Sahax
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Phonology
Consonants
p | t | ʧ | k | |
β ~ V | z | ʤ | ||
ɸ ~ f | s ~ ʃ | x ~ h | ||
m ~ ɱ | n | (ŋ) | ||
l ~ L |
Recent loanwords may additionally include /d ɡ/.
Vowels
Short /i ɨ a/, long /iː ɨː aː oː/, the last of which however has a limited distribution and may be equivalent to /aβV/.
Phonotax
(C)V(C); allowed coda consonants include /p t k s x n/ and, in loans, /l/. Coda stops are unreleased and lightly glottalized. Nativ clusters include /n/ + obstruent excluding /p x/; /sk/, /sm/, … In loans clusters with coda /l/ can be found.
Allophony/diachronics
- Proto-Sahax features *P *t *k *s *V *J *m *n. (Note: *V here is a labial of unsure quality, not modern [V].)
- Before, /i/, coronals *t *s *J *n palatalize to [ʧ ʃ ʤ l]. This carries over for contemporary /t s z/.
- Word-final /n/ may be realized as [ŋ] after vowels other than /i/.
- Prevocalic /x/ ([h]) is originally an initial/intervocalic variant of /ɸ/ before /a/, phonemicized by loans. Coda /x/ derives from (certain cases of?) *k / a_#.
- Before /ɨ/:
- /l/ is realized as a retroflex lateral flap, transcribed as [L] here; this originally developed from *t.
- Other coronals are also slightly retracted.
- Bilabials become labiodentals; the /p ɸ/ contrast is neutralized to [f], and /β/ becomes a labiodental flap [V].
Inherited | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*s | *P | *t | *k | *V | *J | *n | *m |
ʃiʃ | ɸip | ʧit | kik | βi | ʤi | lin | mi |
sɨs | fɨf | Lɨt | kɨk | Vɨ | zɨ | nɨŋ | ɱɨ |
sas | hap | tat | kax | βa | za | naŋ | ma |
Loan'd | |||||||
pi | li | ʧɨ | ʤɨ | Vl | |||
ɸa | pa | la | da | ʧa | ʤa | ||
Derived in addition to loans | |||||||
ix | ɨx | tɨ |
Morphology
Regular plural is formed by the suffix //K//, realized as
- /k/ after short vowels, as well as after /x/ which is itself dropped in the process;
- /kɨ/ after long vowels and /s n l/;
- /ɨk/ after other consonants.
Vocabulary
…Is, to a large extent, loaned. Personal pronouns:
1 | 2 | 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
S | vatan | minji | hasi |
D | vaalu | miilu | haasu |
P | vatanku | minjik | hasik |
(note the regularity of formation in the plurals)
Numerals: 1 kisma, 2 zook, 3 tulipan …