|
|
| (24 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| [[Category:Conlangs]] | | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
| {{Workinprogress}}
| |
| {{Language|
| |
| | English = Thorsutian
| |
| | native = Thorsutë
| |
| | country = Republic of Thorsutia
| |
| | nativecountry = Thorsutёsh Respublice
| |
| | speakers = 3,100,000
| |
| | family = Indo-European
| |
| | word-order = SVO
| |
| | author = Mos
| |
| | date = 2007/2008
| |
| | background-color = white
| |
| | heading-background = coral
| |
| | width =
| |
| }}
| |
| == Prezantin - Introduction ==
| |
|
| |
|
| Thorsutian, a constructed language, contains an Indo-European influence. It's grammatical influences stem from many European language including Czech and Armenian. It's orthography influences come from Albanian and other European languages (mostly Slavic). This being the third conlang, I personally strived to make a conlang not have a very complicated grammatical structure so it would be easier to use and learn, but still retain that kind of structure. In a way Thorsutian is connected to my previous conlang, Musmeh. However, there are many differences and revisions enough to classify it as a different language. Thorsutian is the official language of the Republic of Thorsutia.
| | == Torsutё -- Thorsutian == |
|
| |
|
| Thorsutё, nedojnozi lazgu, ёnaçil Indo-Jevropa nidkisёn. Anun grammasidёs nidkisёs ciliçiç el shumetёţu Jevropaţu lazguţu penjeshunaţ Çectё e Ermenjetё. Anun othrografe nidkisёs rikasiç el Albenitё e olma Jevropaţu lazguţu. Ked ёdunaţ trist conlange, je perxhisoçu pёrcinom xojcur conlange nok cam ёshmi zёdcunavozidёn grammasidёn structure ţa an zsёd xa falin pёrdur e mёsojur pas ёzsa mather çadёn melojtёn structurje. Inima, Thorsutё ёd ljёtёn nek jen uzsjotё conlange, Musmehё. Minjava, andej ёl shumetёsh difiniţash e thjexhash tojce xacezsonur anu siç difinitё lazgu. Thorsutё ёd Thorsutije Respublicje offiţane lazgu.
| | ''For more information on the Thorsutian Language please click on the PDF links further down the page.'' |
| | <br> |
| | ''Ca tër informacia ën Torsutësh Lazgu stu hhiķule ën PDF driikëk mëlpoor şve edźë.'' |
|
| |
|
| == Aflёvit - Alphabet == | | == Preezantin - Introduction == |
| == A B C Ç D E Ë F G H I J K L M N O P R S Sh T Th Ţ U V X Xh Z Zs ==
| |
|
| |
|
| == Othrografe - Orthography ==
| | Thorsutian, a constructed language, contains an Indo-European influence. It's grammatical influences stem from many European language including Czech and Armenian. It's orthography influences come from Albanian and other European languages (mostly Slavic). This being the third conlang, I personally strived to make a conlang not have a very complicated grammatical structure so it would be easier to use and learn, but still retain that kind of structure. In a way Thorsutian is connected to my previous conlang, Musmeh. However, there are many differences and revisions enough to classify it as a different language. Thorsutian is the official language of the Republic of Thorsutia. |
|
| |
|
| A(a) / ɑ/ f'''a'''ther
| | Torsutё, nedojnozi lazgu, ёnaçil Indo-Jevropa nidkisёn. Anun graammasidёs nidkisёs ķiliçiç el şumetёcu Jevropacu lazgizu penjeşunac Çeķtё e Ermenjetё. Anun othrografe nidkisёs rikasiç el Albeenitё e olma Jevropacu lazgizu. Ked ёdunac triist conlange, je perdźisoçu pёrķinom đojcur conlange nok cam ёşmi zёdķunavozidёn graammasidёn struucture ca an źёd źa falin pёrduur e mёsojuur pas ёźa mateer çadёn melojtёn struķturje. Iniima, Torsutё ёd ljёtёn nek jen uźjotё conlange, Musmehё. Minjava, andej ёl şumetёsh difinicaş e thjedźaş tojķe đaķeźonuur anu siç difinitё lazgu. Torsutё ёd Torsutije Respubliķje officane lazgu. |
|
| |
|
| B(b) -- /b/ -- '''b'''oat
| | == Aflёvit - Alphabet == |
| | | == A B C Ç D Đ E Ë F G H HH I J K Ķ L M N O P R S Ş T U V Z Ź == |
| C(c) -- /k’/ -- ti'''c''' | |
| | |
| Ç(ç) -- /tʃ/ -- '''ch'''urch | |
| | |
| D(d) -- /d/ -- '''d'''oor | |
| | |
| E(e) -- /e/ -- b'''e'''d | |
| | |
| Ё(ё) -- /ə/ -- '''a'''bove
| |
| | |
| F(f) -- /f/ -- '''f'''en | |
| | |
| G(g) -- /g/ -- '''g'''oat | |
| | |
| H(h) -- /h/ -- '''h'''ouse | |
| | |
| I(i) -- /i/ -- m'''e'''al | |
| | |
| J(j) -- /j/ -- '''y'''es | |
| | |
| K(k) -- /k/ -- '''k'''ick | |
| | |
| L(l) -- /l/ -- '''l'''eaf | |
| | |
| M(m) -- /m/ -- '''m'''ouse | |
| | |
| N(n) -- /n/ -- '''n'''ose | |
| | |
| O(o) -- /ɔ/ -- m'''o'''le | |
| | |
| P(p) -- /p/ -- '''p'''ost | |
| | |
| R (r) -- /r/ | |
| | |
| S (s) -- /s/ -- '''s'''low | |
| | |
| Sh(sh) -- /ʃ/ -- '''sh'''ow
| |
| | |
| T (t) -- /tʰ/ -- '''t'''oll | |
| | |
| Th(th) -- /θ/ -- tee'''th'''
| |
| | |
| Ţ(ţ) -- /ts/ -- ca'''ts'''
| |
| | |
| U(u) -- /u/ -- l'''u'''ne | |
| | |
| V (v) -- /v/ -- '''v'''ote | |
| | |
| X(x) -- /dz/ -- a'''dz'''e
| |
| | |
| Xh(xh) -- /d͡ʒ/ -- '''j'''udge
| |
| | |
| Z (z) -- /z/ -- '''z'''en | |
| | |
| Zs (zs) -- /ʒ/ -- vi'''si'''on
| |
| | |
| '''Combinations:'''
| |
| | |
| Ljё -- /ʎ/ -- million
| |
| | |
| Njё -- /ɲ/ -- onion
| |
| | |
| '''Constants'''
| |
| | |
| Stops: / p b t d g k m n /
| |
| | |
| Fricative: / f h sh v z s th zs /
| |
| | |
| Approximant: / j r l /
| |
| | |
| Affricate: / ţ ç x xh /
| |
| | |
| Ejectives: / c /
| |
| | |
| '''Vowels'''
| |
| | |
| / a, e, ё, i, o, u,/
| |
| | |
| == Ëmatës - Nouns ==
| |
| Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. There is a certain pattern though in recognizing those words.
| |
| | |
| The cases are:
| |
| --------------
| |
| Nominative
| |
| | |
| ''The pen''
| |
| --------------
| |
| Genetive
| |
| | |
| ''The pen's''
| |
| --------------
| |
| Accusative
| |
| | |
| ''I used the pen''
| |
| --------------
| |
| Ablative
| |
| | |
| ''with the pen''
| |
| --------------
| |
| Vocative is always the same as nominative so I will pardon it. For expressing words in a locative or dative manner you use prepositions which I will provide for you later in the text.
| |
| | |
| Masculine nouns will always end in the consonants (d, ç, s, t, r, n, k)
| |
| | |
| Our example word will be (marod – man)
| |
| --------------
| |
| Singular
| |
| | |
| Nominative: marod
| |
| | |
| Genetive: marod'''i'''
| |
| | |
| Accustative: marod'''ёn'''
| |
| | |
| Ablative: marod'''u'''
| |
| --------------
| |
| | |
| Plural
| |
| | |
| Nominative: marod'''ёs'''
| |
| | |
| Genetive: marod'''iv'''
| |
| | |
| Accusative: marod'''ёk'''
| |
| | |
| Ablative: marod'''uţ'''
| |
| | |
| --------------
| |
| Feminine nouns will always end in the vowels (a, e, ё, u)
| |
| | |
| Our example word will be (dicinё – woman)
| |
| --------------
| |
| Singular
| |
| | |
| Nominative: dicinё
| |
| | |
| Genetive: dicin'''je'''
| |
| | |
| Accusative: dicinё
| |
| | |
| Ablative: dicin'''ud'''
| |
| --------------
| |
| | |
| Plural
| |
| | |
| Nominative: dicinё'''sh'''
| |
| | |
| Genetive: dicinё'''ţje'''
| |
| | |
| Accusative: dicinё'''sh'''
| |
| | |
| Ablative: dicinё'''ţu'''
| |
| --------------
| |
| Pretty straight forward, there are some pattern and correlations between the declining sequence that might help you remember. An important thing to remember is that in the feminine accusative is always the same as its nominative respectively. There are a few exceptions for masculine and feminine endings. As you see there are only one way of conjugating verbs in the masculine and feminine way.
| |
| | |
| The ablative case expresses:
| |
| | |
| “''with the boy''”
| |
| | |
| “''by the boy''”
| |
| | |
| “''in the city''” – use “tho” before the word
| |
| | |
| “''out of the city''” – use “el” before the word
| |
| == Shpedёs - Adjectives ==
| |
| Adjectives conform to the nouns they modify. Additionally they conform to the case and number of the noun they modify.
| |
| Useful Rule to Remember:
| |
| | |
| If masculine form of the adjective ends in -s or -d than feminine version ends in –tё (without the –s or -d)
| |
| | |
| If masculine ends in ç than feminine version ends in –a (added on)
| |
| | |
| If masculine ends in n than feminine version ends in –e (added on)
| |
| | |
| Here is an example:
| |
| | |
| (luved, luvetё – happy)
| |
| --------------
| |
| Luved marod – happy man
| |
| | |
| Luvetё dicinё – happy woman
| |
| --------------
| |
| Luveduţ maroduţ – with the happy men
| |
| | |
| Luvetёţu dicinёţu – with the happy women
| |
| --------------
| |
| Luvediv marodiv – of the happy men
| |
| | |
| Luvetёţje dicinёţje – of the happy men
| |
| --------------
| |
| Just to straighten things out, adjectives always have two forms their masculine and their feminine form. These endings do not change however the stem used depends on the gender of the noun it is modifying. Here is another example:
| |
| --------------
| |
| | |
| (barbabis, barbabitё – equal)
| |
| | |
| (drajtun, drajtune – right)
| |
| | |
| (ţanaç, ţanaça – dry)
| |
| --------------
| |
| Barbabisu marodu – with the equal man
| |
| | |
| Barbabitud dicinud – with the equal woman
| |
| | |
| == Nadfjolesh - Adverbs ==
| |
| | |
| Adverbs are undeclinable and therefore straightforward.
| |
| | |
| To make an adverb take the masculine form of the adjective (singular and nominative of course) and add –oçu to make it an adverb. Therefore:
| |
| | |
| Luved -- happy
| |
| | |
| Luvedoçu -- happily
| |
| | |
| == Demosdrёdёs Shpedёs - Demonstrative Adjectives ==
| |
| | |
| Demonstrative adjectives act as regular adjectives.
| |
| | |
| Ked/ketё – This
| |
| | |
| Çad/çatu -- That
| |
| | |
| == Narţvelish - Prepositions ==
| |
| | |
| Some cases not used include the locative and dative. In order to express words in that manner you have to use certain pronouns.
| |
| | |
| Ёn – on (locative)
| |
| | |
| Zgo – at (locative)
| |
| | |
| Per – for (ablative)
| |
| | |
| == Veçudёs Pirmarёs - Personal Pronouns ==
| |
| | |
| Pronouns are not widely used like in English or French since you can infer it from the verb, but are still sometimes used for emphasis or style. Here are some:
| |
| | |
| The declining is irregular, but it retains a certain pattern.
| |
| ------------
| |
| Je – I
| |
| | |
| Jen – my
| |
| | |
| Jeţ – me (accusative)
| |
| | |
| Jil – with me
| |
| ------------
| |
| Ti – you
| |
| | |
| Tin – your
| |
| | |
| Tiţ – you (accusative)
| |
| | |
| Til – with you
| |
| ------------
| |
| En – he
| |
| | |
| Enan – his
| |
| | |
| Enu – him (accusative)
| |
| | |
| Enё – with him
| |
| ------------
| |
| Ёna – she
| |
| | |
| Ёnan – her
| |
| | |
| Ёnu – her (accusative)
| |
| | |
| Ёn – with her
| |
| ------------
| |
| Maţ – we
| |
| | |
| Man – our
| |
| | |
| Maţu – us (accusative)
| |
| | |
| Manu – with us
| |
| ------------
| |
| Xje – you (formal)
| |
| | |
| Xjen – your
| |
| | |
| Xjeţ – you (accusative)
| |
| | |
| Xjil – with you
| |
| ------------
| |
| Esh – they
| |
| | |
| Eshan – their
| |
| | |
| Eshu – them (accusative)
| |
| | |
| Eshё – with them
| |
| | |
| == Lihdjotash - Conjunctions ==
| |
| | |
| Here are some essential conjuctions:
| |
| | |
| E – and
| |
| | |
| Zdi – but
| |
| | |
| Sёpcu – because
| |
| | |
| Xhi – or
| |
| | |
| == Façirёs - Verbs ==
| |
| | |
| The infinitive form of verbs is always written with a –ur prefix. For example, jatur (to give).
| |
| ---------------
| |
| '''Present'''
| |
| | |
| 1. je jat'''ёm''' 1. maţ jat'''ёmi'''
| |
| | |
| 2. ti jat'''is''' 2. xje jat'''isu'''
| |
| | |
| 3. en/ena jat 3. esh jat'''iç'''
| |
| ---------------
| |
| '''Perfect'''
| |
| | |
| 1. je jat'''om''' 1. maţ jat'''omi'''
| |
| | |
| 2. ti jat'''os''' 2. xje jat'''osu'''
| |
| | |
| 3. en/ena jat'''ёn''' 3. esh jat'''oç'''
| |
| ---------------
| |
| '''Future'''
| |
| | |
| 1. je '''cu'''jatёm 1. maţ '''cu'''jatёmi
| |
| | |
| 2. ti '''cu'''jatis 2. xje '''cu'''jatisu
| |
| | |
| 3. en/ena '''cu'''jat 3. esh '''cu'''jatiç
| |
| ---------------
| |
| * Note if the verb starts with a vowel you drop the “u” so the prefix is only –c.
| |
| Note in the future there is a slight pause between the “cu” and the verb. However, because of the sound shift the pause comes naturally in some people.
| |
| ---------------
| |
| Passive voice
| |
| To form construct an idea into passive voice you have to add –iz to the end of the verb that you want to express the passive voice.
| |
| Ex.
| |
| | |
| Marod jat – The man gives (active)
| |
| | |
| Marod jatiz – The man is given (passive)
| |
| ---------------
| |
| | |
| Verb “to be” “ёdur”, the only irregular verb
| |
| ---------------
| |
| '''Present'''
| |
| | |
| 1. je ёm 1. maţ ёdi
| |
| | |
| 2. ti ёs 2. xje ёdu
| |
| | |
| 3. en/ena ёd 3. esh ёl
| |
| ---------------
| |
| '''Perfect'''
| |
| | |
| 1. je ёma 1. maţ ёdish
| |
| | |
| 2. ti ёsa 2. xje ёdush
| |
| | |
| 3. en/ena ёda 3. esh ёla
| |
| ---------------
| |
| '''Future'''
| |
| | |
| 1. je zsёm 1. maţ zsёdi
| |
| | |
| 2. ti zsёs 2. xje zsёdu
| |
| | |
| 3. en/ena zsёd 3. esh zsёl
| |
| ---------------
| |
| '''Participles'''
| |
| | |
| Remember that participles act just like adjectives!
| |
| | |
| To form a present active participle:
| |
| | |
| Take the root of the verb (jat), then add –unaţ (m) or –una (f)
| |
| ---------------
| |
| Jatunaţ marod – The giving man
| |
| | |
| Jatuna dicinё – the giving woman
| |
| ---------------
| |
| To form a perfect participle
| |
| | |
| Take the root of the verb (jat), then add -ozid(m) or -ozi (f)
| |
| ---------------
| |
| mibozid deç - the closed door
| |
| | |
| mibozi cingarta -- the closed book
| |
| | |
| == Stil - Style ==
| |
| | |
| The word order is Subject – Verb – Object, however this order is flexible during speech. Writing is usually done in the SVO format.
| |
| | |
| Sentences tend to be a little loner than English sentences.
| |
| | |
| Texts are usually read with a rather passive voice putting an emphasis on vowels especially vowels in the beginning of the word.
| |
| ---------------
| |
| '''Question Words'''
| |
| | |
| How? – Cac?
| |
| | |
| What? – Shto?
| |
| | |
| Why? – Ţёse?
| |
| | |
| When? – Kur?
| |
| | |
| Where? – Ki
| |
| | |
| Who? – Cus?
| |
| | |
| == Pёrjezozish Tekstesh - Translated Texts ==
| |
| '''Phrases'''
| |
| ---------------
| |
| Hello – Saljo
| |
| | |
| How are you – Cac ёl xje
| |
| | |
| What is your name – Shto ёd tin zavke?
| |
| | |
| Who are you? – Cus ёl xje?
| |
| | |
| What are you doing? – Shto ёl xje novisunaţ?
| |
| | |
| Yes – Da
| |
| | |
| No – Ne
| |
| | |
| I am speaking Thorsutian – Je ёm flasunaţ Thorsutё
| |
| | |
| Good-bye -- Mёrcaviţa
| |
| ---------------
| |
| '''Texts'''
| |
| | |
| All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
| |
| (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
| |
| ---------------
| |
| Gilma nijexha cestedёs ёl tёliç liredёs e barbabisёs nё dignosa e drjatunёs. Esh ёl pavancoçiz aresjetёnu e vednjёtu e dahiç veprjour zdi ola shpirtud vёlazmje.
| |
| ---------------
| |
| '''Lord's Prayer'''
| |
| ---------------
| |
| Our Father, who art in heaven,
| |
| | |
| Hallowed be thy Name.
| |
| | |
| Thy kingdom come.
| |
| | |
| Thy will be done,
| |
| | |
| On earth as it is in heaven.
| |
| | |
| Give us this day our daily bread.
| |
| | |
| And forgive us our trespasses,
| |
| | |
| As we forgive those who trespass against us.
| |
| | |
| And lead us not into temptation,
| |
| | |
| But deliver us from evil.
| |
| ---------------
| |
| Atreti Dinoga
| |
| ---------------
| |
| Man baset, cus ёd tho parasjud,
| |
| | |
| ёsmarxhёn ёdur xjen zavke.
| |
| | |
| Xjen mёbraţje rikas.
| |
| | |
| Xjen zsёdu çozid,
| |
| | |
| ёn toke siç ёd tho parasjud.
| |
| | |
| Jat maţu ked ord man vorje bucje.
| |
|
| |
|
| E ţalis maţu man funёbartiv,
| | == Driikës -- Links == |
|
| |
|
| siç maţ ţalёmi çadёk cus funёbart kurda maţu
| | [http://wiki.frath.net/images/9/95/Thorsutian.pdf Thorsutian Grammar] |
|
| |
|
| E pron maţu nok tho ёnarzsud,
| | [http://wiki.frath.net/images/e/e6/Microsoft_Word_-_Thorsutian_Dictionary.pdf English - Thorsutian Dictionary(Old Script - Still Updating)] |
|
| |
|
| pas shonah maţu el necud.
| | [http://www.freewebs.com/thorsutia/ The Official Website of the Republic of Thorsutia] |
