Classical Diūn: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
|valign="top"|Time Period:
|valign="top"|Time Period:
|| 200 BNH - 200 NH(200 AD - 600 AD)  
|| 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)  
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
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|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|-
|-
||[[User:Mezzo|Sæm Hopping]] || February 8, 2007-
||[[User:Mezzo|Samuel Hopping]] || February 8, 2007-
|}
|}






Classical Diūn was born on February 8, 2007 as Djun. Recently I have done some major tweaking on it. So I thought I'd just post the language in its most recent incarnation.
Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.




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'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''
'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''


a. Consonants


a. Plosives: <nowiki>/p b t d t` d` k g/ <p b t d th dh c g></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
|
| align="center"|t`, d`
|
| align="center"|k, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
|
| align="center"|n`
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|p\, B
| align="center"|s, z
|
| align="center"|s`, z`
| align="center"|C
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align="center"|ts
| align="center"|tS
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align="center"|r\
|
|
| align="center"|j
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align="center"|l
|
|
|
|
|}


b. Nasals: <nowiki>/m n n` [N]/ <m n nh n></nowiki>
b. Consonant Orthography


c. Fricatives: <nowiki>/p\ B s z s` z` C/ <ph,f bh,v s z sh zh h></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
|
| align="center"|th, dh
|
| align="center"|c, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
|
| align="center"|nh
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|ph, bh / f, v
| align="center"|s, z
|
| align="center"|sh, zh
| align="center"|h
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align="center"|ċ/cc
| align="center"|ch
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align="center"|r
|
|
| align="center"|i
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align="center"|l
|
|
|
|
|}


d. Affricates: <nowiki>/ts [tts] tS [ttS]/ <cc,ċ cc,ċ ch ch></nowiki>
c. Vowels


e. Lateral Approximants: <nowiki>/l/ <l></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;"
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"|i, i:
|
| align="center"|u, u:
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align="center"|e, e:
|
| align="center"|o, o:
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align="center"|a, a:
|
|}


f. Approximants: <nowiki>/r\ j/ <r i></nowiki>
d. Vowel Orthography


g. Vowels: <nowiki>/a e i o u a: e: i: o: u: ai au oi/ <a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ai au oi></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;"
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"|i, ī
|
| align="center"|u, ū
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align="center"|e, ē
|
| align="center"|o, ō
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align="center"|a, ā
|
|}


d. Diphthongs:
[[Image:Diphthongs.jpg]]
/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>


'''B. Allophones:'''
'''B. Allophones:'''




a. [N] occurs medially as an allophone of /n/
a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/
 
b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/


b. [tts] occurs medially as an allophone of /ts/
c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/


c. [ttS] occurs medially as an allophone of /tS/
d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/


d. [dZ] occurs medially as an allophone of /g/
e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/




Line 89: Line 247:
a. CV(C)
a. CV(C)


= II.Grammar: =




== II.Grammar: ==
== '''I. The Ergative Case''' ==
 
 
 
'''A. Nominal Morphology'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn nouns are inflected for the Ergative Case or if definiteness needs to be
distinguished.
 
b.Classical Diūn is an Ergative_Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.
 
c. the suffix -(o)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.
 
d. the suffix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the Ergative suffix and after the root.
 
e. -(o)n marks a noun as definite. When the word is marked for Ergativity the definite article is not marked or if not marking definiteness doesn't cause ambiguity.
 
f. Examples:
 
 
'''Vinidom toi vini nīven'''
 
(The) Boys want to kill me
 
''Boy.plur.erg me.abs kill.3P want.inf''
 
 
'''Tia vinidon gin sīho sōnen'''
 
I can not find the boys
 
''I.erg boy.plur.def negator find.1P can.inf''
 
 
'''B. Verbal Morphology'''
 
 
a. Diūn Verbs are inflected for person. The Diūn tenses (past and future) are expressed by separate particles. The Present does not need a separate particle. <mo> is the past particle and <mu> is the future morpheme. <mi> is also used to emphasize the present. The tense particles follow the verb. Adverbs can be placed between the verb and the tense particle
 
b.
 
infinitive: suffix root + -en
 
1st Person: root + -(h)o
 
2nd Person: root + -(h)a
 
3rd Person: root + -(h)i
 
All-Persons Plural: root + -(h)e
 
 
c. Examples:
 
 
'''No dinid va he cephe mu'''
 
We will seize your things(possessions)
 
''We.ERG thing.plur you.abs of seize.plur future-particle''
 
 
'''Tia ga hado cīvi mo''' (or) '''Tia ga hado mo cīvi'''
 
I did that easily
 
''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P easy past-particle'' (or) ''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P past-particle easy''
 
 
'''C. Adjectival and Adverbial Morphology'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn has four adverbial and adjectival degrees: The bare root is considered the first degree. The second degree, like the English -er suffix, is marked by the -(h)et suffix. The third degree, like the English -est suffix, is marked by the -(h)ec suffix. The third degree, meaning "ultimate" or "extremely" is marked by the -(h)idh suffix.
 
b. Examples:
 
 
'''Ci gahlo nomi'''
 
It/He is red
 
''It/he.erg red is.3P''
 
 
'''Ci gahlohec nomi'''
 
It/He is (the) reddest
 
''It/he.erg red.3rd is.3P''
 
 
'''D. Syntax'''
 
 
a. Classical Diūn is an SOV language.
 
b. Verbal moods are distinguished by word order:
 
 
The Djūn verbal moods are:
 
 
Subject-Object-Verb - indictive




Verb-Object-Subject - interrogative


a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


Subject-Verb-Object - subjunctive




Verb-Object-Subject - imperative, -im suffix is added to the verb which is not inflected.
b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:




Subject-Object-Verb- conditional, -ta suffix is added to the verb which in uniflected. <Vis> is used between the condition and the event.
[[Image:Tablee2.PNG]]




c. The indicative mood is the default mood. It is used when the speaker wants to convey a fact. The interrogative mood is used when the speaker is asking a question. The subjunctive is used when the speaker is speaking about a hypothetical event. The imperative is used to state a command. The conditional mood is used to state a condition of another event.
'''Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.'''


''Eng: The worm went down into the earth''


d. Examples:


'''Tia toidan zado.'''


'''The Indicative:''' '''''Tia gīmos toi he phīho'''''
''Eng: I see this man.''


I love my family


''I.erg family me.abs of love.1P''
c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.




'''The Interrogative:''' '''''Phīha gīmos vo he?'''''
'''Sihledom toi haccēde.'''


Do you love your family?
''Eng: Worms frighten me.''


''Love.2P family you.erg of''




'''The Subjunctive:''' '''''Tia phīho gīmos toi he, pe toi phīhe habhi mu.'''''
== '''II. The Absolutive Case''' ==


Should I love my family, They will love me too.


''I.erg love.1P family me.abs of, they.erg me.abs love.plur also future particle''
a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.




'''The Imperative:''' '''''Phīhenim gīmos vo he!'''''
b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


Love your family!


''Love.inf.imp family you.erg of''
[[image:tablee.png]]




'''The Conditional:''' '''''Tia gīmos toi he phīhenta vis pe toi phīhenta habhi mu.'''''
'''Ci toidan vōmi mo.'''


If I loved my family, they would love me too
''Eng: He hit this man''


''I.erg family me.abs of love.inf.con that they.erg me.abs love.inf.con also future-particle''


'''Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.'''


e. Adjectives and Adverbs follow the noun or verb they modify. The adverbs can come after the verb
''Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.''
or after the tense particle(if there is one).


f. Classical Diūn uses postpositions rather than prepositions


g. Modals always come at the end of the phrase in infinitive form when another verb is present.
c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.


h. Examples:


'''Tia sihled zado mo.'''


'''Tia vecia ga he vivi vōmo nīven mo'''
''Eng: I saw the worm''


I wanted to hit him in the face


''I.erg face.abs him.abs of on hit.1P want.inf past-particle''
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 09:46, 15 July 2011

Classical Diūn
Spoken in: Diūn City-States
Time Period: 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)
Total speakers: extinct
Genealogical classification: Proto-Diūn

  Classical Diūn

Basic word order: SOV
Morphological type: semi-fusional
Morphosyntactic alignment: Ergative-Absolutive
Created by:
Samuel Hopping February 8, 2007-


Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.


I. Phonology:

A. Phoneme Inventory:

a. Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d t`, d` k, g
Nasal m n n`
Fricative p\, B s, z s`, z` C
Affricate ts tS
Approximant r\ j
Lateral l

b. Consonant Orthography

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d th, dh c, g
Nasal m n nh
Fricative ph, bh / f, v s, z sh, zh h
Affricate ċ/cc ch
Approximant r i
Lateral l

c. Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i, i: u, u:
Close Mid e, e: o, o:
Open a, a:

d. Vowel Orthography

Front Central Back
Close i, ī u, ū
Close Mid e, ē o, ō
Open a, ā

d. Diphthongs:

Diphthongs.jpg

/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>

B. Allophones:


a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/

b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/

c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/

d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/

e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/


C. Phonotactics


a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.

d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word


D. Syllable Structure


a. CV(C)

II.Grammar:

I. The Ergative Case

a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:


Tablee2.PNG


Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.

Eng: The worm went down into the earth


Tia toidan zado.

Eng: I see this man.


c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.


Sihledom toi haccēde.

Eng: Worms frighten me.


II. The Absolutive Case

a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


File:Tablee.png


Ci toidan vōmi mo.

Eng: He hit this man


Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.

Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.


c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.


Tia sihled zado mo.

Eng: I saw the worm

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