Sahax: Difference between revisions

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| p || t || ʧ || k
| p || t || ʧ || k
|-
|-
| β (v?) || z || ʤ ||
| β ~ ''V'' || z || ʤ ||
|-
|-
| ɸ (f?) || colspan="2"| s ~ ʃ || x ~ h
| ɸ ~ f || colspan="2"| s ~ ʃ || x ~ h
|-
|-
| m (ɱ?) || colspan="3"| n ~ ȵ ~ ŋ
| m ~ ɱ || n || || (ŋ)
|-
|-
| || colspan="2"| l ~ ȴ ~ L || ||
| || colspan="2"| l ~ ''L'' || ||
|}
|}


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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Short /i ɨ a/, long /iː ɨː aː oː/. The former has a limited distribution and may be equivalent to /aβV/.
Short /i ɨ a/, long /iː ɨː aː oː/, the last of which however has a limited distribution and may be equivalent to /aβV/.


===Phonotax===
===Phonotax===
(C)V(C); allowed coda consonants include /p t k s x n/ and, in loans, /l/. Coda stops are lightly glottalized. Nativ clusters include /n/ + obstruent excluding /p h/; /sk/, /sm/, …
(C)V(C); allowed coda consonants include /p t k s x n/ and, in loans, /l/. Coda stops are unreleased and lightly glottalized. Nativ clusters include /n/ + obstruent excluding /p x/; /sk/, /sm/, … In loans clusters with coda /l/ can be found.
<!--nm nn nl > m n n ; Excluded: geminates, /ks/, obstruent + *J *V (except maybe /sβ/)-->


===Allophony/diacronics===
===Allophony/diachronics===
* Coronals /t z s l n/ palatalize to /ʧ ʤ ʃ ȴ ȵ/. Proto-Sahax ''*n'' actually turns up as a lateral when palatalized.
* Proto-Sahax features ''*P *t *k *s *V *J *m *n''. (Note: ''*V'' here is a labial of unsure quality, not modern [''V''].)
* Before, /i/, coronals ''*t *s *J *n'' palatalize to [ʧ ʃ ʤ l]. This carries over for contemporary /t s z/.
* Word-final /n/ may be realized as [ŋ] after vowels other than /i/.
* Word-final /n/ may be realized as [ŋ] after vowels other than /i/.
* Prevocalic /x/ is originally an initial/intervocalic variant of /ɸ/ before /a/, rephonemicized by loans. Postvocalic /x/ derives from (certain cases of?) ''*k'' / a_#.
* Prevocalic /x/ ([h]) is originally an initial/intervocalic variant of /ɸ/ before /a/, phonemicized by loans. Coda /x/ derives from (certain cases of?) ''*k'' / a_#.
* Before /ɨ/, /l/ is realized as a retroflex lateral flap; this originally developed from ''*t''.
* Before /ɨ/:
** Other coronals are also slightly retracted before /ɨ/, tho the effect is not as clear as palatalization.
**/l/ is realized as a [[retroflex lateral flap]], transcribed as [''L''] here; this originally developed from ''*t''.
** Also under consideration: labiodentalization of bilabials by the same.
** Other coronals are also slightly retracted.
* Proto-Sahax includes ''*P *t *k *s *V *J *m *n''.
** Bilabials become labiodentals; the /p ɸ/ contrast is neutralized to [f], and /β/ becomes a labiodental flap [''V''].
 
{|
|-
! colspan="8"| Inherited
|-
| *s || *P || *t || *k || *V || *J || *n || *m
|-
| ʃiʃ || ɸip || ʧit || kik || βi || ʤi || lin || mi
|-
| sɨs || fɨf || ''L''ɨt || kɨk || ''V''ɨ || zɨ || nɨŋ || ɱɨ
|-
| sas || hap || tat || kax || βa || za || naŋ || ma
|-
! colspan="5"| Loan'd
|-
| || pi || li || || ʧɨ || ʤɨ || rowspan="2"|Vl
|-
| ɸa || pa || la || da || ʧa || ʤa
|-
! colspan="6"| Derived in addition to loans
|-
| ix || ɨx || tɨ ||
|}


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Regular plural is formed by the suffix //K//, realized as
Regular plural is formed by the suffix //K//, realized as
* /k/ after short vowels, as well as after /x/ which is itself dropped in the process
* /k/ after short vowels, as well as after /x/ which is itself dropped in the process;
* /kɨ/ after long vowels and /s n l/
* /kɨ/ after long vowels and /s n l/;
* /ɨk/ after other consonants.
* /ɨk/ after other consonants.


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Numerals: '''1''' ''kisma'', '''2''' ''zook'', '''3''' ''tulipan'' …
Numerals: '''1''' ''kisma'', '''2''' ''zook'', '''3''' ''tulipan'' …
[[Category:Earth']]

Latest revision as of 15:41, 7 August 2009

Phonology

Consonants

p t ʧ k
β ~ V z ʤ
ɸ ~ f s ~ ʃ x ~ h
m ~ ɱ n (ŋ)
l ~ L

Recent loanwords may additionally include /d ɡ/.

Vowels

Short /i ɨ a/, long /iː ɨː aː oː/, the last of which however has a limited distribution and may be equivalent to /aβV/.

Phonotax

(C)V(C); allowed coda consonants include /p t k s x n/ and, in loans, /l/. Coda stops are unreleased and lightly glottalized. Nativ clusters include /n/ + obstruent excluding /p x/; /sk/, /sm/, … In loans clusters with coda /l/ can be found.

Allophony/diachronics

  • Proto-Sahax features *P *t *k *s *V *J *m *n. (Note: *V here is a labial of unsure quality, not modern [V].)
  • Before, /i/, coronals *t *s *J *n palatalize to [ʧ ʃ ʤ l]. This carries over for contemporary /t s z/.
  • Word-final /n/ may be realized as [ŋ] after vowels other than /i/.
  • Prevocalic /x/ ([h]) is originally an initial/intervocalic variant of /ɸ/ before /a/, phonemicized by loans. Coda /x/ derives from (certain cases of?) *k / a_#.
  • Before /ɨ/:
    • /l/ is realized as a retroflex lateral flap, transcribed as [L] here; this originally developed from *t.
    • Other coronals are also slightly retracted.
    • Bilabials become labiodentals; the /p ɸ/ contrast is neutralized to [f], and /β/ becomes a labiodental flap [V].
Inherited
*s *P *t *k *V *J *n *m
ʃiʃ ɸip ʧit kik βi ʤi lin mi
sɨs fɨf Lɨt kɨk Vɨ zɨ nɨŋ ɱɨ
sas hap tat kax βa za naŋ ma
Loan'd
pi li ʧɨ ʤɨ Vl
ɸa pa la da ʧa ʤa
Derived in addition to loans
ix ɨx tɨ

Morphology

Regular plural is formed by the suffix //K//, realized as

  • /k/ after short vowels, as well as after /x/ which is itself dropped in the process;
  • /kɨ/ after long vowels and /s n l/;
  • /ɨk/ after other consonants.

Vocabulary

…Is, to a large extent, loaned. Personal pronouns:

1 2 3
S vatan minji hasi
D vaalu miilu haasu
P vatanku minjik hasik

(note the regularity of formation in the plurals)

Numerals: 1 kisma, 2 zook, 3 tulipan …

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