Athonite Grammar: Difference between revisions

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*Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic, the citizens have their own dialect.
*[[Athonite Grammar I]]
*It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
*[[Athonite Grammar II]]
*It is written with the Greek alphabet, but for ease I'm rendering it here in the Latin alphabet.
==Orthography and Pronunciation==
*The name of the language is Athonite (<font color=blue>Αþωνίτ</font>).
*A spelling reform has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation.
*Double letters have been eliminated.
*An acute accent is placed over the accented vowel.
{|border=1
|i=No| Greek
|c=01| Latin
|c=02| Pronunciation
|-
|i=No| α
|c=01| a
|c=02| f'''a'''ther when accented<br>b'''u'''t otherwise
|-
|i=No| αι
|c=01| e
|c=02| b'''e'''d
|-
|i=No| αυ
|c=01| af before voiceless consonants<br>av otherwise
|-
|i=No| β
|c=01| v
|c=02| '''v'''ine
|-
|i=No| γ
|c=01| g
|c=02| Sp. va'''g'''ar
|-
|i=No| γγ
|c=01| ng
|c=02| si'''ng'''
|-
|i=No| γκ
|c=01| g
|c=02| '''g'''o
|-
|i=No| γξ
|c=01| nks
|c=02| ly'''nx'''
|-
|i=No| γχ
|c=01| nkh
|c=02| '''n'''ew + Ger. i'''ch'''
|-
|i=No| δ
|c=01| ð
|c=02| '''th'''at
|-
|i=No| ε
|c=01| e
|c=02| b'''e'''t
|-
|i=No| ει
|c=01| i
|c=02| f'''ee'''t
|-
|i=No| ɛυ
|c=01| ef before voiceless consonants<br>ev otherwise
|-
|i=No| ζ
|c=01| z
|c=02| '''z'''oo
|-
|i=No| η
|c=01| i
|c=02| f'''ee'''t
|-
|i=No| θ
|c=01| þ
|c=02| '''th'''in
|-
|i=No| ι
|c=01| i
|c=02| b'''ee'''
|-
|i=No| κ
|c=01| k
|c=02| '''k'''in
|-
|i=No| λ
|c=01| l
|c=02| '''l'''ong
|-
|i=No| μ
|c=01| m
|c=02| '''m'''at
|-
|i=No| μπ
|c=01| b
|c=02| '''b'''at
|-
|i=No| ν
|c=01| n
|c=02| '''n'''ap
|-
|i=No| ντ
|c=01| d
|c=02| '''d'''ot
|-
|i=No| ξ
|c=01| x
|c=02| a'''x'''
|-
|i=No| ο
|c=01| ø
|c=02| '''awe'''
|-
|i=No| οι
|c=01| i
|c=02| f'''ee'''t
|-
|i=No| ου
|c=01| u
|c=02| b'''oo'''t
|-
|i=No| π
|c=01| p
|c=02| '''p'''it
|-
|i=No| ρ
|c=01| r
|c=02| Sp. pe'''r'''o
|-
|i=No| ς
|c=01| s
|c=02| '''z'''oo before voiceless consonants<br>'''s'''ue otherwise
|-
|i=No| τ
|c=01| t
|c=02| '''t'''ap
|-
|i=No| τζ
|c=01| dz
|c=02| rea'''ds'''
|-
|i=No| υ
|c=01| i
|c=02| b'''ee'''
|-
|i=No| φ
|c=01| f
|c=02| '''f'''un
|-
|i=No| χ
|c=01| kh
|c=02| Ger. i'''ch'''
|-
|i=No| ψ
|c=01| ps
|c=02| li'''ps'''
|-
|i=No| ω
|c=01| o 
|c=02| b'''oa'''t
|}
 
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
*Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.
*Masculine nouns are those preceded by the definite article <font color=blue>ø</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>ø ánþrop</font>, the man; <font color=blue>ø patér</font>, the father. The indefinite article is <font color=blue>en</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>en kíp</font>, a garden.
*Feminine nouns are those preceded by the definite article <font color=blue>i</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>i pørt</font>, the door; <font color=blue>i ginék</font>, the woman. The indefinite article is <font color=blue>éni</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>én' istørí</font>.
*Neuter nouns are those preceded by the definite article <font color=blue>tø</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>tø grafí</font>, the office; <font color=blue>tø péð</font>, the child. The indefinite article is <font color=blue>éna</font>, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>éna ðømáti</font>.
*The final vowel is elided when it is the same as the initial vowel of the word following, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>én' istrí</font>; <font color=blue>én' amáx</font>.
 
====The Genitive Case====
*The genitive case is indicated by a change in the form of the article.
*The singular definite article:
**<font color=blue>ø þi</font>, the uncle > <font color=blue>tu þi</font>, of the uncle
**<font color=blue>i þi</font>, the aunt > <font color=blue>tis þi</font>, of the aunt
**<font color=blue>tø pøð</font>, the foot > <font color=blue>tu pøð</font>, of the foot
*The singular indefinite article:
**<font color=blue>en þi</font>, an uncle > <font color=blue>énos þi</font>, of an uncle
**<font color=blue>éni þi</font>, an aunt > <font color=blue>énis þi</font>, of an aunt
**<font color=blue>éna pøð</font>, a foot > <font color=blue>énas pøð</font>, of the foot
*The plural definite article:
**<font color=blue>ø þis</font>, the uncles > <font color=blue>ton þis</font>, of the uncles
**<font color=blue>i þis</font>, the aunts > <font color=blue>ton þis</font>, of the aunts
**<font color=blue>tø pøðs</font>, the feet > <font color=blue>ton pøðs</font>, of the feet
*The plural indefinite article:
**<font color=blue>en þi</font>, some uncles > <font color=blue>énon þis</font>, of some uncles
**<font color=blue>éni þi</font>, some aunts > <font color=blue>énon þis</font>, of some aunts
**<font color=blue>éna pøð</font>, some feet > <font color=blue>énon pøðs</font>, of some feet
*The genitive case is used to express possession of appurtenance
**<font color=blue>T' ǿnøm tu patér mu Vasíl in</font>, the name of my father is Basil.
**<font color=blue>Ø aðélf mu en fil tu Giórgu in</font>, my brother is a friend of George.
**<font color=blue>I pørt tu spít mu mávr in</font>, the door of my house is black.
 
====The Accusative Case====
*The accusative case is indicated by a change in the form of the article.
*The singular definite article:
**<font color=blue>ø þi</font>, the uncle > <font color=blue>tøn þi</font>, the uncle
**<font color=blue>i þi</font>, the aunt > <font color=blue>tin þi</font>, the aunt
**<font color=blue>tø pøð</font>, the foot > <font color=blue>tøn pøð</font>, the foot
*The singular indefinite article:
**<font color=blue>en þi</font>, an uncle > <font color=blue>énøn þi</font>, an uncle
**<font color=blue>éni þi</font>, an aunt > <font color=blue>énin þi</font>, an aunt
**<font color=blue>éna pøð</font>, a foot > <font color=blue>énan pøð</font>, the foot
*The plural definite article:
**<font color=blue>ø þis</font>, the uncles > <font color=blue>ta þis</font>, the uncles
**<font color=blue>i þis</font>, the aunts > <font color=blue>ta þis</font>, the aunts
**<font color=blue>tø pøðs</font>, the feet > <font color=blue>ta pøðs</font>, the feet
*The plural indefinite article:
**<font color=blue>en þi</font>, some uncles > <font color=blue>énøn þis</font>, some uncles
**<font color=blue>éni þi</font>, some aunts > <font color=blue>énin þis</font>, some aunts
**<font color=blue>éna pøð</font>, some feet > <font color=blue>énan pøðs</font>, some feet
*The accusative case is used:
**After the prepositions <font color=blue>se, me, páno se, kontá se, mésa se, apǿ, páno apǿ, káto apǿ, giá</font>, etc.
**As the direct object of verbs, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>Go énon ánþrop vlep</font>, I see a man.
 
===Adjectives===
*Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
**<font color=blue>ø kal ánþrop</font>, the good man
**<font color=blue>i kal ginék</font>, the good woman
**<font color=blue>tø kal péð</font>, the good child
**<font color=blue>ø megál kip</font>, the large garden
**<font color=blue>i megál pørt</font>, the large door
**<font color=blue>tø megál ðomáti</font>, the large room
*The adjectives <font color=blue>aft</font>, 'this' and <font color=blue>ekín</font>, 'that' precede the definite article.
**<font color=blue>aft ø ánþrop</font>, this man
**<font color=blue>aft ø kip</font>, this garden
**<font color=blue>aft i ginék</font>, this woman
**<font color=blue>af' tø ped</font>, this child
**<font color=blue>af' tø amáx</font>, this cart
**<font color=blue>ekín ø ergát</font>, that worker
**<font color=blue>ekín i nikht</font>, that night
**<font color=blue>ekín tø ðomáti</font>, that room
*Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle <font color=blue>ðen</font> in front of the verb.
**<font color=blue>tø proín étim in</font>, breakfast is ready.
**<font color=blue>tø proín étim ðen in</font>, breakfast is not ready.
**<font color=blue>tø bar gemát ðen in</font>, the bar is not full.
**<font color=blue>aft i pørt megál ðen in</font>, this door is not big.
 
====The Possessive Adjectives====
{|border=1
|i=No|
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>mu</font>, my
|c=02| <font color=blue>mas</font>, our
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>su</font>, your
|c=02| <font color=blue>sas</font>, your
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>tu</font>, his<br><font color=blue>tis</font>, her<br><font color=blue>tu</font>, its
|c=02| <font color=blue>tus</font>, their
|}
*These adjectives are put after the nouns they modify. The nouns are preceded by the definite article.
**<font color=blue>tø spit</font>, the house; <font color=blue>tø spit mu</font>, my house
**<font color=blue>ø fil</font>, the friend; <font color=blue>ø fil mu</font>, my friend
**<font color=blue>tø kher mu</font>, my hand
**<font color=blue>ø patér su</font>, your father
**<font color=blue>i mitér tis</font>, her mother
**<font color=blue>ø kip mas</font>, our garden
**<font color=blue>ø kips mas</font>, our gardens
**<font color=blue>tø lept sas</font>, your money
*The possessive adjectives are enclitics. They have no accent of their own but add a syllable to the word, so that the accent of the preceding word is drawn to them.
**<font color=blue>t' ǿnøm</font>, the name; <font color=blue>t' ønǿm mu</font>, my name
**<font color=blue>i ikøgéni</font>, the family; <font color=blue>i ikøgení mu</font>, my family
*When the nouns are preceded by an adjective the possessive adjective is put after the noun.
**<font color=blue>tø amáx</font>, the cart; <font color=blue>tø kenúri amáx</font>, the new cart; <font color=blue>tø kenúri amáx mu</font>, my new cart
**<font color=blue>ø kal fíl mas</font>, our good friend
 
====Comparison of Adjectives====
*Adjectives form the comparative degree by placing the word <font color=blue>piǿ</font> in front them. They are then followed by <font color=blue>apǿ</font> and the accusative.
*Piǿ</font> is an enclitic and causes an accent on the following adjective if it doesn't already have one.
**<font color=blue>Ø Mikhál plúsi in</font>, Michael is rich.
**<font color=blue>Ø aðélf mu piǿ dinát apǿ tø aðélf su in</font>, my brother is stronger than your brother.
**<font color=blue>Ø Gián piø ftókh apǿ tǿn Kóstas in</font>, John is poorer than Costas.
**<font color=blue>Af' to spit piø kál ap' ekín</font>, This house is better than that one.
**<font color=blue>Af' to aftokínet polí pio khír apǿ to álǿ in</font>, This automobile much worse than the other.
*Adjectives form the superlative degree by using the definite article before the comparative form and the preposition <font color=blue>se</font> after it.
**<font color=blue>Ø André ø piø kál maþít støn tax tu</font>, Andrew is the best pupil in his class.
**<font color=blue>Ø patér tis ø piø plúsi stin Aþín in</font>, Her father is the richest man in Athens.
**<font color=blue>I Elén i piø oré ginék stin Elláð it</font>, Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.
 
===Plural===
*Nouns form their plurals by adding <font color=blue>-s</font> to the word.
*<font color=blue>-is</font> is added if the noun ends in <font color=blue>-s</font>.
**<font color=blue>ø ánþrops</font>, the men
**<font color=blue>ø ándris</font>, the men
**<font color=blue>ø ergáts</font>, the men
**<font color=blue>i adélfs</font>, the sisters
**<font color=blue>i mers</font>, the days
**<font color=blue>i léxis</font>, the words
**<font color=blue>i sképsis</font>, the thoughts
**<font color=blue>tø tsigárs</font>, the cigarettes
**<font color=blue>tø amáxis</font>, the carts
**Irregular plurals:
***<font color=blue>tø khróma</font>, the color; <font color=blue>tø khrómats</font>, the colors
***<font color=blue>tø fos</font>, the light; <font color=blue>tø fóts</font>, the colors
 
===The Possessive Pronouns===
*The personal possessive pronouns are formed by prefixing the adjective <font color=blue>ðik</font> to the possessive adjectives.
{|border=1
|i=No|
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ðíkmu</font>, my
|c=02| <font color=blue>ðíkmas</font>, our
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ðíksu</font>, your
|c=02| <font color=blue>ðíksas</font>, your
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ðíktu</font>, his<br><font color=blue>ðíktis</font>, her<br><font color=blue>ðíktu</font>, its
|c=02| <font color=blue>ðíktus</font>, their
|}
 
===Telling Time===
*The hour is put first followed by <font color=blue>ke</font>, plus, or <font color=blue>pará</font>, minus, and then the appropriate fraction or number of minutes, ''e.g.'',
**<font color=blue>Ti or in;</font> What time is it?
**<font color=blue>Tris in</font>, It is three o'clock.
**<font color=blue>I or tris ke tris lept in</font>, It is three minutes past three.
**<font color=blue>Ti or in parakaló</font>, What time is it, please?
**<font color=blue>Tóra tris ke tétart in, </font>, Now it is a quartrer past three.
**<font color=blue>Okhi, tris ke tétart ðen in, tris pará tétart in</font>, No, it is not quarter past three, it is quarter to three.
**<font color=blue>tóra pendé misi in</font>, It is half past five.
**<font color=blue>Ðóðeka pará pénde leptá</font>, It is five to twelve.
**<font color=blue>Énteka ke pénde in</font>, It is five past eleven.
**<font color=blue>O Gián stin pénde irþ</font>, John came at five.
**<font color=blue>Ekató lept éni or ke saránda lept in</font>, A hundred minutes is one hour and forty minutes.
 
===Verbs===

Latest revision as of 10:44, 13 May 2019