Parthavan language

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Parthavun erciğ
Pronounced:	/parθaβ ɛrtʃɪɣ
Timeline and Universe:	Alamanti
Species:	Human
Spoken:	Parthava, Parizhia, Seleyizhe, Dorcindi
Total speakers:	40 million
Writing system:	Parthavan script
Genealogy:	Ayartaic Central Aghantian Parthavan Parthavan
Typology
Morphological type:	Agglutinative
Morphosyntactic alignment:	Nominative-Accusative
Basic word order:	SOV
Credits
Creator:	Nadeem Ahmad
Created:	September 2006

Parthavan is a language that is spoken throughout much of central Aghantia. It is very closely related to Armavi

Distribution

Parthavan is spoken mainly in the central Aghantian countries. There is also an area in Parizhia where it is spoken.

Its largest concentration of speakers is in Parthava.

Phonology

Vowels

Parthavan has 7 vowels, which are arranged into three classes for vowel harmony:

Front	e (IPA: ɛ)	ö (IPA: œ)	ü (IPA: ʏ)
Back	a (IPA: a)	o (IPA: o)	u (IPA: u)
Neutral	i (IPA: ɪ)

A word can only contain either front vowels or back vowels (and the neutral vowel i). For words with only i, the word is regarded as front.

If a word contains both back and front vowels (in some foreign words), vowel harmony acts on with the last vowel, that is to say that when adding suffixes, if the word is mixed, look at the last vowel as an indicator.

Consonants

Parthavan also has the following consonants:

Consonants
	Bilabial		Labiod.		Dental		Alveolar		Post-alv.		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		m (m)				n (n)								ŋ (n)
Plosive	p (p)	b (b)			t (t)	d (d)							k (k)	g (g)	q (q)
Fricative					θ (ť)		s (s)	z (z)	ʃ (ş)	ʒ (ž)			x (x)	ɣ (ğ)
Affricate					ts (ts)
Approximants		β̞ (v)										j (y)
Trill								r (r)
Lateral Fricative								ɬ (l)

As well as this, most consonants have labialised and palatised forms. These are shown, where appropriate, by y and w following the consonant.

Counting

Parthavan has a base-10 number system. Each number from 0 to 9 has initial, medial, final, isolated, and multiplier forms, which are used to make bigger numbers.

Pronouns

Unlike Armavi, pronouns in Parthavan are not completely regular - i.e, to change their case, it is not a case of simple agglutination.

Personal pronouns in Parthavan are explained in the following table. It should be noted that only the 1st and 2nd persons are irregular (there is not 3rd person plural - instead demonsratives are used):

Parthavan pronouns

Person	Abs	Acc	Gen	Dat	Abl	Loc	Com	Inst	Cause
1st sing	Bi	Biği	Binii	Bitsüüd	Bicii	Beter	Bele	Beyele	Betöl
2nd sing	Tsi	Ciği	Cinii	Citsid	Tseyci	Tsetir	Tsele	Tseyele	Tsöyöl
1st plur	Bivir	Biviri	Biviin	Bivitsüüd	Bivitsii	Bivder	Beverle	Beverle	Bever-tölöö
2nd plur	Cingver	Cingveri	Cingviriin	Civirtsüüd	Civirtsii	Ceveder	Ceverle	Ceverle	Cever-tölöö

Morphology

Nouns

Case in Parthavan is marked by attaching suffixes to the end of words. These suffixes must harmonise in accordance with the vowel harmony rules stated above.

Plural suffixes go directly after the noun. They cannot be added to indefinite nouns, only definite ones. They can change depending on the noun itself:

berc / barc in most cases

bey / bay for nouns ending in c, r, t, s, z, ş, l, i or any front vowel

ibiğ for nouns ending in t, d, k, g, q

The absolutive case carries no suffix - it is the plain noun as found in the lexicon.

The absolutive is most commonly used as a nominative. However, it also serves as an indefinite accusative (of any type):

Examples:

Bi adağ xevera ui

I like horses

The definitive accusative is used for definite direct objects. The suffix is i or yi after vowels.

Examples:

Bi adağbarci xevera ui

I like the horses

The genetive is used to indicate the possessor. It has a variable suffix:

ying for words ending in vowels

un / ün in most cases

an / en for words whose last vowel is either a or e

u / ü for words ending in n

The dative case indicates to where something was going. The suffix for the dative case is as follows:

uud / üüd after consonants

tsuud / tsüüd after vowels, l, and n

This also gives a sense of "for," as in:

Note: any final cs change to ts when attaching this suffix

The suffix for the ablative case is aca / ece.

The primary function for this case is indicating from where - i.e, the place away from which something is going. However, it is also used in comparisons, and so here it indicates than; to indicate what something is made of; and as the agent in passive sentences. Another use of the ablative is "about"

The locative indicates where something is. Its suffixes are:

tur / tür after all unvoiced consonants

dur / dür after all voiced consonants

The comitative is simply translated as with. It is marked by eli / ali.

The instrumental indicates the instrument used to perform an action. Its suffix is le / la.

The cause for something is also indicated by a suffix. Its suffix is toloo / tölöö.

Verb morphology

Verbs in Parthavan operate via a slightly different system from Armavi. The main difference is the lack of any personal indication (i.e: of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons). Verbs in Parthavan are also not as agglutinating as those in Armavi.

Verb tenses

Parthavan has 3 tenses. These are present tense (-(n)a / -(n)e), past tense (-(n)arağ / -(n)ereğ) and future (-(n)arixt / -(n)erixt). However, in casual speech, the past tense suffix changes to -(n)ar / -(n)er and the future tense suffix changes to -(n)et / -(n)at.

In all cases, the letters in the brackets indicate buffer consonants.

Verb moods

Parthavan has several forms of the passive, each with their own infix.