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Raxúl /raˈɕyl/ is a [[conlang]] inspired by the languages of native North America created by [[user:Freezethemoment|Freezethemoment]]. The language, currently being developed, was started in February 2008.
Raxúl /raˈɕyl/ is a [[conlang]] inspired by the languages of native North America created by [[user:Freezethemoment|Freezethemoment]]. The language, currently being developed, was started in February 2008.
<div style='float: right;'>
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''{{{conlangname|<noinclude>Raxúl</noinclude><includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}'''
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Alternative Names'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{altname| None}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|Freezzze}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{type|Personal Artlang}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year| February 2008}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #aaa; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | {{{pop|~2 million speakers}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Spoken in'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{speak-in|Unkown}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Genetic Classification'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{gen-class|Human}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #aaa; text-align: center;' | Grammar
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Most Common Word-Order'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{word-or|SOV}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Morphological Typology'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{mor-type|Agglutinating}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Morpho-syntactic Alignment'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{morphalign|Nom-Acc & Erg-Abs}}}
|-
| colspan=2 style='border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center' valign=top | [http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/index.php?title=Template:Conlang&action=edit edit]
|}</div>


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
===Phoneme Inventory===


'''Consonants'''¹
'''Consonants'''¹
Line 54: Line 100:
|  
|  
| x
| x
|h²
| h
|-
|-
!  
!  
Line 133: Line 179:
|e
|e
|
|
|
|(ə)
|o
|o
|-
|-
Line 162: Line 208:
|
|
|-
|-
!Low
!Mid
|
|
|
|
|ã
|ã
|}
|}
 
Notes:


1. All consonants, except for voiced plosives which cannot occur in coda position, may be geminated medially.<br>
1. All consonants, except for voiced plosives which cannot occur in coda position, may be geminated medially.<br>
2. The contoid [h] doesn't appear at the surface level. It is listed in order to exemplify morpho-phonological aspiration.<br>
2. The contoid [h] doesn't appear at the surface level. It is phonetically realized as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ].<br>
3. All vowels may be geminated.<br>
3. All vowels may be geminated.<br>
4. Sibilant harmony allows either dental (/s/ and /s’/) or palatal (/ɕ/ and /ɕ’/) sibilants in one and the same word. This may affect affixes regressively.<br>
5. The phoneme /ə/ has merged with /a/ but is still distinct in the native script and can optionally be marked in the romanisation.<br>
===Syllable structure===
(C)(L)(G)V(V)(G)(L)(F)
C = Any consonant.
F = Any consonant except for voiced stops.
L = Liquids; /r/ and /l/.
G = Glides; /ʋ/ and /j/.
Notes:
1. No gemination of consonants is allowed within a syllable.<br>
2. Sonority hierarchy must be respected.<br>


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
Line 183: Line 248:
|  
|  
|  
|  
| Ä
|
|
| Ą
| Ą
|  
|  
Line 264: Line 332:
|  
|  
|  
|  
| (ə)
|
|
| ã
| ã
|  
|  
Line 300: Line 371:
|  
|  
|  
|  
|   
|  -
|  
|  
|  
|  
|   
|  -
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 347: Line 418:
|-
|-
| Grapheme
| Grapheme
| Á
| À
|  
|  
|  
|  
| É
| Ȁ
|
|
| È
|  
|  
|  
|  
| Í
| Ì
|  
|  
|  
|  
| Ó
| Ò
|  
|  
|  
|  
| Ú
| Ù
|-
|-
| Phoneme
| Phoneme
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| (ə)
|
|
| e
| e
|  
|  
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|}  
|}  


'''Digraphs'''
'''Digraphs & Trigraphs'''


{| {{whitetable2}}  
{| {{whitetable2}}  
Line 458: Line 535:
|  
|  
| ŲN/ŲM
| ŲN/ŲM
|
|
|
|
| ĄRM/ĄRN
|
|
|
|
| ĮRM/ĮRN
|
|
|
|
| ŲRM/ŲRN
|
|
|
|
| ĄLM/ĄLN
|
|
|
|
| ĮLM/ĮLN
|
|
|
|
| ŲLM/ŲLN
|-
|-
| Phoneme
| Phoneme(s)
|  ã
|  ã
|  
|  
Line 471: Line 578:
|
|
|  ỹ
|  ỹ
|
|
|
|
|  ãr
|
|
|
|
|  ĩr
|
|
|
|
|  ũr
|
|
|
|
|  ãl
|
|
|
|
|  ĩl
|
|
|
|
|  ũl
|}
Notes:
1. An acute accent is only used in few words with irregular stress on the root. Like the name of the language «Raxúl».
== Nominal Morphology ==
Nouns can be marked for case. The nominal case system is a Ergative-Absolutive system. The absolutive case is the unmarked case. Ergative case is marked by the suffix -ti.
The Ergative case is used for subjects of a transitive sentence.
1. Sentences are considered to be transitive if only an underlying direct object is present in its syntactic nominal slot.
2. The ergative case may also be used when a subject role in a sentence considered to be intransitive needs to be emphasized.
{| {{whitetable2}}
|-
|Ergative
| -ti
|-
|Absolutive
| Ø
|-
| Dative
| t'a(r)-
|-
|Ablative
|
|-
|Comitative
| es-
|-
|Instrumental
|
|}
|}


== Verbal Morphology ==
== Verbal Morphology ==
Verbs must always be inflected for person and aspect and they can optionally be inflected for moods other than declaritive and tense other than the present. Person is marked by prefixes, aspect by suffixes.


'''Personal Prefixes'''
'''Personal Prefixes'''


Personal prefixes on verbs are as their name suggests prefixed to the verb root. They may be marked for case. The order of the suffixes is as follows: Nominative - Dative - Ablative - Accusative.<br>
Personal prefixes on verbs are as their name suggests prefixed to the verb root. They may be marked for case. The order of the suffixes is as follows: Nominative - Dative - Ablative - Accusative. <br>
<br>
<br>
'''1st Person'''
'''1st Person'''
Line 491: Line 665:
| Singular
| Singular
!  
!  
| so-
| so(th)¹-
| seth-
| se(th)¹-
| ec
| ec-
|-
|-
| Plural
| Plural
| Exclusive
| Exclusive
| sow-
| sow-
| se-
| sa(th)¹-
| es-
| es-
|-
|-
!
!
|Inclusive
|Inclusive
| xoxi-
| xoxi(t)¹-
| xey-
| xey-
| exi-
| exi(t)¹-
|}
|}
<br>
<br>
Line 517: Line 691:
|-
|-
| Singular
| Singular
| fo(k')-
| fo(k')¹-
|  
|  
|
|
|-
|-
| Plural
| Plural
| fosi(k')-
| fosi(k')¹-
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 536: Line 710:
|-
|-
| Singular
| Singular
| wų(k)-
| wų(k)¹-
|  
|  
|
|
|-
|-
| Plural
| Plural
| wųsi(k)-
| wųsi(k)¹-
|
|
|-
| ''Referential''
|
|
|
|-
| Singular
| ų(k)¹-
|
|
|-
| Plural
| ųsi(k)¹-
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 555: Line 744:
|-
|-
| Singular
| Singular
| ke(l)-
| ke(l)¹-
|  
|  
|
|
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|  
|  
|}
|}
'''Aspectual Suffixes'''
{| {{whitetable2}}
|-
|''1''
|''2''
|''3''
|-
!Habitual
!Perfective
!Atelicity
|-
|<nowiki>-ke/k/e-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-h/wi/(wih)-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-c</nowiki>
|-
|
!Imperfective
|
|-
|
|<nowiki>-dey/ey-</nowiki>
|
|-
|
!Continuous
|
|-
|
|<nowiki>-gą/ą-</nowiki>
|}
Notes:
1. Consonants between brackets will appear on the surface if only the verb root starts in a vowel. If the first consonant of the root is the same as the final consonant of the suffix next to it, the consonant is simply geminated.


== Texts and Translation Challenges ==
== Texts and Translation Challenges ==


'''Short CBB Translation Challenges'''
'''Short CBB Translation Challenges'''


Kixpháxąc<br>
Kixpháxąc<br>
/kiɕˈpʰaɕãx/<br>
/kiɕˈpʰaɕãx/<br>
kes-phax-gą-c<br>  
kes-phax-gą-c<br>  
4.PL-Rain-CONT-INDF<br>
4.PL-Rain-CONT-ATEL<br>
"It's raining"<br>
"It's raining" ~ "It keeps on raining"<br>
Info:''Sun Mar 16, 2008 2:16 pm    Post subject: TC — It's raining''
Info:''Sun Mar 16, 2008 2:16 pm    Post subject: TC — It's raining''
'''Others'''


Esphúlteq wųláptok<br>
Esphúlteq wųláptok<br>
Line 582: Line 814:
COM-wolf 3.Sg.NEUT-dance-HAB<br>
COM-wolf 3.Sg.NEUT-dance-HAB<br>
"He dances with a wolf"<br>
"He dances with a wolf"<br>
Info: "Sun Mar 30, 2008 15:00pm"<br>
Info: "Sun Mar 30, 2008 15:00"<br>
 
Bąthrí sekórodeyc khwo t'awąntlo sethrąnkah<br>
/bãˈtʰri seˈkorodejx kʰʋo t’aˈʋãtlo setʰˈrãkah/<br>
bąs'-thri seth-koro-dey-c khwo t'ar-wątlo seth-rąka-wih<br>
LOC-rain 1S.EMO-sing-IMPERF-ATEL and.incl DAT-child 1S-laugh-PERF<br>
"I'm singing in the rain and once smile at a child."<br>
Info: "Wed Apr 09, 2008 15:15"
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 12:37, 16 April 2008

Raxúl /raˈɕyl/ is a conlang inspired by the languages of native North America created by Freezethemoment. The language, currently being developed, was started in February 2008.

Raxúl
Alternative Names None
Author Freezzze
Type Personal Artlang
Year began February 2008
Demographics
Population ~2 million speakers
Spoken in Unkown
Genetic Classification Human
Grammar
Most Common Word-Order SOV
Morphological Typology Agglutinating
Morpho-syntactic Alignment Nom-Acc & Erg-Abs
edit


Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants¹

Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive Plain p t k ʔ
Aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
Ejective p’ t’ k’
Voiced b d g
Fricative Plain ɸ x h
Ejective ɸ’ x’
Sibilant Plain s ɕ
Ejective s’ ɕ’
Approximant ʋ j
Lateral l
Trill r


Vowels³

Plain Front Mid Back
Spread Rounded Spread Rounded
High i y
Mid e (ə) o
Low a


Nasal Front Mid
Spread Rounded Spread
High ĩ ỹ
Mid ã


Notes:

1. All consonants, except for voiced plosives which cannot occur in coda position, may be geminated medially.
2. The contoid [h] doesn't appear at the surface level. It is phonetically realized as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ].
3. All vowels may be geminated.
4. Sibilant harmony allows either dental (/s/ and /s’/) or palatal (/ɕ/ and /ɕ’/) sibilants in one and the same word. This may affect affixes regressively.
5. The phoneme /ə/ has merged with /a/ but is still distinct in the native script and can optionally be marked in the romanisation.

Syllable structure

(C)(L)(G)V(V)(G)(L)(F)

C = Any consonant. F = Any consonant except for voiced stops. L = Liquids; /r/ and /l/. G = Glides; /ʋ/ and /j/.


Notes:

1. No gemination of consonants is allowed within a syllable.
2. Sonority hierarchy must be respected.

Orthography

Alphabet (Single Graphs)

Grapheme A Ä Ą B C D E F G H I Į K L M N O P Q R S T U Ų W X Y '
Phoneme a (ə) ã b x d e ɸ g h i ĩ k l - - o p ʔ r s t y ỹ ʋ ɕ j

Stressedmarked Oral Vowels

Grapheme À Ȁ È Ì Ò Ù
Phoneme a (ə) e i o y

Digraphs & Trigraphs

Grapheme C' F' K' P' S' T' X' KH PH TH
Phoneme x’ ɸ’ k’ p’ s’ t’ ɕ’ kʰ pʰ tʰ

Stressmarked Nasal Vowels

Grapheme ĄN/ĄM ĮN/ĮM ŲN/ŲM ĄRM/ĄRN ĮRM/ĮRN ŲRM/ŲRN ĄLM/ĄLN ĮLM/ĮLN ŲLM/ŲLN
Phoneme(s) ã ĩ ỹ ãr ĩr ũr ãl ĩl ũl


Notes:

1. An acute accent is only used in few words with irregular stress on the root. Like the name of the language «Raxúl».

Nominal Morphology

Nouns can be marked for case. The nominal case system is a Ergative-Absolutive system. The absolutive case is the unmarked case. Ergative case is marked by the suffix -ti. The Ergative case is used for subjects of a transitive sentence.

1. Sentences are considered to be transitive if only an underlying direct object is present in its syntactic nominal slot.

2. The ergative case may also be used when a subject role in a sentence considered to be intransitive needs to be emphasized.

Ergative -ti
Absolutive Ø
Dative t'a(r)-
Ablative
Comitative es-
Instrumental

Verbal Morphology

Verbs must always be inflected for person and aspect and they can optionally be inflected for moods other than declaritive and tense other than the present. Person is marked by prefixes, aspect by suffixes.

Personal Prefixes

Personal prefixes on verbs are as their name suggests prefixed to the verb root. They may be marked for case. The order of the suffixes is as follows: Nominative - Dative - Ablative - Accusative.

1st Person

Nominative Neutral Emotive Rational
Singular so(th)¹- se(th)¹- ec-
Plural Exclusive sow- sa(th)¹- es-
Inclusive xoxi(t)¹- xey- exi(t)¹-


2nd Person

Nominative Neutral Emotive Rational
Singular fo(k')¹-
Plural fosi(k')¹-


3nd Person

Nominative Neutral Emotive Rational
Singular wų(k)¹-
Plural wųsi(k)¹-
Referential
Singular ų(k)¹-
Plural ųsi(k)¹-


4rth Person

Nominative Neutral Emotive Rational
Singular ke(l)¹-
Plural kes/kix-



Aspectual Suffixes


1 2 3
Habitual Perfective Atelicity
-ke/k/e- -h/wi/(wih)- -c
Imperfective
-dey/ey-
Continuous
-gą/ą-


Notes:

1. Consonants between brackets will appear on the surface if only the verb root starts in a vowel. If the first consonant of the root is the same as the final consonant of the suffix next to it, the consonant is simply geminated.

Texts and Translation Challenges

Short CBB Translation Challenges

Kixpháxąc
/kiɕˈpʰaɕãx/
kes-phax-gą-c
4.PL-Rain-CONT-ATEL
"It's raining" ~ "It keeps on raining"
Info:Sun Mar 16, 2008 2:16 pm Post subject: TC — It's raining

Others


Esphúlteq wųláptok
/esˈpʰylteʔ ʋỹˈlaptok/
es-phulteq wų-lapto-ke
COM-wolf 3.Sg.NEUT-dance-HAB
"He dances with a wolf"
Info: "Sun Mar 30, 2008 15:00"

Bąthrí sekórodeyc khwo t'awąntlo sethrąnkah
/bãˈtʰri seˈkorodejx kʰʋo t’aˈʋãtlo setʰˈrãkah/
bąs'-thri seth-koro-dey-c khwo t'ar-wątlo seth-rąka-wih
LOC-rain 1S.EMO-sing-IMPERF-ATEL and.incl DAT-child 1S-laugh-PERF
"I'm singing in the rain and once smile at a child."
Info: "Wed Apr 09, 2008 15:15"

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