Mabri: Difference between revisions

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''UNDER CONSTRUCTION''
=Sounds=
==Vowels==


=Writing System=
Mabri has five phonemic vowels, transcribed as <a>, <e>, &lt;i>, <o>, and &lt;u>. In an unstressed position, their phonetic realizations are respectively [ɐ], [e], [i], [o] and [u]. When stressed, at the end of verbs, they are nasalized: [ɐ̃], [ẽ], [ĩ], [õ] and [ũ]. When stressed, elsewhere, they are pronounced as follows: [a], [ɛ], [i], [ɔ] and [u].
The writing system of mabri is '''logosyllabic''' (i. e., it is both '''logographic''' and '''syllabic'''). Each syllable represents a distinct '''morpheme''' and is uniquely written with a '''grapheme'''.  


==Romanization==
<table width="300px">
The transcription into the Latin alphabet is straightforward. The phonemes are generally transcribed as pronounced. The exceptions are <j>, <x> and <y>, which correspond to /ʒ/, /ʃ/ and /j/, respectively. The letter <r> is usually pronounced as a tap [ɾ].
  <tr>
 
      <td>Phoneme</td>
Recently, the transcription system has gone through a minor reform. Former <sh> is now written <x> and former <ch> is now written <tx>.
      <td>Stressed (non-V)</td>
 
      <td>Unstressed</td>
The <n> at the end of the words marks that the previous vowel is nasal, as explained in Phonotactics.
      <td>Stressed (V)</td>
 
  </tr>
=Sounds=
  <tr>
==Phoneme Inventory==
      <td>/a/</td>
 
      <td>a</td>
===Consonants===
      <td>ɐ</td>
      <td>ɐ̃</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/e/</td>
      <td>ɛ</td>
      <td>e</td>
      <td>ẽ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/i/</td>
      <td>i</td>
      <td>i</td>
      <td>ĩ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/o/</td>
      <td>ɔ</td>
      <td>o</td>
      <td>õ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/u/</td>
      <td>u</td>
      <td>u</td>
      <td>ũ</td>
  </tr>
</table>
==Consonants==
This is the consonantal system of mabri.
This is the consonantal system of mabri.


Line 113: Line 141:
       <td></td>
       <td></td>
   </tr></table>
   </tr></table>
===Vowels===
Mabri has five phonemic vowels, transcribed as <a>, <e>, &lt;i>, <o>, and &lt;u>. In an unstressed position, their phonetic realizations are respectively [ɐ], [e], [i], [o] and [u]. When stressed, at the end of verbs, they are nasalized: [ɐ̃], [ẽ], [ĩ], [õ] and [ũ]. When stressed, elsewhere, they are pronounced as follows: [a], [ɛ], [i], [ɔ] and [u].
<table width="300px">
  <tr>
      <td>Phoneme</td>
      <td>Stressed (non-V)</td>
      <td>Unstressed</td>
      <td>Stressed (V)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/a/</td>
      <td>a</td>
      <td>ɐ</td>
      <td>ɐ̃</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/e/</td>
      <td>ɛ</td>
      <td>e</td>
      <td>ẽ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/i/</td>
      <td>i</td>
      <td>i</td>
      <td>ĩ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/o/</td>
      <td>ɔ</td>
      <td>o</td>
      <td>õ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/u/</td>
      <td>u</td>
      <td>u</td>
      <td>ũ</td>
  </tr>
</table>


==Phonotactics==
==Phonotactics==
Line 168: Line 153:


==Word Stress==
==Word Stress==
*Monosyllabic prepositions, such as '''ga''' and '''po''', are unstressed. Their pronunciations are therefore /gɐ/ and /po/ (and not /ga/ or /pɔ/).
*Monosyllabic prepositions, such as '''ga''' and '''po''', are unstressed. Their pronunciations are therefore [gɐ] and [po] (and not [ga] or [pɔ]).


:*All the other monosyllabic words are stressed: '''ka''', '''lo''', '''ban''', '''de''' (/ka/, /lɔ/, /bɐ̃/, /dɛ/).
:*All the other monosyllabic words are stressed: '''ka''', '''lo''', '''ban''', '''de''' ([ka], [lɔ], [bɐ̃], [dɛ]).


*Disyllabic verbs are stressed on the last syllable: '''latxin''', '''kyofan''', '''broton''' (/lɐ'tʃĩ/, /kjo'fɐ̃/, /bɾo'tõ/).
*Disyllabic verbs are stressed on the last syllable: '''latxin''', '''kyofan''', '''broton''' ([lɐ'tʃĩ], [kjo'fɐ̃], [bɾo'tõ]).


:*All the other disyllabic words are stressed on the first syllable: '''latxi''', '''kyofa''', '''broto''' (/'latʃi/, /'kjɔfɐ/, /'bɾɔto/).
:*All the other disyllabic words are stressed on the first syllable: '''latxi''', '''kyofa''', '''broto''' (['latʃi], ['kjɔfɐ], ['bɾɔto]).


::*That includes disyllabic prepositions: '''potxi''', '''gale''', '''polye''' (/'pɔtʃi/, /'gale/, /'pɔlje/).
::*That includes disyllabic prepositions: '''potxi''', '''gale''', '''polye''' (['pɔtʃi], ['gale], ['pɔlje]).


*Larger words (hyphenated words) are multiply stressed, each part according to the rules above.
*Larger words (hyphenated words) are multiply stressed, each part according to the rules above.


=Morphology=
=Grammar=
Words in Mabri can be roughly divided in 4 main groups: verbs, nouns, adjectives and prepositions.
Words in Mabri can be roughly divided in 4 main groups: verbs, nouns, adjectives and prepositions. Mabri is a pro-drop language.
==Verbs==
==Word order==
==Nouns==
<p>Mabri is a SVO (subject verb object) language, as English. Other arrangements are possible but marked through special constructions. Sentence-modifying adverbs are placed either before or after the sentence, never in the middle. Examples:</p>
==Adjectives==
<p>'''xewan'''. (It rains.)</p>
==Prepositions==
<p>'''lafa nun'''. (She is sleeping.)</p>
<p>'''lafa kon fruno'''. (She is eating an apple.)</p>
<p>'''kon fruno polye lafa'''. (Eating an apple she is.)</p>
<p>'''podo grihe kadjo yan si'''. (Yesterday we went to the city.)</p>
<p>'''kadjo yan si podo grihe'''. (We went to the city yesterday.)</p>


==Word Formation==
<p>As to noun phrases, mabri is ''head-final'', as Spanish. Adjective-modifying adverbs are placed after the adjective. Intensifiers are placed before the adjectives. Counters come before the nouns. Examples:</p>
===Nominalization===
<p>'''mwakwi''' (cat)</p>
====from the subject====
<p>'''mwakwi du ba''' (big cat)</p>
Examples:
<p>'''mwakwi du ba gapo ku kii''' (unexpectedly big cat)</p>
<p>'''mwakwi du jaja ga ba''' (very big cat)</p>
<p>'''natxa ga mwakwi''' (two cats)</p>


bro, to, mu (friend, male, animal)
==Nouns==
*Nouns have no inflection at all.
*There is no grammatical number (exceptions for "pronouns"; see table below). Number is indicated by means of counters (below).
*There is no grammatical gender (exceptions for "pronouns"; see table below). Biological gender is represented through periphrasis.
*There is no declension; the role of the noun phrases is determined by word order.
*There are no true pronouns; instead, there are nouns that can be translated in English as nouns. Below are some of these nouns:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+
! || here || there || yonder
|-
| sing. pronoun || '''kaze''' (I) || '''taze''' (you) || '''laze''' (that person)
|-
| sing. masc. pronoun || '''kato''' (I) || '''tato''' (you) || '''lato''' (he)
|-
| sing. fem. pronoun || '''kafa''' (I) || '''tafa''' (you) || '''lafa''' (she)
|-
| plural pronoun || '''kadjo''' (we) || '''tadjo''' (you) || '''ladjo''' (they)
|-
| time || '''kado''' (this moment) || '''tado''' || '''lado''' (that moment)
|-
| place || '''katxi''' (this place) || '''tatxi''' (place near you) || '''latxi''' (place over there)
|-
| reason || '''kari''' (this reason) || '''tari''' (reason of yours) || '''lari''' (that reason)
|}


bron, ton, mun (is a friend, is male, is an animal)
===Counters===
Counters have two main purposes: numbering nouns and as intensifiers. They are followed by the preposition '''ga'''.
* Numbers always start with the prefix '''na'''. Mabri uses a decimal system. The vowel of each syllable determines the order of magnitude. The consonant determines the digit.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+
! (digit) || units || tens || hundreds || thousands
|-
| 0 || na-xa || || || ||
|-
| 1 || na-txa || na-txu || na-txi || na-txe
|-
| 2 || na-la || na-lu || na-li || na-le
|-
| 3 || na-ba || na-bu || na-bi || na-be
|-
| 4 || na-ya || na-yu || na-i || na-ye
|-
| 5 || na-fa || na-fu || na-fi || na-fe
|-
| 6 || na-wa || na-u || na-wi || na-we
|-
| 7 || na-ma || na-mu || na-mi || na-me
|-
| 8 || na-ra || na-ru || na-ri || na-re
|-
| 9 || na-ta || na-tu || na-ti || na-te
|}


txabro, txato, txamu (friendship, maleness, animal nature)
<p>Examples:</p>
<p>15 persons: '''na-txu-fa ga ze'''</p>
<p>38 computers: '''na-bu-ra ga chu'''</p>
<p>462: '''na-u-i-la ga'''</p>
<p>2007: na-le-ma</p>


====from the object====
Examples:


ko, ha, je (food, house, clothing)
<p>'''ni ga''': every, all</p>
<p>'''sha ga''': none</p>
<p>'''ja ga''': so many</p>
<p>'''jaja ga''': many, much</p>
<p>'''jaku ga''': few, little</p>
<p>'''plu ga''': more</p>
<p>'''pluni ga''': most</p>
<p>'''pluku ga''': less, fewer</p>
<p>'''pluku-ni ga''': least, fewest</p>


kon, han, jen (eats, dwells, wears)
==Adjectives==
==Verbs==
===Aspect===
==Adverbs==
==Prepositions==
==Conjunctions==
==Dependent clauses==
===Subject and object clauses===
===Relative clauses===
===The prefix "ju"===
===Adverbial clauses===
==Word formation==
===Compounds===
===Affixes===


txako, txaha, txaje (ingestion, inhabitation, wearing)
=Writing System=
The writing system of mabri is '''logosyllabic''' (i. e., it is both '''logographic''' and '''syllabic'''). Each syllable represents a distinct '''morpheme''' and is uniquely written with a '''grapheme'''.


lyeko, lyeha, lyeje (eater, dweller, wearer)
The transcription into the Latin alphabet is straightforward. The phonemes are generally transcribed as pronounced. The exceptions are <j>, <x> and <y>, which correspond to /ʒ/, /ʃ/ and /j/, respectively. The letter <r> is usually pronounced as a tap [ɾ].


====from the verb====
Recently, the transcription system has gone through a minor reform. Former <sh> is now written <x> and former <ch> is now written <tx>.
Examples:
me, re, lyu (vision, thinking, similarity)


men, ren, lyun (sees, thinks, is similar)
The <n> at the end of the words marks that the previous vowel is nasal, as explained in Phonotactics.
 
[[Category:Conlangs]]
lyeme, lyere, lyelyu (seer, thinker, something similar)
[[Category:Planet Pii]]
 
kime, kire, kilyu* (something seen, idea, something similar)
 
* kilyu is synonymous to lyelyu
 
=Syntax=

Latest revision as of 17:48, 27 January 2013

Sounds

Vowels

Mabri has five phonemic vowels, transcribed as <a>, <e>, <i>, <o>, and <u>. In an unstressed position, their phonetic realizations are respectively [ɐ], [e], [i], [o] and [u]. When stressed, at the end of verbs, they are nasalized: [ɐ̃], [ẽ], [ĩ], [õ] and [ũ]. When stressed, elsewhere, they are pronounced as follows: [a], [ɛ], [i], [ɔ] and [u].

Phoneme Stressed (non-V) Unstressed Stressed (V)
/a/ a ɐ ɐ̃
/e/ ɛ e ẽ
/i/ i i ĩ
/o/ ɔ o õ
/u/ u u ũ

Consonants

This is the consonantal system of mabri.

Bilabial Labiodental Labiovelar Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive p b t d k g
Affricate tx, dj
Fricative f v s z x, j h
Approximant w y
Tap r
Lat. Approx. l

Phonotactics

The syllable structure in Mabri is (C)(C)V. Syllables like a, re and pwi are valid. Syllables have phonemically no coda, although a written "n" appears at the end of verbs. This final "n" indicates that the previous vowel is nasal and is not always pronounced. An epenthetic [m], [n], [ɱ] or [ŋ] will appear, however, if the next word begins with b/p, d/t/z/s/dj/tx/j/x, v/f and g/k, respectively.

Examples:

Kaze txin ha. ['kaze tʃĩ ha]

Mu men taze. ['kaze mẽn 'taze]

Mya kon frugyo. [mja kõɱ 'fɾugjo]

Fa gran bla. [fa gɾɐ̃m bla]

Ladjo yan katxi. ['ladʒo jɐ̃ŋ 'katʃi]

Word Stress

  • Monosyllabic prepositions, such as ga and po, are unstressed. Their pronunciations are therefore [gɐ] and [po] (and not [ga] or [pɔ]).
  • All the other monosyllabic words are stressed: ka, lo, ban, de ([ka], [lɔ], [bɐ̃], [dɛ]).
  • Disyllabic verbs are stressed on the last syllable: latxin, kyofan, broton ([lɐ'tʃĩ], [kjo'fɐ̃], [bɾo'tõ]).
  • All the other disyllabic words are stressed on the first syllable: latxi, kyofa, broto (['latʃi], ['kjɔfɐ], ['bɾɔto]).
  • That includes disyllabic prepositions: potxi, gale, polye (['pɔtʃi], ['gale], ['pɔlje]).
  • Larger words (hyphenated words) are multiply stressed, each part according to the rules above.

Grammar

Words in Mabri can be roughly divided in 4 main groups: verbs, nouns, adjectives and prepositions. Mabri is a pro-drop language.

Word order

Mabri is a SVO (subject verb object) language, as English. Other arrangements are possible but marked through special constructions. Sentence-modifying adverbs are placed either before or after the sentence, never in the middle. Examples:

xewan. (It rains.)

lafa nun. (She is sleeping.)

lafa kon fruno. (She is eating an apple.)

kon fruno polye lafa. (Eating an apple she is.)

podo grihe kadjo yan si. (Yesterday we went to the city.)

kadjo yan si podo grihe. (We went to the city yesterday.)

As to noun phrases, mabri is head-final, as Spanish. Adjective-modifying adverbs are placed after the adjective. Intensifiers are placed before the adjectives. Counters come before the nouns. Examples:

mwakwi (cat)

mwakwi du ba (big cat)

mwakwi du ba gapo ku kii (unexpectedly big cat)

mwakwi du jaja ga ba (very big cat)

natxa ga mwakwi (two cats)

Nouns

  • Nouns have no inflection at all.
  • There is no grammatical number (exceptions for "pronouns"; see table below). Number is indicated by means of counters (below).
  • There is no grammatical gender (exceptions for "pronouns"; see table below). Biological gender is represented through periphrasis.
  • There is no declension; the role of the noun phrases is determined by word order.
  • There are no true pronouns; instead, there are nouns that can be translated in English as nouns. Below are some of these nouns:
here there yonder
sing. pronoun kaze (I) taze (you) laze (that person)
sing. masc. pronoun kato (I) tato (you) lato (he)
sing. fem. pronoun kafa (I) tafa (you) lafa (she)
plural pronoun kadjo (we) tadjo (you) ladjo (they)
time kado (this moment) tado lado (that moment)
place katxi (this place) tatxi (place near you) latxi (place over there)
reason kari (this reason) tari (reason of yours) lari (that reason)

Counters

Counters have two main purposes: numbering nouns and as intensifiers. They are followed by the preposition ga.

  • Numbers always start with the prefix na. Mabri uses a decimal system. The vowel of each syllable determines the order of magnitude. The consonant determines the digit.
(digit) units tens hundreds thousands
0 na-xa
1 na-txa na-txu na-txi na-txe
2 na-la na-lu na-li na-le
3 na-ba na-bu na-bi na-be
4 na-ya na-yu na-i na-ye
5 na-fa na-fu na-fi na-fe
6 na-wa na-u na-wi na-we
7 na-ma na-mu na-mi na-me
8 na-ra na-ru na-ri na-re
9 na-ta na-tu na-ti na-te

Examples:

15 persons: na-txu-fa ga ze

38 computers: na-bu-ra ga chu

462: na-u-i-la ga

2007: na-le-ma


ni ga: every, all

sha ga: none

ja ga: so many

jaja ga: many, much

jaku ga: few, little

plu ga: more

pluni ga: most

pluku ga: less, fewer

pluku-ni ga: least, fewest

Adjectives

Verbs

Aspect

Adverbs

Prepositions

Conjunctions

Dependent clauses

Subject and object clauses

Relative clauses

The prefix "ju"

Adverbial clauses

Word formation

Compounds

Affixes

Writing System

The writing system of mabri is logosyllabic (i. e., it is both logographic and syllabic). Each syllable represents a distinct morpheme and is uniquely written with a grapheme.

The transcription into the Latin alphabet is straightforward. The phonemes are generally transcribed as pronounced. The exceptions are <j>, <x> and <y>, which correspond to /ʒ/, /ʃ/ and /j/, respectively. The letter <r> is usually pronounced as a tap [ɾ].

Recently, the transcription system has gone through a minor reform. Former <sh> is now written <x> and former <ch> is now written <tx>.

The <n> at the end of the words marks that the previous vowel is nasal, as explained in Phonotactics.

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