Classical Diūn: Difference between revisions

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a. Consonants
a. Consonants


{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 50%;"
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
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![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
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![[velar consonant|Velar]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|-
![[plosive consonant|Plosive]]
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
| align="center"|t, d
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| align="center"|k, g
| align="center"|k, g
|-
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![[nasal consonant|Nasal]]
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
| align="center"|n
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|-
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![[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|p\, B
| align="center"|p\, B
| align="center"|s, z
| align="center"|s, z
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![[affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[Affricate]]
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| align="center"|ts
| align="center"|ts
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![[approximant consonant|Approximant]]
![[Approximant]]
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| align="center"|r\
| align="center"|r\
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![[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
![[Lateral]]
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| align="center"|l
| align="center"|l
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b. Consonant Orthography
b. Consonant Orthography


{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 50%;"
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
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![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
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![[velar consonant|Velar]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|-
![[plosive consonant|Plosive]]
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
| align="center"|t, d
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| align="center"|c, g
| align="center"|c, g
|-
|-
![[nasal consonant|Nasal]]
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
| align="center"|n
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|-
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![[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|ph/f, bh/v
| align="center"|ph, bh / f, v
| align="center"|s, z
| align="center"|s, z
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![[affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[Affricate]]
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| align="center"|ċ/cc
| align="center"|ċ/cc
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![[approximant consonant|Approximant]]
![[Approximant]]
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| align="center"|r
| align="center"|r
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![[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
![[Lateral]]
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| align="center"|l
| align="center"|l
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d. Diphthongs:
d. Diphthongs:
[[Image:Diphthongs.jpg]]


/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>
/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>
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a. CV(C)
a. CV(C)


== II.Grammar: ==
= II.Grammar: =
 
 
 
'''A. Nominal Morphology'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn nouns are inflected for the Ergative Case or if definiteness needs to be
distinguished.
 
b.Classical Diūn is an Ergative-Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.
 
c. the suffix -(o)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.
 
d. the suffix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the Ergative suffix and after the root.
 
e. -(o)n marks a noun as definite.  The Definite from is only used when stressing the noun to be of a specific kind and is only used in the singular. i.e the function of the word "this" in English.
 
f. Examples:
 
 
i. '''Vinidom toi bhine nīven'''
 
ii. [BiJidom toi BiJe ni:BeN]
 
iii. (The) Boys want to kill me
 
iv. ''Boy.plur.erg me.abs kill.PP want.inf''
 
 
v. '''Vinonom toi bhini nīven'''
 
vi. [BiJoJom toi BiJi ni:BeN]
 
vii. This boy wants to kill me
 
viii. ''Boy.def.erg me.abs kill.3P want.inf''
 
 
ix. '''Tia vinidon gin sīho sōnen'''
 
x. [tja BiJidoN giN si:Co soJeN]
 
xi. I can not find the boys
 
xii. ''I.erg boy.plur.def negator find.1P can.inf''
 
 
'''B. Verbal Morphology'''
 
 
a. Diūn Verbs are inflected for person. The Diūn tenses (past and future) are expressed by separate particles. The Present does not need a separate particle. <mo> is the past particle and <mu> is the future morpheme. <mi> is also used to emphasize the present. The tense particles follow the verb. Adverbs can be placed between the verb and the tense particle
 
b. Verb Inflections for Person
 
i. 1st Person: root + -o
 
ii. 2nd Person: root + -a
 
iii. 3rd Person: root + -i
 
iv. All-Persons Plural: root + -e
 
 
c. Examples:
 
 
i. '''No dinid va he cephe mu'''
 
ii. [no diJid_h Ba Ce kep\e mu]
 
iii. We will seize your things(possessions)
 
iv. ''We.ERG thing.plur you.abs of seize.plur future-particle''
 
 
v. '''Tia ga hado cīvi mo''' (or) '''Tia ga hado mo cīvi'''
 
vi. [tja ga Cado ki:Bi mo][tja ga Cado mo ki:Bi]
 
vii. I did that easily
 
viii. ''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P easy past-particle'' (or) ''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P past-particle easy''
 
 
d. The Gerund:
 
e. The gerund functions as a verbs adjectival and adverbial forms.  It is marked with the -endi suffix.
 
f. Examples:
 
 
i. '''Ci vinid humendi zadi mo'''
 
ii. [ki BiJid_h CumeNdi zadi mo]
 
iii. He saw the playing boys
 
 
iv. '''Ci vinid vōmi humendi mo
 
v. [ki BiJid_h Bo:mi CumeNdi mo]
 
vi. He jokingly hit the boys
 
 
g. The Gerundative
 
h. The Gerundative states an action that should or is to be done. It is marked with the -endas suffix. It functions as a noun when the copula <b>nomen</b> "to be" is introduced.
 
i. Examples:
 
 
i. '''Ci vinendas'''
 
ii. [BiJeNdas]
 
iii. He {who} should be killed
 
iv. ''He.erg kill.grndt''
 
 
v. '''Toidam vinendas nomi'''
 
vi. [toidam BiJeNdas nomi]
 
vii. The man is to be killed
 
viii. ''Man.Erg kill.grndt to-be.3P''
 
 
ix. '''Toida vinendas'''
 
x. [toida BiJeNdas]
 
xi. The man to be killed/ {who} should be killed
 
xii. ''Man.abs kill.grndt''
 
 
j. The Supine
 
k. The Supine states the purpose of an action. It is marked with the -oim suffix.
 
l.Examples:
 
 
i. '''Vatim vinid ga he vīcci vōmoim'''
 
ii. [Batim BiJid_h ga Ce Bi:ttsi Bo:moim]
 
iii. Father comes to hit his boys
 
iv. ''Father.erg boy.plur him.erg of comes.3P hit.sup''
 
 
v. '''Toida vōmi vīnoim mo'''
 
vi. [toida Bo:mi Bi:Joim mo]
 
vii. The man hit to kill
 
viii. ''Man.abs hit.3P kill.sup Pst''
 
 
m. The Infinitive:
 
n.
 
 
'''C. Adjectival and Adverbial Morphology'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn has four adverbial and adjectival degrees: The bare root is considered the first degree. The second degree, like the English -er suffix, is marked by the -(e)t suffix. The third degree, like the English -est suffix, is marked by the -(e)c suffix. The third degree, meaning "ultimate" or "extremely" is marked by the -(i)dh suffix. If the suffix begins a new syllable /C/ <h> is added before the vowel to conform to Diūn Syllable Structure. Adjectives and Adverbs could arguably not be considered separate word types because the only factor distinguishing the two is purely syntactical.
 
b. Examples:
 
 
i. '''Ci neptiūn nomi'''
 
ii. [ki neptju:N nomi]
 
iii. It/He is blue
 
iv. ''It/he.erg blue is.3P''
 
 
v. '''Ci neptiūnec nomi'''
 
vi. [ki neptju:Jek_h nomi]
 
vii. It/He is (the) bluest
 
viii. ''It/he.erg blue.3rd is.3P''
 
 
'''D. Syntax'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn is an SOV language.
 
b. Verbal moods are distinguished by word order and, with a few moods, by morphology.
 
 
i. The Diūn verbal moods are:
 
 
ii. Subject-Object-Verb - indictive
 
 
iii. Verb-Object-Subject-Complement_Verb - interrogative
 
 
iv. Subject-Verb-Object-Complement_Verb - subjunctive, -ne suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb
 
 
v. Verb-Object-Subject - imperative, -im suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb
 
 
vi. Subject-Object-Verb- conditional, -ta suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb. <b>te</b> "if" is used between the condition and the event.
 
 
c. The indicative mood is the default mood. It is used when the speaker wants to convey a fact. The interrogative mood is used when the speaker is asking a question. The subjunctive is used when the speaker is speaking about a hypothetical event or expressing a wish. The imperative is used to state a command. The conditional mood is used to state a condition of another event.
 
d. Examples:
 
 
i. '''The Indicative:''' '''''Tia gīmos toi he phīho'''''
 
ii. [tja gi:mos toi Ce p\i:Co]
 
iii. I love my family
 
iv. ''I.erg family me.abs of love.1P''
 


v. '''The Interrogative:''' '''''Phīha gīmos va he vo?'''''


vi. [p\i:Ca gi:mos Ba Ce Bo]
== '''I. The Ergative Case''' ==


vii. Do you love your family?


viii. ''Love.2P family you.abs of you.erg''


a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


ix. '''The Subjunctive:''' '''''Tia phīhenne gīmos toi he sūmnen.'''''


x. [tja p\i:CeNne gi:mos toi Ce su:mneN]


xi. I should love my family
b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:


xii. ''I.erg love.subj family me.abs of shall.inf''


[[Image:Tablee2.PNG]]


xiii. '''The Imperative:''' '''''Phīhenim gīmos vo he!'''''


xiv. [p\i:CeJim gi:mos Bo Ce]
'''Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.'''


xv. Love your family!
''Eng: The worm went down into the earth''


xvi. ''Love.inf.imp family you.erg of''


'''Tia toidan zado.'''


xvii. '''The Conditional:''' '''''Gīmosom toi he toi phīhenta te tia ni phīhenta.'''''
''Eng: I see this man.''


xviii. [tja gi:mos toi Ce p\i:CeNta te pe toi p\i:CeNta CaBi mu]


xix. My family would love me if I loved them
c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.


xx. ''Family.erg me.abs of me.abs love.con if I.erg them.abs love.con''


'''Sihledom toi haccēde.'''


e. Adjectives and Adverbs follow the noun or verb they modify. The adverbs can come after the verb
''Eng: Worms frighten me.''
or after the tense particle(if there is one).


f. Classical Diūn uses postpositions rather than prepositions


g. Modals always come at the end of the phrase in infinitive form when another verb is present.


h. Examples:
== '''II. The Absolutive Case''' ==




i. '''Tia vecia ga he vivi vōmo nīven mo'''
a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


ii. [tja Bekja ga Ce BiBi Bo:mo ni:veN mo]


iii. I wanted to hit him in the face
b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


iv. ''I.erg face.abs him.abs of on hit.1P want.inf past-particle''


[[image:tablee.png]]


i. The Relative clause:


j. The relative clause functions much the same as it does in English. Unlike in English however <vis> "that" must be used in between the first sentence and its complement.
'''Ci toidan vōmi mo.'''


k. Examples:
''Eng: He hit this man''




i. '''Toi dōcco vis no ga hade sōnen'''
'''Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.'''


ii. [toi do:ttso Bis no ga Cade so:JeN]
''Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.''


iii. I think that we can do it


iv. ''I.ABS think.1p that we.ERG it.ABS do.1p can.inf''
c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.




v. '''Ca vīni vis tia pōv nomi mo'''
'''Tia sihled zado mo.'''


vi. [ka Bi:Ji Bis tja po:B nomi mo]
''Eng: I saw the worm''


vii. She knows that I was there


viii. ''She.ABS knows.3p that I.Erg there be was''
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 09:46, 15 July 2011

Classical Diūn
Spoken in: Diūn City-States
Time Period: 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)
Total speakers: extinct
Genealogical classification: Proto-Diūn

  Classical Diūn

Basic word order: SOV
Morphological type: semi-fusional
Morphosyntactic alignment: Ergative-Absolutive
Created by:
Samuel Hopping February 8, 2007-


Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.


I. Phonology:

A. Phoneme Inventory:

a. Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d t`, d` k, g
Nasal m n n`
Fricative p\, B s, z s`, z` C
Affricate ts tS
Approximant r\ j
Lateral l

b. Consonant Orthography

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d th, dh c, g
Nasal m n nh
Fricative ph, bh / f, v s, z sh, zh h
Affricate ċ/cc ch
Approximant r i
Lateral l

c. Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i, i: u, u:
Close Mid e, e: o, o:
Open a, a:

d. Vowel Orthography

Front Central Back
Close i, ī u, ū
Close Mid e, ē o, ō
Open a, ā

d. Diphthongs:

Diphthongs.jpg

/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>

B. Allophones:


a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/

b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/

c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/

d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/

e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/


C. Phonotactics


a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.

d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word


D. Syllable Structure


a. CV(C)

II.Grammar:

I. The Ergative Case

a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:


Tablee2.PNG


Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.

Eng: The worm went down into the earth


Tia toidan zado.

Eng: I see this man.


c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.


Sihledom toi haccēde.

Eng: Worms frighten me.


II. The Absolutive Case

a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


File:Tablee.png


Ci toidan vōmi mo.

Eng: He hit this man


Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.

Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.


c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.


Tia sihled zado mo.

Eng: I saw the worm

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