Classical Diūn: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
|valign="top"|Time Period:
|valign="top"|Time Period:
|| 200 BNH - 200 NH(200 CE - 600 CE)  
|| 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)  
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
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'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''
'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''


a. Consonants


a. Plosives: <nowiki>/p b t d t` d` k g/ <p b t d th dh c g></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
|
| align="center"|t`, d`
|
| align="center"|k, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
|
| align="center"|n`
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|p\, B
| align="center"|s, z
|
| align="center"|s`, z`
| align="center"|C
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align="center"|ts
| align="center"|tS
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align="center"|r\
|
|
| align="center"|j
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align="center"|l
|
|
|
|
|}


b. Nasals: <nowiki>/m n n` [N]/ <m n nh n></nowiki>
b. Consonant Orthography


c. Fricatives: <nowiki>/p\ B s z s` z` C/ <ph,f bh,v s z sh zh h></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
|
| align="center"|th, dh
|
| align="center"|c, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
|
| align="center"|nh
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|ph, bh / f, v
| align="center"|s, z
|
| align="center"|sh, zh
| align="center"|h
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align="center"|ċ/cc
| align="center"|ch
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align="center"|r
|
|
| align="center"|i
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align="center"|l
|
|
|
|
|}


d. Affricates: <nowiki>/ts [tts] tS [ttS] [dZ]/ <cc,ċ cc,ċ ch ch g></nowiki>
c. Vowels


e. Lateral Approximants: <nowiki>/l/ <l></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;"
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"|i, i:
|
| align="center"|u, u:
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align="center"|e, e:
|
| align="center"|o, o:
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align="center"|a, a:
|
|}


f. Approximants: <nowiki>/r\ j/ <r i></nowiki>
d. Vowel Orthography


g. Vowels: <nowiki>/a e i o u a: e: i: o: u: ai au oi/ <a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ai au oi></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;"
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"|i, ī
|
| align="center"|u, ū
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align="center"|e, ē
|
| align="center"|o, ō
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align="center"|a, ā
|
|}


d. Diphthongs:
[[Image:Diphthongs.jpg]]
/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>


'''B. Allophones:'''
'''B. Allophones:'''
Line 91: Line 247:
a. CV(C)
a. CV(C)


== II.Grammar: ==
= II.Grammar: =
 
 
 
'''A. Nominal Morphology'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn nouns are inflected for the Ergative Case or if definiteness needs to be
distinguished.
 
b.Classical Diūn is an Ergative_Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.
 
c. the suffix -(o)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.
 
d. the suffix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the Ergative suffix and after the root.
 
e. -(o)n marks a noun as definite. When the word is marked for Ergativity the definite article is not marked or if not marking definiteness doesn't cause ambiguity.
 
f. Examples:
 
 
'''Vinidom toi vini nīven'''
 
[BiJidom toi BiJi ni:BeN]
 
(The) Boys want to kill me
 
''Boy.plur.erg me.abs kill.3P want.inf''
 
 
'''Tia vinidon gin sīho sōnen'''
 
[tja BiJidoN giN si:Co soJeN]
 
I can not find the boys
 
''I.erg boy.plur.def negator find.1P can.inf''
 
 
'''B. Verbal Morphology'''
 
 
a. Diūn Verbs are inflected for person. The Diūn tenses (past and future) are expressed by separate particles. The Present does not need a separate particle. <mo> is the past particle and <mu> is the future morpheme. <mi> is also used to emphasize the present. The tense particles follow the verb. Adverbs can be placed between the verb and the tense particle
 
b.
 
infinitive: suffix root + -en
 
1st Person: root + -(h)o
 
2nd Person: root + -(h)a
 
3rd Person: root + -(h)i
 
All-Persons Plural: root + -(h)e
 
 
c. Examples:
 
 
'''No dinid va he cephe mu'''
 
[no diJid_h Ba Ce kep\e mu]
 
We will seize your things(possessions)
 
''We.ERG thing.plur you.abs of seize.plur future-particle''
 
 
'''Tia ga hado cīvi mo''' (or) '''Tia ga hado mo cīvi'''
 
[tja ga Cado ki:Bi mo][tja ga Cado mo ki:Bi]
 
I did that easily
 
''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P easy past-particle'' (or) ''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P past-particle easy''
 
 
d. The Gerund:
 
e. The gerund functions as a verbs adjectival and adverbial forms.  The Gerund verbal ending is -endi.
 
f. Examples:
 
 
'''Ci vinid humendi zadi mo'''
 
[ki BiJid_h CumeNdi zadi mo]
 
He saw the playing boys
 
 
'''Ci vinid vōmi humendi mo
 
[ki BiJid_h Bo:mi CumeNdi mo]
 
He jokingly hit the boys
 
 
g. The Gerundative
 
h. The Gerundative states an action that should or is to be done. It is marked with the -endas suffix
 
i. Examples:
 
'''Ci vinendas'''
 
[BiJeNdas]
 
He [who] should be killed
 
 
'''Toidam vinendas nomi'''
 
[toidam BiJeNdas nomi]
 
The man is to be killed
 
 
'''Toida vinendas'''
 
[toida BiJeNdas]
 
The man who should be killed
 
 
j. The infinitive
 
k.
 
 
'''C. Adjectival and Adverbial Morphology'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn has four adverbial and adjectival degrees: The bare root is considered the first degree. The second degree, like the English -er suffix, is marked by the -(e)t suffix. The third degree, like the English -est suffix, is marked by the -(e)c suffix. The third degree, meaning "ultimate" or "extremely" is marked by the -(i)dh suffix. If the suffix begins a new syllable /C/ <h> is added before the vowel to conform to Diūn Syllable Structure. Adjectives and Adverbs could arguably not be considered separate word types because the only factor distinguishing the two is purely syntactical.
 
b. Examples:
 
 
'''Ci neptiūn nomi'''
 
[ki neptju:N nomi]
 
It/He is blue
 
''It/he.erg blue is.3P''
 
 
'''Ci neptiūnec nomi'''
 
[ki neptju:Jek_h nomi]
 
It/He is (the) bluest
 
''It/he.erg blue.3rd is.3P''
 
 
'''D. Syntax'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn is an SOV language.
 
b. Verbal moods are distinguished by word order and, with a few moods, by morphology:
 
 
The Diūn verbal moods are:
 
 
Subject-Object-Verb - indictive
 
 
Verb-Object-Subject - interrogative
 
 
Subject-Verb-Object - subjunctive, -ne suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb
 
 
Verb-Object-Subject - imperative, -im suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb
 
 
Subject-Object-Verb- conditional, -ta suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb. <te> "if" is used between the condition and the event.
 
 
c. The indicative mood is the default mood. It is used when the speaker wants to convey a fact. The interrogative mood is used when the speaker is asking a question. The subjunctive is used when the speaker is speaking about a hypothetical event. The imperative is used to state a command. The conditional mood is used to state a condition of another event.
 
 
d. Examples:
 
 
'''The Indicative:''' '''''Tia gīmos toi he phīho'''''
 
[tja gi:mos toi Ce p\i:Co]
 
I love my family
 
''I.erg family me.abs of love.1P''
 
 
'''The Interrogative:''' '''''Phīha gīmos vo he?'''''
 
[p\i:Ca gi:mos Bo Ce]


Do you love your family?


''Love.2P family you.erg of''
== '''I. The Ergative Case''' ==




'''The Subjunctive:''' '''''Tia phīhenne gīmos toi he, pe toi phīhe habhi mu.'''''


[tja p\i:CeNne gi:mos toi Ce pe toi p\i:Ce CaBi mu]
a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


Should I love my family, They will love me too.


''I.erg love.subj family me.abs of, they.erg me.abs love.plur also future particle''


b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:


'''The Imperative:''' '''''Phīhenim gīmos vo he!'''''


[p\i:CeJim gi:mos Bo Ce]
[[Image:Tablee2.PNG]]


Love your family!


''Love.inf.imp family you.erg of''
'''Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.'''


''Eng: The worm went down into the earth''


'''The Conditional:''' '''''Gīmosom toi he toi phīhenta te tia ni phīhenta.'''''


[tja gi:mos toi Ce p\i:CeNta te pe toi p\i:CeNta CaBi mu]
'''Tia toidan zado.'''


My family would love me if I loved them
''Eng: I see this man.''


''Family.erg me.abs of me.abs love.con if I.erg them.abs love.con''


c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.


e. Adjectives and Adverbs follow the noun or verb they modify. The adverbs can come after the verb
or after the tense particle(if there is one).


f. Classical Diūn uses postpositions rather than prepositions
'''Sihledom toi haccēde.'''


g. Modals always come at the end of the phrase in infinitive form when another verb is present.
''Eng: Worms frighten me.''


h. Examples:




'''Tia vecia ga he vivi vōmo nīven mo'''
== '''II. The Absolutive Case''' ==


[tja Bekja ga Ce BiBi Bo:mo ni:veN mo]


I wanted to hit him in the face
a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


''I.erg face.abs him.abs of on hit.1P want.inf past-particle''


b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


i. The Relative clause:


[[image:tablee.png]]


j. The relative clause functions much the same as it does in English. Unlike in English however <vis> "that" must be used in between the first sentence and its complement.


'''Ci toidan vōmi mo.'''


k. Examples:
''Eng: He hit this man''




'''Toi dōcco vis no ga hade sōnen'''
'''Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.'''


[toi do:ttso Bis no ga Cade so:JeN]
''Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.''


I think that we can do it


''I.ABS think.1p that we.ERG it.ABS do.1p can.inf''
c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.




'''Ca vīni vis tia pōv nomi mo'''
'''Tia sihled zado mo.'''


[ka Bi:Ji Bis tja po:B nomi mo]
''Eng: I saw the worm''


She knows that I was there


''She.ABS knows.3p that I.Erg there be was''
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 09:46, 15 July 2011

Classical Diūn
Spoken in: Diūn City-States
Time Period: 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)
Total speakers: extinct
Genealogical classification: Proto-Diūn

  Classical Diūn

Basic word order: SOV
Morphological type: semi-fusional
Morphosyntactic alignment: Ergative-Absolutive
Created by:
Samuel Hopping February 8, 2007-


Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.


I. Phonology:

A. Phoneme Inventory:

a. Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d t`, d` k, g
Nasal m n n`
Fricative p\, B s, z s`, z` C
Affricate ts tS
Approximant r\ j
Lateral l

b. Consonant Orthography

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d th, dh c, g
Nasal m n nh
Fricative ph, bh / f, v s, z sh, zh h
Affricate ċ/cc ch
Approximant r i
Lateral l

c. Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i, i: u, u:
Close Mid e, e: o, o:
Open a, a:

d. Vowel Orthography

Front Central Back
Close i, ī u, ū
Close Mid e, ē o, ō
Open a, ā

d. Diphthongs:

Diphthongs.jpg

/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>

B. Allophones:


a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/

b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/

c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/

d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/

e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/


C. Phonotactics


a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.

d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word


D. Syllable Structure


a. CV(C)

II.Grammar:

I. The Ergative Case

a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:


Tablee2.PNG


Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.

Eng: The worm went down into the earth


Tia toidan zado.

Eng: I see this man.


c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.


Sihledom toi haccēde.

Eng: Worms frighten me.


II. The Absolutive Case

a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


File:Tablee.png


Ci toidan vōmi mo.

Eng: He hit this man


Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.

Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.


c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.


Tia sihled zado mo.

Eng: I saw the worm

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