Xǔngpìng: Difference between revisions

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== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
<br/>
<br/>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosives || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|pʰ}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosives || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|pʰ}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricatives || || || {{IPA|f}} || || || || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || {{IPA|ʐ}} || || || {{IPA|h}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricatives || || || {{IPA|f}} || || || || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || {{IPA|ɕ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricates || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || || || {{IPA|tɕ}} || {{IPA|tɕʰ}} {{IPA|dʑ}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricates || || || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|tɕ}} || {{IPA|tɕʰ}} {{IPA|dʑ}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
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</div>
</div>


=== Vowels ===
<br/>
<br/>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
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</div>
</div>
=== Tones ===
Xǔngpìng has five tones, which are the high tone (unmarked), rising tone (´), falling tone (`), falling-rising tone (ˇ), and the "broken tone" (˜). The broken tone starts with an extra-short vowel, then there is a glottal stop, and then the same vowel continues again with a rising tone. In IPA, using /a/ as an example, this "tone" would be written {{IPA|[ăʔ̆ǎ]}}. The broken tone can not appear in onset-less syllables, while the other tones have no such restrictions.
=== Syllable structure ===
The syllable structure of Xǔngpìng is (O)(G)V(C), where O can be any consonant except /j/ or /w/, G can be /j/ or /w/, V is any non-rhotacized vowel, and C can be /kʰ/, /l/, /m/, /n/, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, /w/, /j/ or rhotacization of the previous vowel.


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
The romanization of Xǔngpìng is as follows:
The romanization of Xǔngpìng is as follows:
== Alphabet and pronunciation ==
=== Xǔngpìng romanization ===


<p style="text-align: center;">'''A&nbsp;a, B&nbsp;b, C&nbsp;c, D&nbsp;d, E&nbsp;e, F&nbsp;f, G&nbsp;g, H&nbsp;h, I&nbsp;i, J&nbsp;j, K&nbsp;k, L&nbsp;l, M&nbsp;m, N&nbsp;n, O&nbsp;o, P&nbsp;p, Q&nbsp;q, R&nbsp;r, S&nbsp;s, T&nbsp;t, U&nbsp;u, V&nbsp;v, W&nbsp;w, X&nbsp;x, Y&nbsp;y, Z&nbsp;z'''</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">'''A&nbsp;a, B&nbsp;b, C&nbsp;c, Ch&nbsp;ch, D&nbsp;d, E&nbsp;e, F&nbsp;f, G&nbsp;g, H&nbsp;h, I&nbsp;i, J&nbsp;j, Jh&nbsp;jh, K&nbsp;k, L&nbsp;l, M&nbsp;m, N&nbsp;n, Ng&nbsp;ng, O&nbsp;o, P&nbsp;p, Q&nbsp;q, R&nbsp;r, S&nbsp;s, Sh&nbsp;sh, T&nbsp;t, U&nbsp;u, V&nbsp;v, W&nbsp;w, X&nbsp;x, Xh&nbsp;xh, Y&nbsp;y, Z&nbsp;z, Zh&nbsp;zh'''</p>


{| class="aligntop" style="width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;"
{| class="aligntop" style="width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;"
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|-
|-
! A a  
! A a  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | a, ɑ
|  
|  
|-
! Ar ar
| class="IPA" | ɑ˞
|
|-
|-
! B b  
! B b  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | p
|  
|  
|-
|-
! C c  
! C c  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | tsʰ
|  
|  
|-
! Ch ch
| class="IPA" | tʃʰ
|
|-
|-
! D d  
! D d  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | t
|  
|  
|-
|-
! E e  
! E e  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | e, ə
|  
|  
|-
! Er er
| class="IPA" | ə˞
|
|-
|-
! F f  
! F f  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | f, ɸ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! G g  
! G g  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | k
|  
|  
|-
|-
! H h  
! H h  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | h
|  
|  
|-
|-
! I i  
! I i  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | i, ɪ, j
|  
|  
|-
|-
! J j  
! J j  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | tɕ
|  
|  
|-
! Jh jh
| class="IPA" | ʒ
|
|-
|-
! K k  
! K k  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | kʰ, k
|  
|  
|-
|-
! L l  
! L l  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | l
|  
|  
|-
|-
! M m  
! M m  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | m
|  
|  
|-
|-
! N n  
! N n  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | n
|  
|  
|-
! Ng ng
| class="IPA" | ŋ
|
|-
|-
! O o  
! O o  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | o
|  
|  
|-
|-
! P p  
! P p  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | pʰ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Q q  
! Q q  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | tɕʰ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! R r  
! R r  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | ʐ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! S s  
! S s  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | s
|  
|  
|-
! Sh sh
| class="IPA" | ʃ
|
|-
|-
! T t  
! T t  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | tʰ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! U u  
! U u  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | u, w
|  
|  
|-
|-
! V v  
! V v  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | (silent)
|  
|  
|-
|-
! W w  
! W w  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | w, (silent)
|  
|  
|-
|-
! X x  
! X x  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | ɕ
|  
|  
|-
! Xh xh
| class="IPA" | dʑ
|
|-
|-
! Y y  
! Y y  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | j, (silent)
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Z z  
! Z z  
| class="IPA" |  
| class="IPA" | ts
|  
|  
|-
! Zh zh
| class="IPA" | tʃ
|
|}
|}
When a syllable begins with a vowel, a silent letter is inserted before it. If the syllable begins with /a/ or /e/, <v> is inserted; if it begins with /i/ or {{IPA|/ʏ/}}, <y> is inserted; and if it begins with /o/ or /u/, <w> is inserted.
When a consonant is followed by <nowiki><i></nowiki> or <nowiki><u></nowiki> and then a second vowel, the <nowiki><i></nowiki> or <nowiki><u></nowiki> is pronounced /j/ resp. /w/. If there is no other consonant before a /j/ or /w/, <y> resp. <w> is used for representing those sounds.
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 14:38, 17 July 2011

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Xǔngpìng
Xǔngpìng
Spoken in:
Conworld:
Total speakers:
Genealogical classification:
Xǔngpìng
Basic word order:
Morphological type: isolating
Morphosyntactic alignment:
Writing system:
Created by:
Qwynegold

Xǔngpìng is an isolating, monosyllabic, tonal language.

Phonology

Consonants


Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Dental Alveolar Post-alv. Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals m n ŋ
Plosives p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ
Fricatives f s ʃ ʒ ɕ ʐ h
Affricates ts tsʰ tʃ tʃʰ tɕ tɕʰ dʑ
Approximants j
Lateral Approximant l

Vowels


Vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
High i u
Near-high ʏ
High-mid e
Mid ə˞ o
Low-mid
Near-low
Low a ɑ˞

Tones

Xǔngpìng has five tones, which are the high tone (unmarked), rising tone (´), falling tone (`), falling-rising tone (ˇ), and the "broken tone" (˜). The broken tone starts with an extra-short vowel, then there is a glottal stop, and then the same vowel continues again with a rising tone. In IPA, using /a/ as an example, this "tone" would be written [ăʔ̆ǎ]. The broken tone can not appear in onset-less syllables, while the other tones have no such restrictions.

Syllable structure

The syllable structure of Xǔngpìng is (O)(G)V(C), where O can be any consonant except /j/ or /w/, G can be /j/ or /w/, V is any non-rhotacized vowel, and C can be /kʰ/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /w/, /j/ or rhotacization of the previous vowel.

Orthography

The romanization of Xǔngpìng is as follows:

Xǔngpìng romanization

A a, B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, Jh jh, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ng ng, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Xh xh, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

Letter Pronunciation
A a a, ɑ
Ar ar ɑ˞
B b p
C c tsʰ
Ch ch tʃʰ
D d t
E e e, ə
Er er ə˞
F f f, ɸ
G g k
H h h
I i i, ɪ, j
J j tɕ
Jh jh ʒ
K k kʰ, k
L l l
M m m
N n n
Ng ng ŋ
O o o
P p pʰ
Q q tɕʰ
R r ʐ
S s s
Sh sh ʃ
T t tʰ
U u u, w
V v (silent)
W w w, (silent)
X x ɕ
Xh xh dʑ
Y y j, (silent)
Z z ts
Zh zh tʃ

When a syllable begins with a vowel, a silent letter is inserted before it. If the syllable begins with /a/ or /e/, <v> is inserted; if it begins with /i/ or /ʏ/, <y> is inserted; and if it begins with /o/ or /u/, <w> is inserted.

When a consonant is followed by <i> or <u> and then a second vowel, the <i> or <u> is pronounced /j/ resp. /w/. If there is no other consonant before a /j/ or /w/, <y> resp. <w> is used for representing those sounds.

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