Sahax: Difference between revisions
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| p || t || ʧ || k | | p || t || ʧ || k | ||
|- | |- | ||
| β || z || ʤ || | | β ~ ''V'' || z || ʤ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ɸ || colspan="2"| s ~ ʃ || x ~ h | | ɸ ~ f || colspan="2"| s ~ ʃ || x ~ h | ||
|- | |- | ||
| m || | | m ~ ɱ || n || || (ŋ) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || colspan="2"| l ~ | | || colspan="2"| l ~ ''L'' || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Short /i ɨ a/, long /iː ɨː aː oː/ | Short /i ɨ a/, long /iː ɨː aː oː/, the last of which however has a limited distribution and may be equivalent to /aβV/. | ||
===Phonotax=== | ===Phonotax=== | ||
(C)V(C); allowed coda consonants include /p t k s x n/ and, in loans, /l/. Coda stops are lightly glottalized. Nativ clusters include /n/ + obstruent excluding /p | (C)V(C); allowed coda consonants include /p t k s x n/ and, in loans, /l/. Coda stops are unreleased and lightly glottalized. Nativ clusters include /n/ + obstruent excluding /p x/; /sk/, /sm/, … In loans clusters with coda /l/ can be found. | ||
<!--nm nn nl > m n n ; Excluded: geminates, /ks/, obstruent + *J *V (except maybe /sβ/)--> | |||
===Allophony/ | ===Allophony/diachronics=== | ||
* | * Proto-Sahax features ''*P *t *k *s *V *J *m *n''. (Note: ''*V'' here is a labial of unsure quality, not modern [''V''].) | ||
* Prevocalic /x/ is originally an initial/intervocalic variant of /ɸ/ before /a/, | * Before, /i/, coronals ''*t *s *J *n'' palatalize to [ʧ ʃ ʤ l]. This carries over for contemporary /t s z/. | ||
* Before /ɨ/ | * Word-final /n/ may be realized as [ŋ] after vowels other than /i/. | ||
** Other coronals are also slightly retracted | * Prevocalic /x/ ([h]) is originally an initial/intervocalic variant of /ɸ/ before /a/, phonemicized by loans. Coda /x/ derives from (certain cases of?) ''*k'' / a_#. | ||
** | * Before /ɨ/: | ||
* | **/l/ is realized as a [[retroflex lateral flap]], transcribed as [''L''] here; this originally developed from ''*t''. | ||
** Other coronals are also slightly retracted. | |||
** Bilabials become labiodentals; the /p ɸ/ contrast is neutralized to [f], and /β/ becomes a labiodental flap [''V'']. | |||
{| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="8"| Inherited | |||
|- | |||
| *s || *P || *t || *k || *V || *J || *n || *m | |||
|- | |||
| ʃiʃ || ɸip || ʧit || kik || βi || ʤi || lin || mi | |||
|- | |||
| sɨs || fɨf || ''L''ɨt || kɨk || ''V''ɨ || zɨ || nɨŋ || ɱɨ | |||
|- | |||
| sas || hap || tat || kax || βa || za || naŋ || ma | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5"| Loan'd | |||
|- | |||
| || pi || li || || ʧɨ || ʤɨ || rowspan="2"|Vl | |||
|- | |||
| ɸa || pa || la || da || ʧa || ʤa | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6"| Derived in addition to loans | |||
|- | |||
| ix || ɨx || tɨ || | |||
|} | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Regular plural is formed by the suffix //K//, realized as | Regular plural is formed by the suffix //K//, realized as | ||
* /k/ after short vowels, as well as after /x/ which is itself dropped in the process | * /k/ after short vowels, as well as after /x/ which is itself dropped in the process; | ||
* /kɨ/ after long vowels and /s n l/ | * /kɨ/ after long vowels and /s n l/; | ||
* /ɨk/ after other consonants. | * /ɨk/ after other consonants. | ||
| Line 53: | Line 79: | ||
Numerals: '''1''' ''kisma'', '''2''' ''zook'', '''3''' ''tulipan'' … | Numerals: '''1''' ''kisma'', '''2''' ''zook'', '''3''' ''tulipan'' … | ||
[[Category:Earth']] | |||
Latest revision as of 15:41, 7 August 2009
Phonology
Consonants
| p | t | ʧ | k | |
| β ~ V | z | ʤ | ||
| ɸ ~ f | s ~ ʃ | x ~ h | ||
| m ~ ɱ | n | (ŋ) | ||
| l ~ L | ||||
Recent loanwords may additionally include /d ɡ/.
Vowels
Short /i ɨ a/, long /iː ɨː aː oː/, the last of which however has a limited distribution and may be equivalent to /aβV/.
Phonotax
(C)V(C); allowed coda consonants include /p t k s x n/ and, in loans, /l/. Coda stops are unreleased and lightly glottalized. Nativ clusters include /n/ + obstruent excluding /p x/; /sk/, /sm/, … In loans clusters with coda /l/ can be found.
Allophony/diachronics
- Proto-Sahax features *P *t *k *s *V *J *m *n. (Note: *V here is a labial of unsure quality, not modern [V].)
- Before, /i/, coronals *t *s *J *n palatalize to [ʧ ʃ ʤ l]. This carries over for contemporary /t s z/.
- Word-final /n/ may be realized as [ŋ] after vowels other than /i/.
- Prevocalic /x/ ([h]) is originally an initial/intervocalic variant of /ɸ/ before /a/, phonemicized by loans. Coda /x/ derives from (certain cases of?) *k / a_#.
- Before /ɨ/:
- /l/ is realized as a retroflex lateral flap, transcribed as [L] here; this originally developed from *t.
- Other coronals are also slightly retracted.
- Bilabials become labiodentals; the /p ɸ/ contrast is neutralized to [f], and /β/ becomes a labiodental flap [V].
| Inherited | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *s | *P | *t | *k | *V | *J | *n | *m |
| ʃiʃ | ɸip | ʧit | kik | βi | ʤi | lin | mi |
| sɨs | fɨf | Lɨt | kɨk | Vɨ | zɨ | nɨŋ | ɱɨ |
| sas | hap | tat | kax | βa | za | naŋ | ma |
| Loan'd | |||||||
| pi | li | ʧɨ | ʤɨ | Vl | |||
| ɸa | pa | la | da | ʧa | ʤa | ||
| Derived in addition to loans | |||||||
| ix | ɨx | tɨ | |||||
Morphology
Regular plural is formed by the suffix //K//, realized as
- /k/ after short vowels, as well as after /x/ which is itself dropped in the process;
- /kɨ/ after long vowels and /s n l/;
- /ɨk/ after other consonants.
Vocabulary
…Is, to a large extent, loaned. Personal pronouns:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| S | vatan | minji | hasi |
| D | vaalu | miilu | haasu |
| P | vatanku | minjik | hasik |
(note the regularity of formation in the plurals)
Numerals: 1 kisma, 2 zook, 3 tulipan …
