Classical Diūn: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
|valign="top"|Time Period:
|valign="top"|Time Period:
|| 200 BNH - 200 NH(200 CE - 600 CE)  
|| 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)  
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
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'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''
'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''


a. Consonants


a. Plosives: <nowiki>/p b t d t` d` k g/ <p b t d th dh c g></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
|
| align="center"|t`, d`
|
| align="center"|k, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
|
| align="center"|n`
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|p\, B
| align="center"|s, z
|
| align="center"|s`, z`
| align="center"|C
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align="center"|ts
| align="center"|tS
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align="center"|r\
|
|
| align="center"|j
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align="center"|l
|
|
|
|
|}
 
b. Consonant Orthography
 
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
|
| align="center"|th, dh
|
| align="center"|c, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
|
| align="center"|nh
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|ph, bh / f, v
| align="center"|s, z
|
| align="center"|sh, zh
| align="center"|h
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align="center"|ċ/cc
| align="center"|ch
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align="center"|r
|
|
| align="center"|i
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align="center"|l
|
|
|
|
|}


b. Nasals: <nowiki>/m n n` [N]/ <m n nh n></nowiki>
c. Vowels


c. Fricatives: <nowiki>/p\ B s z s` z` C/ <ph,f bh,v s z sh zh h></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;"
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"|i, i:
|
| align="center"|u, u:
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align="center"|e, e:
|
| align="center"|o, o:
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align="center"|a, a:
|
|}


d. Affricates: <nowiki>/ts [tts] tS [ttS] [dZ]/ <cc,ċ cc,ċ ch ch g></nowiki>
d. Vowel Orthography


e. Lateral Approximants: <nowiki>/l/ <l></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;"
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"|i, ī
|
| align="center"|u, ū
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align="center"|e, ē
|
| align="center"|o, ō
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align="center"|a, ā
|
|}


f. Approximants: <nowiki>/r\ j/ <r i></nowiki>
d. Diphthongs:


g. Vowels: <nowiki>/a e i o u a: e: i: o: u: ai au oi/ <a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ai au oi></nowiki>
[[Image:Diphthongs.jpg]]


/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>


'''B. Allophones:'''
'''B. Allophones:'''
Line 91: Line 247:
a. CV(C)
a. CV(C)


== II.Grammar: ==
= II.Grammar: =
 
 
 
'''A. Nominal Morphology'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn nouns are inflected for the Ergative Case or if definiteness needs to be
distinguished.
 
b.Classical Diūn is an Ergative_Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.
 
c. the suffix -(o)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.
 
d. the suffix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the Ergative suffix and after the root.
 
e. -(o)n marks a noun as definite. When the word is marked for Ergativity the definite article is not marked or if not marking definiteness doesn't cause ambiguity.
 
f. Examples:
 
 
'''Vinidom toi vini nīven'''
 
[BiJidom toi BiJi ni:BeN]
 
(The) Boys want to kill me
 
''Boy.plur.erg me.abs kill.3P want.inf''
 
 
'''Tia vinidon gin sīho sōnen'''
 
[tja BiJidoN giN si:Co soJeN]
 
I can not find the boys
 
''I.erg boy.plur.def negator find.1P can.inf''
 
 
'''B. Verbal Morphology'''
 
 
a. Diūn Verbs are inflected for person. The Diūn tenses (past and future) are expressed by separate particles. The Present does not need a separate particle. <mo> is the past particle and <mu> is the future morpheme. <mi> is also used to emphasize the present. The tense particles follow the verb. Adverbs can be placed between the verb and the tense particle
 
b.
 
infinitive: suffix root + -en
 
1st Person: root + -(h)o
 
2nd Person: root + -(h)a
 
3rd Person: root + -(h)i
 
All-Persons Plural: root + -(h)e
 
 
c. Examples:
 
 
'''No dinid va he cephe mu'''
 
[no diJid_h Ba Ce kep\e mu]
 
We will seize your things(possessions)
 
''We.ERG thing.plur you.abs of seize.plur future-particle''
 
 
'''Tia ga hado cīvi mo''' (or) '''Tia ga hado mo cīvi'''
 
[tja ga Cado ki:Bi mo][tja ga Cado mo ki:Bi]
 
I did that easily
 
''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P easy past-particle'' (or) ''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P past-particle easy''
 
 
'''C. Adjectival and Adverbial Morphology'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn has four adverbial and adjectival degrees: The bare root is considered the first degree. The second degree, like the English -er suffix, is marked by the -(h)et suffix. The third degree, like the English -est suffix, is marked by the -(h)ec suffix. The third degree, meaning "ultimate" or "extremely" is marked by the -(h)idh suffix.
 
b. Examples:
 
 
'''Ci gahlo nomi'''
 
[ki gaClo nomi]
 
It/He is red
 
''It/he.erg red is.3P''
 
 
'''Ci gahlohec nomi'''
 
[ki gaCloCek_h nomi]
 
It/He is (the) reddest
 
''It/he.erg red.3rd is.3P''
 
 
'''D. Syntax'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn is an SOV language.
 
b. Verbal moods are distinguished by word order:
 
 
The Diūn verbal moods are:
 
 
Subject-Object-Verb - indictive
 
 
Verb-Object-Subject - interrogative
 
 
Subject-Verb-Object - subjunctive, -ne suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb




Verb-Object-Subject - imperative, -im suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb
== '''I. The Ergative Case''' ==




Subject-Object-Verb- conditional, -ta suffix is added to the verb which in uniflected. <te> "if" is used between the condition and the event.


a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


c. The indicative mood is the default mood. It is used when the speaker wants to convey a fact. The interrogative mood is used when the speaker is asking a question. The subjunctive is used when the speaker is speaking about a hypothetical event. The imperative is used to state a command. The conditional mood is used to state a condition of another event.




d. Examples:
b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:




'''The Indicative:''' '''''Tia gīmos toi he phīho'''''
[[Image:Tablee2.PNG]]


[tja gi:mos toi Ce p\i:Co]


I love my family
'''Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.'''


''I.erg family me.abs of love.1P''
''Eng: The worm went down into the earth''




'''The Interrogative:''' '''''Phīha gīmos vo he?'''''
'''Tia toidan zado.'''


[p\i:Ca gi:mos Bo Ce]
''Eng: I see this man.''


Do you love your family?


''Love.2P family you.erg of''
c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.




'''The Subjunctive:''' '''''Tia phīhenne gīmos toi he, pe toi phīhe habhi mu.'''''
'''Sihledom toi haccēde.'''


[tja p\i:CeNne gi:mos toi Ce pe toi p\i:Ce CaBi mu]
''Eng: Worms frighten me.''


Should I love my family, They will love me too.


''I.erg love.subj family me.abs of, they.erg me.abs love.plur also future particle''


== '''II. The Absolutive Case''' ==


'''The Imperative:''' '''''Phīhenim gīmos vo he!'''''


[p\i:CeJim gi:mos Bo Ce]
a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


Love your family!


''Love.inf.imp family you.erg of''
b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:




'''The Conditional:''' '''''Gīmosom toi he toi phīhenta te tia ni phīhenta.'''''
[[image:tablee.png]]


[tja gi:mos toi Ce p\i:CeNta te pe toi p\i:CeNta CaBi mu]


My family would love me if I loved them
'''Ci toidan vōmi mo.'''


''Family.erg me.abs of me.abs love.con if I.erg them.abs love.con''
''Eng: He hit this man''




e. Adjectives and Adverbs follow the noun or verb they modify. The adverbs can come after the verb
'''Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.'''
or after the tense particle(if there is one).


f. Classical Diūn uses postpositions rather than prepositions
''Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.''


g. Modals always come at the end of the phrase in infinitive form when another verb is present.


h. Examples:
c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.




'''Tia vecia ga he vivi vōmo nīven mo'''
'''Tia sihled zado mo.'''


[tja Bekja ga Ce BiBi Bo:mo ni:veN mo]
''Eng: I saw the worm''


I wanted to hit him in the face


''I.erg face.abs him.abs of on hit.1P want.inf past-particle''
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 09:46, 15 July 2011

Classical Diūn
Spoken in: Diūn City-States
Time Period: 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)
Total speakers: extinct
Genealogical classification: Proto-Diūn

  Classical Diūn

Basic word order: SOV
Morphological type: semi-fusional
Morphosyntactic alignment: Ergative-Absolutive
Created by:
Samuel Hopping February 8, 2007-


Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.


I. Phonology:

A. Phoneme Inventory:

a. Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d t`, d` k, g
Nasal m n n`
Fricative p\, B s, z s`, z` C
Affricate ts tS
Approximant r\ j
Lateral l

b. Consonant Orthography

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d th, dh c, g
Nasal m n nh
Fricative ph, bh / f, v s, z sh, zh h
Affricate ċ/cc ch
Approximant r i
Lateral l

c. Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i, i: u, u:
Close Mid e, e: o, o:
Open a, a:

d. Vowel Orthography

Front Central Back
Close i, ī u, ū
Close Mid e, ē o, ō
Open a, ā

d. Diphthongs:

Diphthongs.jpg

/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>

B. Allophones:


a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/

b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/

c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/

d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/

e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/


C. Phonotactics


a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.

d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word


D. Syllable Structure


a. CV(C)

II.Grammar:

I. The Ergative Case

a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:


Tablee2.PNG


Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.

Eng: The worm went down into the earth


Tia toidan zado.

Eng: I see this man.


c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.


Sihledom toi haccēde.

Eng: Worms frighten me.


II. The Absolutive Case

a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


File:Tablee.png


Ci toidan vōmi mo.

Eng: He hit this man


Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.

Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.


c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.


Tia sihled zado mo.

Eng: I saw the worm

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