle
| |
| **<font color=blue>i þi</font>, the aunt > <font color=blue>tin þi</font>, the aunt
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø pøð</font>, the foot > <font color=blue>tøn pøð</font>, the foot
| |
| *The singular indefinite article:
| |
| **<font color=blue>en þi</font>, an uncle > <font color=blue>énøn þi</font>, an uncle
| |
| **<font color=blue>éni þi</font>, an aunt > <font color=blue>énin þi</font>, an aunt
| |
| **<font color=blue>énä pøð</font>, a foot > <font color=blue>énän pøð</font>, the foot
| |
| *The plural definite article:
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø þis</font>, the uncles > <font color=blue>ta þis</font>, the uncles
| |
| **<font color=blue>i þis</font>, the aunts > <font color=blue>ta þis</font>, the aunts
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø pøðs</font>, the feet > <font color=blue>ta pøðs</font>, the feet
| |
| *The plural indefinite article:
| |
| **<font color=blue>en þi</font>, some uncles > <font color=blue>énøn þis</font>, some uncles
| |
| **<font color=blue>éni þi</font>, some aunts > <font color=blue>énin þis</font>, some aunts
| |
| **<font color=blue>énä pøð</font>, some feet > <font color=blue>énän pøðs</font>, some feet
| |
| *The accusative case is used:
| |
| **After the prepositions <font color=blue>se, me, páno se, kontá se, mésä se, äpǿ, páno äpǿ, káto äpǿ, giá</font>, etc.
| |
| **As the direct object of verbs, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>Go énon ánþrop vlep</font>, I see a man.
| |
| | |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| *Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø käl ánþrop</font>, the good man
| |
| **<font color=blue>i käl ginék</font>, the good woman
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø käl péð</font>, the good child
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø megál kip</font>, the large garden
| |
| **<font color=blue>i megál pørt</font>, the large door
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø megál ðomáti</font>, the large room
| |
| *The adjectives <font color=blue>äft</font>, 'this' and <font color=blue>ekín</font>, 'that' precede the definite article.
| |
| **<font color=blue>äft ø ánþrop</font>, this man
| |
| **<font color=blue>äft ø kip</font>, this garden
| |
| **<font color=blue>äft i ginék</font>, this woman
| |
| **<font color=blue>äf' tø ped</font>, this child
| |
| **<font color=blue>äf' tø ämáx</font>, this cart
| |
| **<font color=blue>ekín ø ergát</font>, that worker
| |
| **<font color=blue>ekín i nikht</font>, that night
| |
| **<font color=blue>ekín tø ðomáti</font>, that room
| |
| *Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle <font color=blue>ðen</font> in front of the verb.
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø proín étim in</font>, breakfast is ready.
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø proín étim ðen in</font>, breakfast is not ready.
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø bar gemát ðen in</font>, the bar is not full.
| |
| **<font color=blue>äft i pørt megál ðen in</font>, this door is not big.
| |
| | |
| ====The Possessive Adjectives====
| |
| {|border=1
| |
| |i=No|
| |
| |c=01| singular
| |
| |c=02| plural
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| 1.
| |
| |c=01| <font color=blue>mu</font>, my
| |
| |c=02| <font color=blue>mäs</font>, our
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| 2.
| |
| |c=01| <font color=blue>su</font>, your
| |
| |c=02| <font color=blue>säs</font>, your
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| 3.
| |
| |c=01| <font color=blue>tu</font>, his<br><font color=blue>tis</font>, her<br><font color=blue>tu</font>, its
| |
| |c=02| <font color=blue>tus</font>, their
| |
| |}
| |
| *These adjectives are put after the nouns they modify. The nouns are preceded by the definite article.
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø spit</font>, the house; <font color=blue>tø spit mu</font>, my house
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø fil</font>, the friend; <font color=blue>ø fil mu</font>, my friend
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø kher mu</font>, my hand
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø pätér su</font>, your father
| |
| **<font color=blue>i mitér tis</font>, her mother
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø kip mäs</font>, our garden
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø kips mäs</font>, our gardens
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø lept säs</font>, your money
| |
| *The possessive adjectives are enclitics. They have no accent of their own but add a syllable to the word, so that the accent of the preceding word is drawn to them.
| |
| **<font color=blue>t' ǿnøm</font>, the name; <font color=blue>t' ønǿm mu</font>, my name
| |
| **<font color=blue>i ikøgéni</font>, the family; <font color=blue>i ikøgení mu</font>, my family
| |
| *When the nouns are preceded by an adjective the possessive adjective is put after the noun.
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø ämáx</font>, the cart; <font color=blue>tø kenúri ämáx</font>, the new cart; <font color=blue>tø kenúri ämáx mu</font>, my new cart
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø käl fíl mäs</font>, our good friend
| |
| | |
| ====Comparison of Adjectives====
| |
| *Adjectives form the comparative degree by placing the word <font color=blue>piǿ</font> in front them. They are then followed by <font color=blue>apǿ</font> and the accusative.
| |
| *Piǿ</font> is an enclitic and causes an accent on the following adjective if it doesn't already have one.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Ø Mikhál plúsi in</font>, Michael is rich.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Ø äðélf mu piǿ dinát pǿ tø äðélf su in</font>, my brother is stronger than your brother.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Ø Gián piø ftókh äpǿ tǿn Kóstäs in</font>, John is poorer than Costas.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Af' to spit piø kál ap' ekín</font>, This house is better than that one.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Af' to äftokínet polí pio khír äpǿ tøn áløn in</font>, This automobile much worse than the other.
| |
| *Adjectives form the superlative degree by using the definite article before the comparative form and the preposition <font color=blue>se</font> after it.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Ø André ø piø kál mäþít støn tax tu</font>, Andrew is the best pupil in his class.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Ø pätér tis ø piø plúsi stin Äþín in</font>, Her father is the richest man in Athens.
| |
| **<font color=blue>I Elén i piø oré ginék stin Elláð it</font>, Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.
| |
| | |
| ===Plural===
| |
| *Nouns form their plurals by adding <font color=blue>-s</font> to the word.
| |
| *<font color=blue>-is</font> is added if the noun ends in <font color=blue>-s</font>.
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø ánþrops</font>, the men
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø ándris</font>, the men
| |
| **<font color=blue>ø ergáts</font>, the men
| |
| **<font color=blue>i ädélfs</font>, the sisters
| |
| **<font color=blue>i mers</font>, the days
| |
| **<font color=blue>i léxis</font>, the words
| |
| **<font color=blue>i sképsis</font>, the thoughts
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø tsigárs</font>, the cigarettes
| |
| **<font color=blue>tø ämáxis</font>, the carts
| |
| **Irregular plurals:
| |
| ***<font color=blue>tø khróma</font>, the color; <font color=blue>tø khrómats</font>, the colors
| |
| ***<font color=blue>tø fos</font>, the light; <font color=blue>tø fóts</font>, the colors
| |
| | |
| ===The Possessive Pronouns===
| |
| *The personal possessive pronouns are formed by prefixing the adjective <font color=blue>ðik</font> to the possessive adjectives.
| |
| {|border=1
| |
| |i=No|
| |
| |c=01| singular
| |
| |c=02| plural
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| 1.
| |
| |c=01| <font color=blue>ðíkmu</font>, my
| |
| |c=02| <font color=blue>ðíkmäs</font>, our
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| 2.
| |
| |c=01| <font color=blue>ðíksu</font>, your
| |
| |c=02| <font color=blue>ðíksäs</font>, your
| |
| |-
| |
| |i=No| 3.
| |
| |c=01| <font color=blue>ðíktu</font>, his<br><font color=blue>ðíktis</font>, her<br><font color=blue>ðíktu</font>, its
| |
| |c=02| <font color=blue>ðíktus</font>, their
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Telling Time===
| |
| *The hour is put first followed by <font color=blue>ke</font>, plus, or <font color=blue>pärá</font>, minus, and then the appropriate fraction or number of minutes, ''e.g.'',
| |
| **<font color=blue>Ti or in;</font> What time is it?
| |
| **<font color=blue>Tris in</font>, It is three o'clock.
| |
| **<font color=blue>I or tris ke tris lept in</font>, It is three minutes past three.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Ti or in päräkäló</font>, What time is it, please?
| |
| **<font color=blue>Tórä tris ke tétärt in, </font>, Now it is a quartrer past three.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Okhi, tris ke tétärt ðen in, tris pärá tétärt in</font>, No, it is not quarter past three, it is quarter to three.
| |
| **<font color=blue>tórä pendé misi in</font>, It is half past five.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Ðóðekä pärá pénde leptá</font>, It is five to twelve.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Éntekä ke pénde in</font>, It is five past eleven.
| |
| **<font color=blue>O Gián stin pénde irþ</font>, John came at five.
| |
| **<font color=blue>Ekätó lept éni or ke särándä lept in</font>, A hundred minutes is one hour and forty minutes.
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
