Lâmian: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
m (tagged)
 
(13 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 14: Line 14:
|date=June 2007
|date=June 2007
}}
}}
'''Lâmian''' is the oldest documented language of the [[Lâmian Language Family]] and was spoken by the ancient tribes of the '''Lâmians''', before the Roman Empire made them to leave in the north.
'''Lâmian''' is the oldest documented language of the [[Lâmian Language Family]] and was spoken by the ancient tribes of the '''Lâmians''', before the Roman Empire made them to leave northwards.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Line 126: Line 126:
|'''ha-...-û'''||the focus or the theme of a sentence (name?, jap. '''-wa''')
|'''ha-...-û'''||the focus or the theme of a sentence (name?, jap. '''-wa''')
|}<br>
|}<br>
<sup>1: A few nouns have this nominative suffix, but they are exeptions.</sup><br>
<sup>1: A few nouns have this nominative suffix(which disappears, if other suffixes are added), but they are exeptions.</sup><br>
Examples:<br>
Examples:<br>
'''lâmî''' (with nominative suffix)<br>
'''lâmî''' (with nominative suffix)<br>
Line 148: Line 148:


====Plural====
====Plural====
The plural is marked with the suffix '''-ane''':<br>
The plural is marked with the suffix '''-ane''':<br><br>
'''hauri -> hauraine''' ''bulls''<br>
'''hauri -> hauraine''' ''bulls''<br>
'''lôr -> lôrane''' ''signs''
'''lôr -> lôrane''' ''signs''
Line 159: Line 159:
'''-êla''' ''this here'' and<br>
'''-êla''' ''this here'' and<br>
'''-urim''' ''that over there''
'''-urim''' ''that over there''
====Possesesive Suffixes====
====Possesive Suffixes====
{|
{|
| ||Sg.||Pl.
| ||Sg.||Pl.
Line 167: Line 167:
|2.||'''-ram'''||'''-met'''
|2.||'''-ram'''||'''-met'''
|-
|-
|4.||'''-em'''||'''-et'''
|4.||'''-em'''||'''-ît'''
|}<br>
Examples:<br>
{|
|'''lewirai apetîmane'''
|-
|ownership-def.art. father-our-GEN-PL
|-
|''Our fathers' ownership''
|-
|'''airêlesh'''
|-
|world-this-LOC
|-
|''in this world''
|}<br>
===Verbs===
In Lâmian, there is only one conjugated verb ('''dôni''' ''to do''),what conjugates the other verbs by person, number and aspect.
But unlike English, there are more infinitives, which indicate the mood, voice and negation.<br>
====Regular Verbs====
Verbs are only conjugated in special infinitives (which also are gerunds and participles) showing the mood, voice and negation.
{|
|'''-âni'''||Indicative active
|-
|'''-ûn'''||Indicative active negative
|-
|'''-âdi'''||Indicative passive
|-
|'''-ûd'''||Indicative passice negative
|-
|'''-meli'''||Optative active
|-
|'''-shor'''||Optative active negative
|-
|'''-edh'''||Optativ passive
|-
|'''-âm'''||Optative passive negative
|-
|'''-tei'''||Intensive active
|-
|'''-gar'''||Intensive active negative
|-
|'''-efô'''||Intensive passive
|-
|'''-podh'''||Intensive passive negative
|}
 
Roots can either end in a consonant...<br>
'''tanta-''' ''speak''<br>
'''tantâni''' ''to speak''<br>
'''tantshor''' ''wouldn't speak''<br>
...or in a vowel:<br>
'''pâ-''' ''come''<br>
'''pâni''' ''to come''<br>
'''pôn''' (<*pâ-ûn) ''not to come''
===='''dôni''' ''to do''====
{|
| ||1.sg||2.sg||3.sg||1.pl||2.pl||3.pl
|-
|Imperfective||'''dôg'''||'''dôr'''||'''dât'''||'''dôt'''||'''dôm'''||'''dôn'''
|-
|Perfective||'''dosg'''||'''dôsir'''||'''dôseit'''||'''dost'''||'''dôsim'''||'''dôsin'''
|}
Examples:<br>
{|
'''Paikôta athreimâni dôg.'''
|-
|meat-AKK eat-Ind.act do-1.sg
|-
|''I eat/am eating meat.''
|-
|'''Lâmêlâne leithetûta tantshor dôn.'''
|-
|human-this-PL language-our-AKK speak-Opt.act.neg. do-3.pl
|-
|''This men wouldn't speak our language.''
|}
====Modal Verbs====
There also modal verbs like in English, but they are used in a different way:<br>
<br>
''modal verb - main verb in the partitive - dôni''<br>
<br>
'''lamahôni''' (root ''lamahû-'') to be able''<br>
{|
||'''lamahôni sagânîru dôg.'''
|-
||''be_able-ind.act. sing-ind.act.-PART do-1sg''
|-
||I am able to sing.
|}
|}
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 12:36, 17 July 2011


Lâmian(lâm.:Leithet)
Pronounced: léy-thet
Timeline and Universe: Alternate Earth, ~500 BC- ~200 AD
Species: Human
Spoken: South Germany
Total speakers: at least 500.000
Writing system: an modified Etruscian
Genealogy: Lâmian Language Family
Lâmian
Typology
Morphological type: agglutinative
Morphosyntactic alignment: Nominative-Accusative
Basic word order: SOV
Credits
Creator: Ell Crasses
Created: June 2007

Lâmian is the oldest documented language of the Lâmian Language Family and was spoken by the ancient tribes of the Lâmians, before the Roman Empire made them to leave northwards.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stops, voiceless p t c
Stops, voiced b d g
Fricatives, voiceless f th s sh ch h
Fricatives, voiced v dh z
Nasals m n ŋ
Lateral l
Flap r
Semivowels w i/j/


Double consonants are spoken a bit longer.

Vowels


front central back
high i î u û
mid e ê o ô
low a/ɑ/ â/ɑ:/


The diphtongs are the follow: ei, ai, au

Phontactics

The following syllable structures are allowed: CV, CVV, CVC, CVVC, CCV, CCVV, CCVC, CCVVC, CVCC, CCVCC.
A syllable must not begin and end with two plosives:
tept, pte, tkatp
But two fricatives can do this:
fthei air

Accent

The Lâmian accent is usually on the first syllable. But if there is a long vowel or a diphtong in a syllable, this syllable is stressed:
e'ôrane swords
son'naiwesh at the snake
If there are more long vowels or diphtongs in a word, the syllable with the first is stressed:
'leithîm of a language

Sandhi

a â e ê i î o ô u û
a â â e ê ai ê au ô au û
â â â â ê â ê â ô â ô
e ê â ê ê ei î o ô ô û
ê ê ê ê ê ê î ê â ê ô
i ai â ei ê î î e ô î û
î î ê î î î î î ê î ê
o au â o ê e î ô ô ô û
ô ô â ô ê ô ê ô ô ô û
u au â ô ê î î ô ô û û
û û ô û ô û ê û û û û


Examples:
ri you + -uk and -> rîk and you
kerî shield + -et our + îm GEN + -ane PL -> kerîtîmane of our shields
If a diphtong collides with a vowel, the vowel disappears:
lothei hut + -ûta AKK/ALL -> lotheita (to) a hut
If a diphtong collides with another diphtong, a w seperates the two diphtongs:
methau moon + -ai the -> methauwai the moon

Morphology

Nouns

Lâmian nouns are inflected by case and number.This is shown by pre- and suffixes, what are added in the following order:

Case prefix - root - definite article/possesive suffix/demonstrative suffix - case suffix - plural suffix - other suffixes

Case

Lâmian nouns are declined by 9 cases:

pre-/suffix case
0/-î1 nominative
-îm genitive
-er dative
-ûta accusative, allative
-esh locative
-rim ablative
-îru partitive
ha-...-û the focus or the theme of a sentence (name?, jap. -wa)


1: A few nouns have this nominative suffix(which disappears, if other suffixes are added), but they are exeptions.
Examples:
lâmî (with nominative suffix)

lâmî a human
lâmîm of a human
lâmer to a human
lâmûta (to) a human
lâmesh at a human
lâmrin from a human
lâmîru of a human
halâmû about a human

Plural

The plural is marked with the suffix -ane:

hauri -> hauraine bulls
lôr -> lôrane signs

Definite Article

The definite article is -ai:
ftheiwai the air
sigûrai the clan/tribe

Demonstrative Suffixes

There are two suffixes in this category:
-êla this here and
-urim that over there

Possesive Suffixes

Sg. Pl.
1. -gam -et
2. -ram -met
4. -em -ît


Examples:

lewirai apetîmane
ownership-def.art. father-our-GEN-PL
Our fathers' ownership
airêlesh
world-this-LOC
in this world


Verbs

In Lâmian, there is only one conjugated verb (dôni to do),what conjugates the other verbs by person, number and aspect. But unlike English, there are more infinitives, which indicate the mood, voice and negation.

Regular Verbs

Verbs are only conjugated in special infinitives (which also are gerunds and participles) showing the mood, voice and negation.

-âni Indicative active
-ûn Indicative active negative
-âdi Indicative passive
-ûd Indicative passice negative
-meli Optative active
-shor Optative active negative
-edh Optativ passive
-âm Optative passive negative
-tei Intensive active
-gar Intensive active negative
-efô Intensive passive
-podh Intensive passive negative

Roots can either end in a consonant...
tanta- speak
tantâni to speak
tantshor wouldn't speak
...or in a vowel:
pâ- come
pâni to come
pôn (<*pâ-ûn) not to come

dôni to do

1.sg 2.sg 3.sg 1.pl 2.pl 3.pl
Imperfective dôg dôr dât dôt dôm dôn
Perfective dosg dôsir dôseit dost dôsim dôsin

Examples:

Paikôta athreimâni dôg.
meat-AKK eat-Ind.act do-1.sg
I eat/am eating meat.
Lâmêlâne leithetûta tantshor dôn.
human-this-PL language-our-AKK speak-Opt.act.neg. do-3.pl
This men wouldn't speak our language.

Modal Verbs

There also modal verbs like in English, but they are used in a different way:

modal verb - main verb in the partitive - dôni

lamahôni (root lamahû-) to be able

lamahôni sagânîru dôg.
be_able-ind.act. sing-ind.act.-PART do-1sg
I am able to sing.
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Lâmian&oldid=61370"