Senjecas - Simple Postpositions: Difference between revisions

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m (Revisions.)
 
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| FUT = future
| FUT = future
| LOC = [[Wikipedia:Locative case|locative suffix]]
| LOC = [[Wikipedia:Locative case|locative suffix]]
| REV = [[Wikipedia:Opposite (semantics)|reversive]]
| Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
| VOC = vocative particle
| VOC = vocative particle
|-
|-
Line 200: Line 200:
| IMP = imperative
| IMP = imperative
| M = masculine
| M = masculine
| Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
| QUOT = direct quotation
| YNG = young
| YNG = young
|-
|-
Line 208: Line 208:
| INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
| INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
| OCC = occupation suffix
| OCC = occupation suffix
| QUOT = direct quotation
| REV = [[Wikipedia:Opposite (semantics)|reversive]]
|
|
|-
|-
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==List of postpositions==
==Postpositions==
====Non-derivative postpositions - '''algı̋ı̋no pos̈a̋m̃os'''====
*'''1.''' '''áda''' denotes in association or connection with.
*'''1.''' '''áda''' denotes in association or connection with: among(st), with(in).
**Possible translations: among(st), with(in).
*That is a custom popular among(st)/with the desert people.
*That is a custom popular among(st)/with the desert people.
*'''no lim̤̃aastős leuðűs áða le̋uða gűa e̋sa:'''
*'''no lim̤̃aastős leuðűs <u>áda</u> gűo e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!n-o||lim̃.m̃aast-ős||leuð-űs||áda||gű-o||e̋s-a
!n-o||lim̃.m̃aast.ős||leuð-űs||áða||le̋uða-Ø||gű-a|e̋s-a
|-
|-
|that-N.s||sand.waste-G.s||people-G.s||with||popular-ABS||custom-N.s||be-IND
|that-N.s||sand.waste-G.s||people-G.s||among||popular-N.s||be-IND
|}
|}




*'''koldemős áfa tum še̋vu mu-m̃aka̋s <u>áda</u> vűűa ne:'''
*It is not within my power to free you from prison.
*It is not within my power to free you from prison.
*'''koldemős áfa tum še̋vu mu-m̃aka̋s áða vűűa ne:'''
:{|
 
!n-o||lim̃.m̃aast-ős||leuð-űs||áda||gű-o||e̋s-a
:::{|
!koldem-ős||áfa||t-um||še̋v-u||mu=m̃ak-a̋s||áða||vűű-a||ne
|-
|-
|prison-G.s||from||2s-A||free-SUP||mu=power-G.s||within||be-IND||not
|that-N.s||sand.waste-G.s||people-G.s||among||popular-N.s||be-IND
|}
|}




*'''2.''' '''áfa''' denotes separation from support, attachment or position: off (of), from, of.
*'''2.''' '''áfa''' denotes separation from support, attachment or position.
**Possible translations: off (of), from, of.
*one of us
*one of us
*'''m̃úm áfa þűn'''
*'''m̃úm <u>áfa</u> þűn'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!m̃-ús||áfa||tév-u
!m̃-úm||áfa||þűn
|-
|-
|2p-G||of||one
!1p-G||of||one-N.s
|}
|}




*The skittish horse shied and the rider fell off it.
*The skittish horse shied and the rider fell off it.
*'''t̨e̋ƣse mőre e-t̨e̋ga da mı̋mu nem áfa e-főőla:'''
*'''t̨e̋ƣse mőre e-t̨e̋ga. da mı̋mu nem <u>áfa</u> e-főőla:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!t̨e̋ƣse-Ø||mőr-'||e=t̨e̋g-a||da||mı̋m-l-u||éȝ-em||áfa||e=főől-a
!m̃-úm||áfa||þűn
|-
|-
|2p-G||of||one
|skittish-ABS||horse-ELIS||PST=shy-IND||and||ride-AG-N.s||3s-A||off||PST-fall-IND
|}
|}




*The corrupt mayor was removed from office yesterday.
*The corrupt mayor was removed from office yesterday.
*'''duspőrvu riine̋ȝu boþa̋s áfa hesáhvi dűűraþu e-ı̋la:'''
*'''k̬a̋tu rííine̋e̋ilu hesáhvi dasfe̋e̋tam <u>áfa</u> őȝaþu e-ı̋la:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!k̬a̋tu-Ø||rii.ne̋e̋i-l-u||hes-a̋s||das.da̋a̋r-om||áfa||őȝ-a-þ-u||e=ı̋l-a
!dus.pőrv-u||rii.ne̋ȝ-u||boþ-a̋s||áfa||hes.áh=vi||dűűr-a-þ-u||e=ı̋l-a
|-
|-
|dis.honest-Ø||city.lead-N.s||office-G.s||from||yester.day=ADV||remove-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND
|corrupt-ABS||city.lead-AG-N.s||yesterday-G.s||govern.job-A.s||from||remove-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND
|}
|}




*'''3.''' '''ána''' denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up (to).
*'''3.''' '''ána''' denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively.
**Possible translations: up (to).
*The threatened milkmaid quickly ran up the hill.
*The threatened milkmaid quickly ran up the hill.
*'''šı̋naþu ii-s̨űűþlu ra̋ȝom ána ááþvi e-re̋e̋sa:'''
*'''šı̋naþu s̨űűþlu ra̋ȝom <u>ána</u> ááþvi e-re̋e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!šı̋n-a-þu-Ø||s̨űűþ-l-u||ra̋ȝ-om||ána||ááþ=vi||e=re̋e̋s-a
!šı̋n-a-þu-Ø||ii=s̨űűþ-l-u||ra̋ȝ-om||ána||ááþ=vi||e=re̋e̋s-a
|-
|-
|threaten-IND-PP-ABS||F=milk-AG-N.s||hill-A.s||up||quick=ADV||PST=run-IND
|threaten-IND-PP-ABS||milk-AG-N.s||hill-A.s||up||quick=ADV||PST=run-IND
|}
|}




*'''4.''' '''ápa''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively: from, away from.
*'''4.''' '''ápa''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively.
**Possible translations: from, away from.
*The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.
*The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.
*'''laanı̋ȝo re̋e̋pante bı̋ı̋rem ápa e-re̋e̋sa:'''
*'''laanı̋ȝo re̋e̋pante bı̋ı̋rem <u>ápa</u> e-re̋e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!laan-ı̋ȝ-o||re̋e̋p-a-nte-Ø||bı̋ı̋r-em||ápa||e=re̋e̋s-a
!laan-ı̋ȝ-o||re̋e̋p-a-nte-Ø||bı̋ı̋r-em||ápa||e=re̋e̋s-a
|-
|-
|deer-COL-N.s||prowl-IND-AP-ABS||lion-A.s||from||PST=run-IND
|red.deer-COL-N.s||prowl-IND-AP-ABS||lion-A.s||away.from||PST=run-IND
|}
|}




*'''5.''' '''ba''' denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
*'''5.''' '''ba''' denotes on or toward the exterior of.
**Possible translations: outside, without.
*We heard a loud noise outside the door.
*We heard a loud noise outside the door.
*'''m̃us ðurős ba tőro þı̋mom e-ve̋na:'''
*'''m̃us ðurős <u>ba</u> tőro þı̋mom e-ve̋na:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!m̃-us||ður-ős||ba||tőro-Ø||þı̋m-om||e=ve̋n-a
!m̃-us||ður-ős||ba||tőro-Ø||þı̋m-om||e=ve̋n-a
|-
|-
|1.p-N||door-G.s||outside||loud-ABS||noise-A.s||PST=hear-IND
|1p-N||door-G.s||outside||loud-ABS||noise-A.s||PST=hear-IND
|}
|}




*Our opponent stood without the room while we decided.
*Our opponent stood <u>without</u> the room while we decided.
*'''m̃úm e-rekantűm. m̃u-þőősu terős ba e-ṡűra:'''
*'''m̃u-þőőslu terős <u>ba</u> e-ṡűra—méti m̃us e-re̋ka:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!m̃u=þőős-l-u||ter-ős||ba||e=ṡűr-a||méti||m̃-us||e=re̋k-a:
!m̃-úm||e=rek-a-nt-űm||m̃u=þőős-u||ter-ős||ba||e=ṡűr-a
|-
|-
|1p-G||PST=decide-IN-AP-G.p||our=opponnent-N.s||room-G.s||without||PST=stand-IND
|our=oppose-AG-N.s||room-G.s||without||PST=stand-IND||while||1p-N||PST=decide-IND
|}
|}




*'''6.''' '''do''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into.
*'''6.''' '''do''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively.
**Possible translations: to, toward, at, into.
*The thirsty herd moved off toward the flooding river.
*The thirsty herd moved off toward the flooding river.
*'''a̋a̋do ta̋do lı̋ı̋me da̋a̋em do e-a̋ta:'''
*'''a̋a̋do ta̋do lı̋ı̋mante da̋a̋em <u>do</u> e-a̋ta:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!a̋a̋do-Ø||ta̋d-o||lı̋ı̋m-a-nte-Ø||da̋a̋-em||do||e=a̋t-a
!a̋a̋do-Ø||ta̋d-o||lı̋ı̋me-Ø||da̋a̋-em||do||e=a̋t-a
|-
|-
|thirsty-ABS||herd-N.s||flood-ABS||river-A.s||PST=go-IND
|thirsty-ABS||herd-N.s||flood-IND-AP-ABS||river-A.s||toward||PST=go-IND
|}
|}




*The hiker threw the rock at the approaching bear.
*The hiker threw the rock at the approaching bear.
*'''ȝuþne̋ðlu ȝőbante ve̋rem do ta̋a̋inom e-ȝe̋e̋a:'''
*'''ȝuþne̋ðlu ȝőbante ve̋rem <u>do</u> ta̋a̋inom e-ȝe̋e̋a:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!ȝuþ.ne̋ð-l-u||ȝőb-a-nte-Ø||ve̋r-em||do||ta̋a̋in-om||e=ȝe̋e̋-a
!ȝuþ.ne̋ð-l-u||ȝőb-a-nte-Ø||ve̋r-em||do||ta̋a̋in-om||e=ȝe̋e̋-a
|-
|-
|wander.walk-AG-N.s||approach-IN-AP-ABS||bear-A.s||at||stone-A.s||PST=throw-IND
|ramble.walk-AG-N.s||approach-IND-AP-ABS||bear-A.s||at||rock-A.s||PST=throw-ID
|}
|}




*Tomorrow the flock will move into the mountains for the summer.
*Tomorrow the flock will move into the mountains for the summer.
*'''ba̋a̋k̬o ṡúm̃vi le̋e̋tam ǧa̋ron do u-a̋ta:'''
*'''e̋ɫho ṡúm̃vi le̋e̋tam ǧa̋ron <u>do</u> u-a̋ta:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!e̋ɫh-o||ṡúm̃=vi||le̋e̋t-am||ǧa̋r-on||u=a̋t-a
!ba̋a̋k̬-o||ṡúm̃=vi||le̋e̋t-am||ǧa̋r-on||do||u=a̋t-a
|-
|-
|flock-N.s||tomorrow=ADV||summer-A.s||mountain-A.p||into||FUT=go-IND
|flock-N.s||tomorrow=ADV||summer-A.s||mountain-A.p||FUT=go-IND
|}
|}




*Go to the party and have a good time.
*Go to the party and have a good time.
*'''tú sa̋ram do a̋tek̬e ra̋a̋dek̬e:'''
*'''sa̋ram <u>do</u> a̋te. da ra̋a̋de:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!sa̋r-am||do||a̋t-e||da||ra̋a̋d-e
!t-ú||sa̋r-am||do||a̋t-e=k̬e||ra̋a̋d-e=k̬e
|-
|-
|2s-V||party-A.s||to||go-IMP=and||be.glad-IMP=and
|party-A.s||to||go-IMP||and||be.glad-IMP
|}
|}




*'''7.''' '''dúna''' denotes at or during a time anterior to; before, by, no later than, of, to.
*'''7.''' '''dúna''' denotes at or during a time anterior to.
**Possible translations: before, by, no later than, of, to.
*Be here by/no later than sunset.
*Be here by/no later than sunset.
*'''tú duua̋s dúna íðu vűűe:'''
*'''suulduua̋s <u>dúna</u> íðu vűűe:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!suul.duu-a̋s||dúna||íðu||vűű-e
!t-ú||duu-a̋s||dúna||íðu||vűű-e
|-
|-
|2s-V||sunset-G.s||by||here||be-IMP
|sun.set-G.s||by||here||be-IMP
|}
|}




*twenty minutes of/to five
*twenty minutes of/to five
*'''d̬őfoos te̋nkas pe̋n tena̋s dúna'''
*'''pe̋n <u>dúna</u> d̬őfoos őrdɛkas:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!pe̋n||dúna||d̬ő.foos||őrd-ɛ-k-as
!d̬ő.foos||te̋n-k-as||pe̋n||ten-a̋s||dúna
|-
|-
|two.tens||hour-DIM-N.p||five||hour-G.s||to
|five||to||two.tens||hour-EPEN-DIM-N.p
|}
|}




*To this very day, he insists he was right.
*To this very day, he insists he was right.
*'''éȝu. rı̋ı̋ba i-aha̋s dúna. num m̃e̋e̋rum e-vűűu ðe̋ra:'''
*'''éȝu m̃e̋e̋ra i-aha̋s <u>dúna</u> éȝum m̃e̋e̋ru e-vűűu ðe̋ra:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!éȝ-u||m̃e̋e̋ra-Ø||i=ah-a̋s||dúna||éȝ-um||m̃e̋e̋r-u||e=vűű-u||ðe̋r-a
!éȝ-u||rı̋ı̋ba-Ø||i=ah-a̋s||dúna||éȝ-um||m̃e̋e̋r-um||e=vűű-u||ðe̋r-a
|-
|-
|3-N.s||very-ABS||this=day-G.s||to||3-A.s||right-A.s||PST=be-SUP||insist-IND
|3-N.s||very-ABS||this=day-G.s||to||3-A.s||right-N.s||PST=be-SUP||insist-IND
|}
|}




*'''8.''' '''éha''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
*'''8.''' '''éha''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside.
**Possible translations: (out) of, from (within).
*The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.
*The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.
*'''tűgu pe̋e̋l̤us a̋iðanto demős éha e-re̋e̋sa:'''
*'''tűgu pe̋e̋l̤us a̋iðanto demős <u>éha</u> e-re̋e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!tűgu-Ø||pe̋e̋l-l-us||a̋ið-a-nto-Ø||de̋m-om||éha||e=re̋e̋s-a
!tűgu-Ø||pe̋e̋l-l-us||a̋ið-a-nto-Ø||dem-ős||éha||e=re̋e̋s-a
|-
|-
|frightened-ABS||occupy-AG-N.p||burn-IND-AP-ABS||building-G.s||from||PST=run-IND
|frightened-ABS||occupy-AG-N.p||burn-IN-AP-ABS||building-A.s||from||PST-run-IND
|}
|}




*The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.
*The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.
*'''mı̋mum ɔ́nu e-mı̋mantum—ii-be̋kus tungős éha e-ża̋ba:'''
*'''mı̋mum ɔ́nu e-mı̋mantum—ii-be̋kus þungős <u>éha</u> e-ża̋ba:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!mı̋m-l-um||ɔ́nu||e=mı̋m-a-nt-um||ii=be̋k-us||þung-ős||éha||e=ża̋b-a
!mı̋m-um||ɔ́nu||e=mı̋m-a-nt-um||ii=be̋k-us||tung-ős||éha||e=ża̋b-a
|-
|-
|knight-A.s||by||PST=ride-IND-AP-A.s||F=young-N.p||window-G.s||out.of||PST=look-IND
|ride-AG-A.s||by||PST=ride-IND-AP-A.s||F=young-N.p||window-G.s||out.of||PST=look-IND
|}
|}




*The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.
*The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.
*'''na̋a̋ðrus ðuunős éha ṡata̋' še̋nom e-ve̋na:'''
*'''da̋vrus ðuunős <u>éha</u> ṡatő' še̋nom e-ve̋na:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!da̋vr-us||ðuun-ős||éha||ṡat-ős||še̋n-om||e=ve̋n-a
!na̋a̋ðr-us||ðuun-ős||éha||ṡat-a̋='||še̋n-om||e=ve̋n-a
|-
|-
|villager-N.p||fortress-G.s||from.within||fight9ng-G.s=ELIS||sound-A.s||PST=hear-IND
|villager-N.p||fortress-G.s||from.within||fighting-G.s||sound-A.s||PST=hear-IND
|}
|}




*'''9.''' '''éna''' denotes stationary position or location within or movement into: at, in, into, on, to.
*'''9.''' '''éna''' denotes stationary position or location within or movement into.
**Possible translations: at, in, into, on, to.
*The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.
*The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.
*'''pempe̋lo ta̋a̋inżo raȝős niterős éna ṡe̋ȝu e-tőpa:'''
*'''pempe̋lo ba̋ndo raȝős tuufős <u>éna</u> e-þe̋ga:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!pempe̋lo-Ø||ba̋nd-o||raȝ-ős||tuuf-ős||éna||e=þe̋g-a
!pempe̋lo-Ø||ta̋a̋in=ż-o||raȝ-ős||niter-ős||éna||ṡe̋ȝ-u||e=tőp-a
|-
|-
|giant-ABS||stone=AUG-N.s||hill-G.s||bottom-G.s||at||rest-SUP||PST=arrive-IND
|gigantic-ABS||boulder-N.s||hill-G.s||bottom-G.s||at||PST=come.to.rest-IND
|}
|}




*Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.
*Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.
*'''tú m̃aspe̋go e̋rgom éna pe̋lkon ðeee̋ȝa:'''
*'''m̃asős éna hőlṡom <u>éna</u> sőron e-ðeee̋ȝa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!m̃as-ős||éna||hőlṡ-om||éna||sőr-on||e=ðee-e̋ȝa
!t-ú||m̃as.pe̋go-Ø||e̋rg-om||éna||pe̋lk-on||ðee-e̋ȝa
|-
|-
|2s-V||left.side-ABS||cupboard-A.s||on||dish-A.p||put=SBJ
|left-G.s||on||cupboard-A.s||in||dish-A.p||PST=put-SBJ
|}
|}




*The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.
*The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.
*'''ṡűvlu ṡeȝős néra ı̋vkom éna kűgom e-ðe̋e̋a:'''
*'''ṡűvlu þegős néra ı̋vkom <u>éna</u> kűgom e-ðe̋e̋a:'''
:{|
!ṡűv-l-u||þeg-ős||néra||ı̋vk-om||éna||kűg-om||e=ðe̋e̋-a
|-
|clean-AG-N.s||bed-G.s||under||box-A.s||into||quilted.clothing-A.s||PST=put-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*Young man, stand to your father's right.
!ṡűv-l-u||ṡeȝ-ős||néra||ı̋vk-om||éna||kűg-om||e=ðe̋e̋-a
*'''ur-bekű. taata̋s taɫős <u>éna</u> ṡűre:
:{|
!ur=bek-ű||taat-a̋s||taɫ-ős||éna||ṡűr-e
|-
|-
|clean-AG-N.s||bed-G.s||under||box-A.s||into||quilted.clothing-A.s||PST=put-IND
|M=young-V.s||father-G.s||right-G.s||to||stand-IND
|}
|}




*'''10.''' '''épa''' denotes accordance with: after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, under, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of.
*'''10.''' '''épa''' denotes accordance with.
*'''ii-mı̋mu mal̤űm épa eȝu-mőrem e-mı̋ma:'''
**Possible translations: after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, under, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of.
*The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads.
*The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads.
 
*'''ii-mı̋mlu mal̤űm <u>épa</u> eȝu-mőrem e-mı̋ma:'''
:::{|
:{|
!ii=mı̋m-u||mal-l-űm||épa||eȝu=mőr-em||e=mı̋m-a
!ii=mı̋m-l-u||mal-l-űm||épa||eȝu=mőr-em||e=mı̋m-a
|-
|-
|F=rider-N.s||wander-AG-G.p||after.the.manner.of||her=horse-A.s||PST=ride-IND
|F=ride-AG-N.s||wander-AG=G.p||after.the.manner.of||her=horse-A.s||PST=ride-IND
|}
|}




*At the general's command the troops charged.
*At the general's command the troops charged.
*'''ṡa̋þm̃u' soþveel̤űs eevős épa e-ȝűða:'''
*'''ṡa̋þm̃us soþveel̤űs eevős <u>épa</u> e-ȝűða:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!ṡa̋þm̃-u-'||soþ.veel-l-űs||eev-ős||épa||e=ȝűð-a
!ṡa̋þm̃-u='||soþ.veel-l-űs||eev-ős||épa||e=ȝűð-a
|-
|-
|troops-N.s=ELIS||war.in.charge-AG-G.s||command-G.s||at||PST=charge-IND
|troop-N.p-ELIS||wage.war-be.in.charge-AG-G.s||command-G.s||at||PST=charge-IND
|}
|}




*It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.
*It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.
*'''ȝa mol̤űs kőzu peeka̋s épa e-vűűa—te̋ido e-e̋sa:'''
*'''ȝa mol̤űs kőzu peeka̋s <u>épa</u> e-vűűa—te̋ida e-e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!ȝa||mol-l-űs||kőz-u||peek-a̋s||épa||e=e̋s-a||te̋id-a||e=e̋s-a
!ȝa||mol-l-űs||kőz-u||peek-a̋s||épa||e=vűű-a||te̋id-o||e=e̋s-a
|-
|-
|that||grind-AG-G.s||wife-N.s||plan-G.s||behind||PST=be-IND||clear-N.s||PST=be-IND
|that||mill-AG-G.s||wife-N.s||plan-G.s||behind||PST=be-IND||clear-N.s| PST=be-IND
|}
|}




*Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.
*Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.
*'''no. reeƣűs ȝűűno þ̨orős épa. dőraþo ile̋ȝa ze:'''
*'''no. reeƣűs ȝűűno þ̨orős <u>épa</u>. dőraþo ile̋ȝa ze:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!n.o||reeƣ-űs||ȝűűno-Ø||þ̨or-ős||épa||dőr-a-þ-o||il-e̋ȝa||ze
!n-o||reeƣ-űs||ȝűűno-Ø||þ̨or-ős||épa||dőr-a-þ-o||il-e̋ȝa||ze
|-
|-
|that-N.s||king-G.s||new-ABS||law-G.s||under||allow-IND-PP-N.s||become-SBJ||not
|that.N.s||king-G.s||new-ABS||law-G.s||under||allow-IND-PP-N.s||become-SBJ||not
|}
|}




*'''11.''' '''éva''' denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: on, over, to, upon.
*'''11.''' '''éva''' denotes position on top of literally or figuratively.
**Possible translations: on, over, to, upon.
*You will find the hat on the table in the hall.
*You will find the hat on the table in the hall.
*'''tu eðős éna serős éva ṡa̋bom u-de̋e̋sa:'''
*'''tu eðős éna serős <u>éva</u> ṡa̋bom u-de̋e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!t-u||eð-ős||éna||ser-ős||éva||ṡa̋b-om||u=de̋e̋s-a
!t-u||eð-ős||éna||ser-ős||éva||ṡa̋b-om||u=de̋e̋s-a
|-
|-
|2s-N||hall-G.s||on||table-G.s||on||hat-A.s||FUT=find-IND
|2s.N||hall-G.s||in||table-G.s||on||hat-A.s||FUT=find-IND
|}
|}




*The nomads applied red paint to the old wagon.
*The nomads applied red paint to the old wagon.
*'''ma̋l̤us że̋e̋ro reðnős éva re̋uði te̋e̋rt̬im e-te̋e̋ra:'''
*'''ma̋l̤us że̋e̋ro reðnős <u>éva</u> re̋uði te̋e̋rt̬im e-te̋e̋ra:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!ma̋l-l-us||że̋e̋ro-Ø||reðn-ős||éva||re̋uði-Ø||te̋e̋rt̬-im||e=te̋e̋r-a
!ma̋l-l-us||że̋e̋ro-Ø||reðn-ős||éva||re̋uði-Ø||te̋e̋rt̬-im||e=te̋e̋r-a
|-
|-
|wander-AG-N.p||old-ABS||wagon-G.s||on||red-ABS||paint-A.s||PST=paint-IND
|wander-AG-N.s||old-ABS||wagon-G.s||on||red-ABS||paint-A.s||PST=paint-IND
|}
|}




*The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.
*The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.
*'''dőxlu maat̨őno serős éva a̋ito m̃e̋vom e-ðe̋e̋a:'''
*'''dőxlu maat̨őno serős <u>éva</u> a̋ito m̃e̋vom e-ðe̋e̋a:'''
:{|
!dőx.l.u||maat̨őno-Ø||ser-ős||éva||a̋ito-Ø||m̃e̋v-om||e=ðe̋e̋-a
|-
|teach.AG.N.s||made.of.wood-ABS||table-G.s||on||variegated-ABS||cloth-A.s||PST=put-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*We will set sail in the morning upon the shining sea.
!dőx-l-u||maat̨őno-Ø||ser-ős||éva||a̋ito-Ø||m̃e̋v-om||e=ðe̋e̋-a
*'''m̃us aȝa̋s ðe̋m̃ante ma̋rem éva u-naam̃a̋sa:'''
:{|
!m̃-us||aȝ-a̋s||ðe̋m̃-a-nte||ma̋r-em||éva||u=naam̃-a̋s-a
|-
|-
|teach-AG-N.s||wooden-ABS||table-G.s||on||variegated-ABS||cloth-A.s||PST=put-IND
|1p-N||morning-G.s||shine-IND-AP-ABS||sea-A.s||upon||FUT= sail-INC-IND
|}
|}




*'''12.''' '''ha''' denotes causality: at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.
*'''12.''' '''ha''' denotes causality.
**Possible translations: at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.
*At our request, the guard finally opened the cell door.
*At our request, the guard finally opened the cell door.
*'''dı̋slu m̃u-igős ha m̃enðónu terkős ðűrom e-lűra:'''
*'''dı̋slu m̃u-igős <u>ha</u> m̃enðónu terkős ðűrom e-lűra:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!dı̋s-l-u||m̃u=ig-ős||ha||m̃enðónu||ter-k-ős||ðűr-om||e=lűr-a
!dı̋s-l-u||m̃u=ig-ős||ha||m̃enðónu||terk-ős||ðűr-om||e=lűr-a
|-
|-
|guard-AG-N.s||our=request-G.s||at||finally||cell-G.s||door-A.s||PST=open-IND
|guard-AG-N.s||our=request-G.s||at||finally||room-DIM-G.s||door-A.s||PST=open-IND
|}
|}




*Because of the torrential rain we could not go.
*Because of the torrential rain we could not go.
*'''m̃us ṡarsa̋a̋ke suum̃e̋s ha a̋tu e-ma̋ƣa ne:'''
*'''m̃us ṡarsa̋a̋ke suum̃e̋s <u>ha</u> a̋tu e-fe̋e̋a:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!m̃-us||ṡarsa̋a̋ke-Ø||suum̃-e̋s||ha||a̋t-u||e=fe̋e̋-a
!m̃-us||ṡarsa̋a̋ke-Ø||suum̃-e̋s||ha||a̋t-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a||ne
|-
|-
|1p-N||torrential-ABS||rain-G.s||because.of||go-SUP||PST=be.able-IND||not
|1p-N||torrential-ABS||rain-G.s||because.of||go-SUP||PST=be.unable-IND
|}
|}




*The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.
*The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.
*'''ii-re̋e̋ƣu mexa̋s þáfa eȝu-govta̋s ha de̋ku e-vűűa:'''
*'''ii-re̋e̋ƣu mexa̋s þáfa eȝu-govta̋s <u>ha</u> de̋ku e-vűűa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!ii=re̋e̋ƣ-u||mex-a̋s||þáfa||eȝu=govt-a̋s||ha||de̋k-u||e=vűű-a
!ii=re̋e̋ƣ-u||mex-a̋s||þáfa||eȝu=govt-a̋s||ha||de̋k-u||e=vűű-a
|-
|-
Line 565: Line 561:


*Under these circumstances, we should turn back.
*Under these circumstances, we should turn back.
*'''m̃us i-sepa̋m ha na̋a̋nu ke̋la:'''
*'''m̃us i-sepa̋m <u>ha</u> na̋a̋nu ke̋la:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!m̃-us||i=sep-a̋m||ha||na̋a̋n-u||ke̋l-a
!m̃-us||i=sep-a̋m||ha||na̋a̋n-u||ke̋l-a
|-
|-
|1p-N||this=circumstance-G.p||under||return-SUP||should-IND
|1p-N||this=circumstance-G.p||under||turn.back-SUP||should-IND
|}
|}




*At the sight the people went pale with fear.
*At the sight the people went pale with fear.
*'''le̋uðu nakaþős ha naaa̋s ha ðe̋inu e-ı̋la:'''
*'''le̋uðu nakaþős <u>ha</u> naaa̋s <u>ha</u> ðe̋inu e-ı̋la:'''
:{|
!le̋uð-u||nak-a-þ-ős||ha||naa-a̋s||ha||ðe̋in-u||e=ı̋l-a
|-
|people-N.s||see-IND-PP-G.s||at||fear-G.s||with||pale-N.s||PST=become-IND
|}
 
 
*I know you are joking by your smile.
*'''mu tu-m̨osős ha tum na̋l̨u sa̋a̋ra:'''
:{|
!m-u||tu=m̨os-ős||ha||t-um||na̋l̨-u||sa̋a̋r-a
|-
|1s-N||your=smile-G.s||by||2s-A||joke-SUP||know-IND
|}
 
 
*He died last night of his wound.
*'''éȝu hesȝita̋s m̃aaős ha e-ne̋ṡa:'''
:{|
!éȝ-u||hes.ȝit-a̋s||m̃aa-ős||ha||e=ne̋ṡ-a
|-
|3s-N||yester.evening-G.s||wound-G.s||of||PST=die-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*The farmer knew what to do from experience.
!le̋uð-u||nak-a-þ-ős||ha||naa-a̋s||ha||ðe̋in-u||e=ı̋l-a
*'''zɔ̋ðlu gauðra̋s ha nom—táom kı̋u—sa̋a̋ra:'''
:{|
!zɔ̋ð-l-u||gauðr-a̋s||ha||n-om||tá-om||kı̋-u||sa̋a̋r-a
|-
|-
|people-N.s||see-IND-PP-G.s||at||fear-G.s||pale-N.s||PST=become-IND
|farm-AG-N.s||experience-G.s||from||that-A.s||which-A.s||do-SUP||know-IND
|}
|}




*'''13.''' '''ȝúṡa''' denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among(st), (in) between, through, with.
*'''13.''' '''ȝúṡa''' denotes situation or partition between two or more entities.
**Possible translations: among(st), (in) between, through, with.
*There is no honor among(st) thieves.
*There is no honor among(st) thieves.
*'''þa̋la voourlűm ȝúṡa vűűla ne:'''
*'''þa̋la voourlűm <u>ȝúṡa</u> vűűla ne:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!þa̋l-a||voour-l-űm||ȝúṡa||vűűl-a||ne
!þa̋l-a||voour-l-űm||ȝúṡa||vűűl-a||ne
|-
|-
Line 596: Line 617:


*The beehives are between the house and the barn.
*The beehives are between the house and the barn.
*'''de̋e̋ȝos m̃eesősk̬e beƣősk̬e ȝúṡa vűűa:'''
*'''de̋e̋ȝos m̃eesősk̬e beƣősk̬e <u>ȝúṡa</u> vűűa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!de̋e̋ȝ-os||m̃ees-ős=k̬e||beƣ-ős=k̬e||ȝúṡa||vűű-a
!de̋e̋ȝ-os||m̃ees-ős=k̬e||beƣ-ős=k̬e||ȝúṡa||vűű-a
|-
|-
Line 606: Line 626:


*This book has passed through many hands.
*This book has passed through many hands.
*'''i-siiamɫo me̋e̋o ma̋non ȝúṡa kıke̋e̋da:'''
*'''i-siia̋mɫo me̋e̋o ma̋non <u>ȝúṡa</u> kɪke̋e̋da:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!i=siia̋mɫ-o||me̋e̋o-Ø||ma̋n-on||ȝúṡa||kɪ~ke̋e̋d-a
!i=siiamɫ-o||me̋e̋o-Ø||ma̋n-on||ȝúṡa||kı~ke̋e̋d-a
|-
|-
|this=book-N.s||many-ABS||hand-A.p||through||PRF~pass-IND
|this=book-N.s||many-ABS||hand-A.p||through||PRF~pass-IND
Line 615: Line 634:




*'''14.''' '''kóma''' denotes physical proximity: about, beside, by, next to, on.
*'''14.''' '''kóma''' denotes physical proximity.
**Possible translations: beside, by, next to, on.
*The shepherd waited beside the shrine on the hill for the messenger.
*The shepherd waited beside the shrine on the hill for the messenger.
*'''om̃ta̋ðlu raȝős éva noivdarős kóma miþa̋a̋gum e-me̋na:'''
*'''om̃ta̋ðlu raȝős éva noivdarős <u>kóma</u> miþa̋a̋gum e-me̋na:'''
:{|
!om̃.ta̋ð-l-u||raȝ-ős||éva||noiv.dar=ős||kóma||miþ-a̋a̋g-um||e=me̋n-a
|-
|sheep.herd-AG-N.s||hill-G.s||on||sacred.place.suffix-G.s||beside||send-OCC-A.s||PST=wait-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*Stand by my side.
!om̃.ta̋ð-l-u||raȝ-ős||éva||noivdar-ős||kóma||miþa̋a̋g-um||e=me̋n-a
*'''-mu-pegős <u>kóma</u> ṡűre:'''
:{|
!mu=peg-ős||kóma||ṡűr-e
|-
|-
|sheep.herd-AG-N.s||hill-G.s||on||shrine-G.s||beside||messenger-A.s||PST=await-IND
|my=sige-G.s||by||stand-IMP
|}
 
 
*The girl sat next to her mother at the party.
*'''ne̋sku sarős éna maama̋s <u>kóma</u> e-se̋da:'''
:{|
!ne̋sk-u||sar-ős||ena||maam-a̋s||kóma||e=se̋d-a
|-
|girl-N.s||party-G.s||at||mother-G.s||next.to||PST=sit-IND
|}
 
 
*The island is on the east coast.
*'''dı̋mo a̋uso k̨udős <u>kóma</u> e̋sa:'''
:{|
!dı̋m-o||a̋uso-Ø||k̨ud-ős||kóma||e̋s-a
|-
|island-N.s||east-ABS||coast-G.s||on/off||be-IND
|}
|}




*'''15.''' '''la''' denotes on this side of.
*'''15.''' '''la''' denotes on this side of.
**Possible translations: on this side of.
*The diggers found the box on this side of the house.
*The diggers found the box on this side of the house.
*'''vőðlus m̃eesős la ı̋vkom e-de̋e̋sa:'''
*'''vőðlus m̃eesős <u>la</u> ı̋vkom e-de̋e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!vőð-l-us||m̃ees-ős||la||ı̋vk-om||e=de̋e̋s-a
!vőð-l-us||m̃ees-ős||la||ı̋vk-om||e-de̋e̋s=a
|-
|-
|dig-AG-N.s||house-G.s||on.this.side.of||box-A.s||PST=find-IND
|dig-AG-N.p||house-G.s||on.this.side.of||box-A.s||PST=find-IND
|}
|}




*'''16.''' '''n̨a''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through).
*'''16.''' '''n̨a''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively.
*The monkey climbed down the tree.
**Possible translations: down (through).
*'''me̋ṡe ha̋iṡim n̨a e-re̋na:'''
*My younger sister tripped and fell down the stairs.
 
*'''mu-ba̋a̋żu e-ı̋da. da ergı̋ȝom n̨a e-főőla:'''
:::{|
:{|
!me̋ṡ-e||ha̋iṡ-im||n̨a||e=re̋n-a
!mu=ba̋a̋ż-u||e=ı̋d-a||da||erg-ı̋ȝ-om||n̨a||e=főől-a
|-
|-
|monkey-N.s||tree-A.s||down||PST=climb-IND
|my=younger.sister||PST-trip-IND||and||step-COL-A.s||down||PST=fall-IND
|}
|}




*He has been my friend down through the years.
*My cousin has been my friend down through the years.
*'''éȝu dı̋lanɛ n̨a mu-vı̋lu e-e̋sa:'''
*'''mu-la̋m̃u dı̋lanɛ <u>n̨a</u> mu-vı̋lu ese̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!mu=la̋m̃-u||dı̋l-an=ɛ||n̨a||mu=vı̋l-u||es~e̋s-a
!éȝ-u||dı̋l-an=ɛ||n̨a||mu=vı̋l-u||e=e̋s-a
|-
|-
|3-N.s||year-A.p=EPEN||down.through||my=friend-N.s||PST=be-IND
|my=cousin-N.s||year-A.p=EPEN||down.through||my=friend-N.s||PRF~be-IND
|}
|}




*The two otters followed our canoe down the river.
*The two otters followed our canoe down the river.
*'''d̬ő űðres da̋a̋em n̨a m̃u-la̋im̃om e-da̋ga:'''
*'''d̬ő űðres da̋a̋em <u>n̨a</u> m̃u-la̋im̃om e-da̋ga:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!d̬ő||dage̋r-es||da̋a̋-em||n̨a||m̃u=la̋im̃-om||e=da̋g-a
!d̬ő||űðr-es||da̋a̋-em||n̨a||m̃u=la̋im̃-om||e=da̋g-a
|-
|-
|two||otter-Np||river-A.s||down||our=canoe-A.s||PST=follow-IND
|two||otter-N.p||river-A.s||down||our=canoe-A.s||PST=follow-IND
|}
|}




*'''17.''' '''o''' denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
*'''17.''' '''o''' denotes the indirect object of the verb; or it indicates a relationship to an adjective.
**Possible translations: for, to; to.
*These red and yellow flowers are for you.
*These red and yellow flowers are for you.
*'''re̋uðok̬e xűlok̬e i-na̋nos tús o e̋sa:'''
*'''re̋uðok̬e xűlok̬e i-na̋nos tús <u>o</u> e̋sa:'''
:{|
!re̋uðo-Ø=k̬e||xűlo-Ø=k̬e||i=na̋n-os||t-ús||o||vűű-a
|-
|red-ABS=and||yellow-ABS=and||this-flower-N.p||2s-G||to||be-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*He gave the flowers to her.
!re̋uðo-Ø=k̬e||xűlo-Ø=k̬e||i=na̋n-os||t-ús||o||e̋s-a
*'''ur-éȝu ii-eȝús o na̋non e-dőőa:'''
:{|
!ur=éȝ-u||ii=eȝ-ús||o||na̋n-on||e=dőő-a
|-
|-
|red-ABS=and||yellow-ABS=and||this=flower-N.p||2s-G||for||be-IND
|M=3-N.s||F=3-G.s||to| flower-A.p||PST=give-IND
|}
|}




*His speech was clear to all.
*His speech was clear to all.
*'''eȝu-sa̋m̃n' orűm o te̋ido e-vűűa:'''
*'''eȝu-sa̋m̃no orűm <u>o</u> te̋ido e-vűűa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!eȝu=sa̋m̃r-'||or-űm||o||fűɫ-o||e=e̋s-a
!eȝu=sa̋m̃n='||or-űm||o||te̋id-o||e=vűű-a
|-
|-
|his-speech=ELIS||all-G-p||to||clear-N.s||PST=be-IND
|his=speech- ELIS||all-G.p||to||clear-N.s||PST-be-IND
|}
|}




*'''18.''' '''ɔ́na''' denotes on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past.
*'''18.''' '''ɔ́na''' denotes on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively.
**Possible translations: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past.
*The time is after/past midnight.
*The time is after/past midnight.
*'''te̋na meðlaata̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:'''
*'''te̋na uȝa̋s <u>ɔ́na</u> e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!te̋n-a||uȝ-a̋s||ɔ́na||e̋s-a
!te̋n-a||með.laat-a̋s||ɔ́na||e̋s-a
|-
|-
|rent-N.s||mid.night-G.s||after||be-IND
|time-N.s||midnight-G.s||after||be-IND
|}
|}




*The exhausted army arrived way behind schedule.
*The exhausted army arrived way behind schedule.
*'''műdu őmu kéþu ordɛpe̋e̋xom ɔ́na e-tőpa:'''
*'''műdu őmu kéþu ten̈e̋msom <u>ɔ́na</u> e-tőpa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!műdu-Ø||őm-u||kéþu||ord.ɛ.pe̋e̋x-om||ɔ́na||e=tőp-a
!műdu-Ø||őm-u||kéþu||ord-ɛ-pe̋e̋x-om||ɔ́na||e=tőp-a
|-
|-
|exhausted-ABS||army-N.s||way||hour-EPEN-plan-A.s||behind||PST=arrive-IND
|exhausted-ABS||army-N.s||way||hour.EPEN-plan-A.s||behind||PST=arrive-IND
|}
|}




*It is beyond/past the time for sowing barley.
*It is beyond/past the time for sowing barley.
*'''va̋rsim seea̋s tááda tena̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:'''
*'''va̋rson se̋e̋u tááda tena̋s <u>ɔ́na</u> e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!va̋rs-on||see-u||tááda||ten-a̋s||ɔ́na||e̋s-a
!va̋rs-im||se̋e̋-u||tááda||ten-a̋s||ɔ́na||e̋s-a
|-
|-
|barley-A.s||sow-SUP||for||time-G.s||past||be-IND
|barley-A.p||sow-G.s||for||time-G.s||past||be-IND
|}
|}




*The master’s ingenious plan is beyond/past my feeble understanding.
*The master’s ingenious plan is beyond/past my feeble understanding.
*'''veel̤űs ne̋e̋ra pe̋e̋ka nı̋þa mu-þumra̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:'''
*'''m̃al̤űs ne̋e̋ra pe̋e̋ka nı̋þa mu-þumra̋s <u>ɔ́na</u> e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!veel-l-űs||ne̋e̋ra-Ø||pe̋e̋k-a||nı̋þa-Ø||mu=þumr-a̋s||ɔ́na||e̋s-a
!veel-l-űs||ne̋e̋ra-Ø||pe̋e̋k-a||nı̋þa-Ø||mu=þumr-a̋s||ɔ́na||e̋s-a
|-
|-
|be.in.charge-AG-G.s||ingenious-ABS||plant-IND||feeble-ABS||my=understanding-G.s||beyond||be-IND
|be.in.charge-AG-G.s||ingenious-ABS||plan-N.s||feeble-ABS||my=understanding-G.s||beyond||be-IND
|}
|}




*The driver drove the wagon by/past the beseiged fortress.
*The driver drove the wagon by/past the beseiged fortress.
*'''re̋iðlu k̨ősaþo ðűűnom ɔ́na m̃e̋ƣom e-re̋iða:'''
*'''re̋iðlu k̨ősaþo ðűűnom <u>ɔ́na</u> m̃e̋ƣom e-re̋iða:'''
:{|
!m̃a̋s-l-u||k̨ős-a-þo-Ø||ðűűn-om||ɔ́na||m̃e̋ƣ-om||e=m̃a̋s-a
|-
|drive-AG-Ns||beseige-IND-PP-ABS||fortress-A.s||by||wagon-A.s||PST=drive-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.
!re̋ið-l-u||k̨ős-a-þo-Ø||ðűűn-om||ɔ́na||m̃e̋ƣ-om||e-re̋ið-a
*'''soþlűs ƣőlvo kı̋o eȝu-boþa̋s <u>ɔ́na</u> e-e̋sa:'''
:{|
!soþ-l-űs||ƣőlvo-Ø||kı̋-o||eȝu=boþ-a̋s||ɔ́na||e=e̋s-a
|-
|-
|drive-AG-N.s||beseige-IND-PP-ABS||fortress-A.s||past||wagon-A.s||PST=drive-IND
|wage.war-AG-G.s||brave-ABS||action-N.s||his=duty-G.s||outside||PST=be-IND
|}
|}




*The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.
*The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.
*'''soþlűs ze̋go kı̋o eȝu-boþa̋s ɔ́na e-e̋sa:'''
*'''rem̃rűs żőőnaþu főő <u>ɔ́na</u> lűku e-fe̋e̋a ne:'''
:{|
!rem̃r-űs||żőőn-a-þ-u||főő||ɔ́na||lűk-u||e=fe̋e̋-a
|-
|peasant-G.s||beget-IND-PP-N.s||ten||past||count-SUP||PST=be.unable-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*'''19.''' '''pósa''' denotes posterior to in time or space.
!soþ-l-űs||ze̋go-Ø||kı̋-o||eȝu=boþ-a̋s||ɔ́na||e=e̋s-a
**Possible translations: after, behind, following.
*It was after noon when we finally arrived.
*'''m̃úm m̃enðónu tytopaþűm. naaża̋s <u>pósa</u> e-e̋sa:'''
:{|
!m̃-úm||m̃enðónu||ty~top-a-þ-űm||naaż-a̋s||pósa||e=e̋s-a
|-
|-
|wage.war-AG-G.s||brave-ABS||deed-N.s||his=duty-G.s||outside||PST=be-IND
|1p-G||finally||PRF~arrive-IND-PP-G.p||noon-G.s||after||PST=be-IND
|}
|}




*The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.
*I could see the smoke of the pine forest fire behind me.
*'''m̨oþrűs żőőnaþu főő ɔ́na lűku e-fe̋e̋a ne:'''
*'''mu mús <u>pósa</u> ȝaṡős aaþe̋s műxom na̋ku e-ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
!m-u||m-ús||pósa||ȝaṡ-ős||aaþ-e̋s||műx-om||na̋k-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|1s-N||1s-G||behind||pine.forest-G.s||fire-G.s||smoke-A.s||see-SUP||PST=be.able-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*Following the battle, the women looked for survivors.
!m̨oþr-űs||żőőn-a-þ-u||főő||ɔ́na||lűk-u||e=fe̋e̋-a||ne
*'''ǧe̋nus ṡatős <u>pósa</u> t̬iɫőnun e-ve̋da:'''
:{|
!ǧe̋n-us||ṡat-ős||pósa||t̬ı̋ɫ-l-un||e=ve̋d-a
|-
|-
|peasant-G.s||beget-IND-PP-N.s||ten||past||count-SUP||PST=be.unable-IND||not
|woman-N.p||battle-G.s||following||survive-AG-A.p||PST=look.for-IND
|}
|}




*'''19.''' '''sána''' denotes having a lack of something; without.
*'''20.''' '''sána''' denotes lacking something.
**Possible translations: without.
*The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.
*The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.
*'''t̬ı̋ɫus tı̋r a̋han m̃a̋stom tára hurő' sána e-ta̋ƣa:'''
*'''t̬ı̋ɫlus tı̋r a̋han lim̤̃a̋a̋stom tára hurő' <u>sána</u> e-ta̋ƣa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!t̬ı̋ɫ-l-us||tı̋r||a̋h-an||lim̃.m̃a̋a̋st-om||tára||hur-ő'-||sána||e=ta̋ƣ-a
!t̬ı̋ɫ-us||tı̋r||a̋h-an||m̃a̋st-om||tára||hur-ő-'||sána||e=ta̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|survivor-N.p||three||day-A.p||desert-A.s||across||water-G.s-ELIS||without||PST-travel-IND
|survive-AG-N.p||three||day-A.p||sand.wasteland-A.s||across||water-G.s-ELIS||without||PST=travel-IND
|}
|}




*'''20.''' '''sííra''' denotes up to a limit; at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until/till, (up) to.
*'''21.''' '''sííra''' denotes up to a limit.
**Possible translations: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until/till, (up) to.
*The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.
*The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.
*'''ka̋a̋ðlu peliső' sííra e-ṡűra: pósi e-ı̋ta:'''
*'''ka̋a̋ðlu faakő' <u>sííra</u> e-ṡűra. pósi e-ı̋ta:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!ka̋a̋ð-l-u||faak-ő-'||sííra||e=ṡűr-a||pósi |e=ı̋t-a
!ka̋a̋ð-l-u||pelis-ő-'||sííra||e=ṡűr-a||pósi||e=ı̋t-a
|-
|-
|kill-AG-N.s||cliff-G.s-ELIS||at.the.edge.of||PST=stand-IND||then||PST=jump-IND
|murder-AG-N.s||cliff-G.s-ELIS||at.the.edge.of||PST=stand-IND||then||PST=jump-IND
|}
|}




*We will go with you as far as the river.
*We will go with you as far as the river.
*'''m̃us da̋a̋em sííra tum u-sűna:'''
*'''m̃us da̋a̋em <u>sííra</u> tum u-sűna:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!m̃-us||da̋a̋-em||sííra||t-um||u=sűn-a
!m̃-us||da̋a̋-em||sííra||t-um||u=sűn-a
|-
|-
|1p-N||river-A.s||as.far.as||2s-A||go.with-IND
|1p-N||river-A.s||as.far.as||2s-A||FUT=go.with-IND
|}
|}




*You may have as many as five apples.
*You may have as many as five apples.
*'''tu pe̋n abelőm sííra gae̋ȝa:'''
*'''tu pe̋n abelőm <u>sííra</u> űdu őða:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!t-u||pe̋n||abel-őm||sííra||űd-u||őð-a
!t-u||pe̋n||abel-őm||sííra||ga-e̋ȝa
|-
|-
|2s-N||five||apple-G.p||as.many.as||tale-SBJ
|2s-N||five||apple-G.p||as.many.as||have-SUP||be.permitted-IND
|}
|}




*The apple tree grew to a height of eight feet.
*The apple tree grew to a height of ten feet.
*'''abe̋li bı̋n peda̋m gőxtam sííra e-a̋la:'''
*'''abe̋li főő napa̋m goxta̋' <u>sííra</u> e-a̋la'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!abe̋l-i||főő||nap-a̋m||goxt-a̋-'||sííra||e=a̋l-a
!abe̋l-i||bı̋n||ped-a̋m||gőxt-am||sííra||e=a̋l-a
|-
|-
|apple.tree-N.s||eight||foot-G.p||height||to||PST=grow-IND
|apple.tree-N.s||ten||napa-G.p||height-G.s-ELIS||to||PST=grow-IND
|}
|}




*We will wait for you until/till sunup.
*We will wait for you until/till sunup.
*'''m̃us needa̋' sííra tum u-me̋na:'''
*'''m̃us needő' <u>sííra</u> tum u-me̋na:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!m̃-us||need-ő-'||sííra||t-um||u=me̋n-a
!m̃-us||need-a̋-'||sííra||t-um||u=me̋n-a
|-
|-
|1p-N||sunup-G.s-ELIS||until||2s-A||FUT=wait.for-IND
|1p-N||sunup-G.s-ELIS||until||2s-A||FUT=wait.for-IND
Line 823: Line 894:


*The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.
*The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.
*'''ginda̋a̋gu tűbom sííra mu-gı̋ndom e-pe̋e̋la:'''
*'''ginda̋a̋gu tubő' <u>sííra</u> mu-gı̋ndom e-pe̋e̋la:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!gind-a̋a̋g-u||tub-ő-'||sííra||mu=gı̋nd-om||e=pe̋e̋l-a
!gind-a̋a̋g-u||tűb-om||sííra||mu=gı̋nd-om||e=pe̋e̋l-a
|-
|-
|cup-OCC-N.s||brim-A.s||up.to||my=cup-A.s||PST=fill-IND
|cup-OCC-N.s||brim-G.s-ELIS||to||my=cup-A.s||PST=fill-IND
|}
|}




*'''21.''' '''ša''' denotes exception; apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
*'''22.''' '''ša''' denotes exception.
**Possible translations: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
*Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.
*Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.
*'''m̃u-sevke̋e̋sa þűn ðuső' ša dı̋zra e-vűűa:'''
*'''þűn a-ðuuő' <u>ša</u>. m̃u-sevke̋isa dı̋zra e-vűűa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!þűn||a=ðuu-ő-'||ša||m̃u=sev.ke̋is-a||dı̋zr-a||e=vűű-a
!m̃u=sev.ke̋e̋s-a||þűn||ðus-ő-'||ša||dı̋zr-a||e=vűű-a
|-
|-
|our=amuse.time-N.s||one||storm-G.s=ELIS||apart.from||wonderful-N.s||PST=be.IND
|one||that=storm-G.s-ELIS||apart.from||our=amuse.time-N.s||wonderful-N.s||be-IND
|}
|}




*Your statement is beside the point.
*Your statement is beside the point.
*'''tu-tőso ȝoba̋' ša e̋sa:'''
*'''tu-tőso ȝovra̋' <u>ša</u> e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!tu=tős-o||ȝovr-a̋-'||ša||e̋s-a
!tu=tős-o||ȝob-a̋-'||ša||e̋s-a
|-
|-
|your=statement-N.s||point-G.s-ELIS||beside||be-IND
|your=statement||point-G.s-ELIS||beside||be-IND
|}
|}




*There's no one here besides Bill and me.
*There's no one here besides Bill and me.
*'''néu bilűsk̬e músk̬e ša íðu vűűla:'''
*'''né' uilkűsk̬e músk̬e <u>ša</u> íðu e̋sa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!ne-'||uilk-űs=k̬e||m-ús=k̬e||ša||íðu||e̋s-a
!né-u||bil-űs=k̬e||m-ús=k̬e||ša||íðu||vűűl-a
|-
|-
|no.one-N.s||Bill-G.s=and||1s-G=and||besides||here||there.be-IND
|no.one-ELIS||Bill-G.s=and||1s-G=and||besides||here||be-IND
|}
|}




*But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.
*But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.
*'''őmu ṡaþmórmimlűs ze̋go kiő' ša ṡa̋tom hıhaȝe̋ȝa:'''
*'''ṡaþmórmimlűs ze̋go kiő' <u>ša</u>. őmu ṡa̋tom hɪhaȝe̋ȝa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!ṡaþ.mór.mim-l-űs||ze̋go-Ø||ki-ő-'||ša||őm-u||ṡa̋t-om||hɪ~haȝ-e̋ȝa
!őm-u||ṡaþ.mór.mim-l-űs||ze̋go-Ø||ki-ő='||ša||ṡa̋t-om||hı~haȝ-e̋ȝa
|-
|-
|army-N.s||battle.horse.ride-AG-G.s||brave-ABS||deed-G.s=ELIS||but.for||battle-A.s||PRF~lose-SBJ
|battle.horse-ride-AG-G.s||brave-ABS||deed-G.s-ELIS||but.for||army-N.s||battle-A.s||PRF~lose-SBJ
|}
|}




*They were all there except/save me.
*They were all there except/save me.
*'''őru éȝus mú' ša tóru e-vűűa:'''
*'''őru éȝus mú' <u>ša</u> tőru e-vűűa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!őru-Ø||éȝ-us||m-ú-'||ša||tőru||e=vűű-a
!őru-Ø||éȝ-us||mú-'||ša||tóru||e=vűű-a
|-
|-
|all-ABS||3-N.p||1s-G=ELIS||except||there||PST=be-IND
|all-ABS||3-N.s||1s-G-ELIS||except||there||PST=be-IND
|}
|}




*The cooks served the troops three oxen, not to speak of/mention the many chickens.
*The cooks served the troops three oxen, not to speak of/mention the many chickens.
*'''dűƣlus ṡaþm̃űs o me̋e̋e kake̋m ša tı̋r ǧőősen e-nı̋ı̋xa:'''
*'''dűƣlus ṡaþm̃űs o tı̋r fɔ̋xen. m̃e̋ume kake̋m <u>ša</u>. e-nı̋ı̋xa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!dűƣ-l-us||ṡaþm̃-űs||o||tı̋r||fɔ̋x-en||m̃e̋ume-Ø||kak-e̋m||ša||e=nı̋ı̋x-a
!dűƣ-l-us||ṡaþm̃-űs||o||me̋e̋e-Ø||kake̋m||ša||tı̋r||ǧőős-en||e=nı̋ı̋x-a
|-
|-
|cook-AG-N.p||troops-G.s||to||many-ABS||chicken-G.p||not.to.mention||three||ox-A.p||PST=serve-IND
|cook-AG-N.s||troops-G.s||to||three||ox-A.p||many-ABS||chicken-G.p||not.to.mention||PST=serve-IND
|}
|}




*I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.
*I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.
*'''mu paadős éna pa̋uo piinkőm ša néo pı̋ı̋nom űda:'''
*'''mu mu-paadős éna pa̋uo piinkőm <u>ša</u> néo pı̋ı̋nom űða:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!m-u||mu=paad-ős||éna||pa̋uo-Ø||piin-k-őm||ša||néo-Ø||pı̋ı̋n-om||űð-a
!m-u||paad-ős||éna||pa̋uo-Ø||piin-k-őm||ša||néo-Ø||pı̋ı̋n-om||űd-a
|-
|-
|1s-N||pocket-G.s||in||few-ABS||money-DIM-G.p||other.than||no-ABS||money-A.s||have-IND
|1s-N||my=pocket-G.s||in||few-ABS||money-DIM-G.p||other.than||no-ABS||money-A.s||have-IND
|}
|}




*Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.
*Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.
*'''néo govta̋' ša eȝús o vűűa:'''
*'''govta̋' <u>ša</u>. ii-éȝu eȝús éra néom űða:'''
:{|
!govt-a̋-'||ša||ii=éȝ-u||eȝ-ús||éra||né-om||űð-a
|-
|beauty-G.s-ELIS||outside||F=3-N.s||3-G.s||for||nothing-A.s||have-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*'''23.''' '''ṡ̨úfa''' denotes in the course of.
!né-o||govt-a̋-'||ša||eȝ-ús||o||vűű-a
**Possible translations: in, on, during, through, throughout, under, for, in the process-, -course-, -of,
*In my day we did it differently.
*'''m̃us mu-a̋ham <u>ṡ̨úfa</u> góivi éȝom e-kı̋a:'''
:{|
!m̃-us||mu=a̋h-am||ṡ̨úfa||gói=vi||éȝ-om||e=kı̋-a
|-
|-
|nothing-N.s||beauty-G.s=ELIS||3-G.s||for||be-IND
|1p-N||my=day-A.s||in||different=ADV||3-A.s||PST=do-IND
|}
|}




*'''22.''' '''ṡ̨úfa''' denotes in the course of; during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under
*We can do this for you on Monday.
*Their village was burning during the war.
*'''m̃us púúsena̋ham <u>ṡ̨úfa</u> tús éra som kı̋u ma̋ƣa:'''
*'''eȝu-ṡe̋im̃o sotős ṡ̨úfa a̋iðaþo e-ı̋la:'''
:{|
 
!m̃-us||púúsen.a̋h-am||ṡ̨úfa||t-ús||éra||s-om||kı̋-u||ma̋ƣ-a
:::{|
!eȝu=ṡe̋im̃-o||sot-ős||ṡ̨úfa||a̋ið-a-þ-o||e=ı̋l-a
|-
|-
|their=village-N.s||war-G.s||during||burn-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND
|1p-N||Puusenu.day-A.s||on||2s-G||for||this-A.s||do-SUP||be.able-IND
|}
|}


*N.B. When used with expressions of time, this meaning is expressed with the accusative case:
*During the summer we live by the sea.
*'''m̃us le̋e̋tam mare̋s ȝóba m̃e̋e̋sa:'''


:::{|
*We can shelter in that cave during the storm.
!m̃-us||le̋e̋t-am||mar-e̋s||ȝóba||m̃e̋e̋s-a
*'''m̃us ðuuős <u>ṡ̨úfa</u> a-fagős éna te̋gu ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
!m̃-us||ðuu-ős||ṡ̨úfa||a-fag-ős||éna||te̋g-u||ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|1p-N||summer-A.s||sea-G.s||by||live-IND
|1p-N||storm-G.s||during||that-cave-G.s||in||shelter-SUP||be.able-IND
|}
|}




*We have been friends through many trials.
*We have been friends through many trials.
*'''m̃us vı̋lus me̋e̋a kalta̋m ṡ̨úfa e̋e̋sa:'''
*'''m̃us me̋e̋a kalta̋m <u>ṡ̨úfa</u> vı̋lus ese̋sa:'''
:{|
!m̃-us||me̋e̋a-Ø||kalt-a̋m||ṡ̨úfa||vı̋l-us||e~e̋s-a
|-
|1p-N||many-ABS||trial-G.p||through||friend-N.p||PRF~be-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*What he had done was soon known throughout the camp.
!m̃-us||vı̋l-us||me̋e̋a-Ø||kalt-a̋m||ṡ̨úfa||e~e̋s-a
*'''no—táom éȝu e-kɪkı̋a—voutiȝős <u>ṡ̨úfa</u> múdu sa̋a̋raþo e-ı̋la:'''
:{|
!n-o||tá-om||éȝ-u||e=kɪ~kı̋-a||vout-iȝ-ős||ṡ̨úfa||múdu||sa̋a̋r-a-þ-o||e=ı̋l-a
|-
|-
|1p-N||friend-N.p||many-ABS||trial-G.p||through||PRF~be-IND
|that-N.s||which-A.s||3-N.s||PST=PRF~do-IND||tent-COL-G.s||throughout||soon||know-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND
|}
|}




*Under the king's rule things were much better.
*Under the king's rule things were much better.
*'''m̃e̋kos reeƣűs zilra̋s ṡ̨úfa m̃éumvi vıva̋dos e-e̋sa:'''
*'''m̃e̋kos reeƣűs zilra̋s <u>ṡ̨úfa</u> méévi vɪva̋dos e-vűűa:'''
:{|
!m̃e̋k-os||reeƣ-űs||zilr-a̋s||ṡ̨úfa||méé=vi||vɪ~va̋d-os||e=vűű-a
|-
|thing-N.p||king-G.s||rule-G.s||under||much=ADV||EL~good-N.p||PST=be-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*For miles and miles we could see nothing but sand.
!m̃e̋k-os||reeƣ-űs||zilr-a̋s||ṡ̨úfa||m̃éum=vi||vı~va̋d-os||e=e̋s-a
*'''m̃us t̨umrena̋sk̬e t̨umrena̋sk̬e <u>ṡ̨úfa</u> lim̃ő' ša néom na̋ku e-ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
!m̃-us||t̨um.ren-a̋s=k̬e||t̨um.ren-a̋s=k̬e||ṡ̨úfa||lim̃-ő-'||ša||né-om||na̋k-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|thing-N.p||king-G.p||rule-G.s||under||much=ADV||ELAT~good-N.p||PST=be-IND
|1p-N||thousand.step-G.s=and||thousand.step-G.s=and||for||sand-G.s-ELIS||except||nothing-A.s||see-SUP||PST=be.unable-IND
|}
|}




*'''23.''' '''þáfa''' denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively; (all) over, through(out).
*'''24.''' '''þáfa''' denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively.
**Possible translations: (all) over, through(out), about.
*Throughout the nation there was great joy.
*Throughout the nation there was great joy.
*'''me̋ża ba̋ȝa mexa̋s þáfa e-vűűla:'''
*'''m̃e̋ża ba̋ȝa mexa̋s <u>þáfa</u> e-vűűla:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!m̃e̋ża-Ø||ba̋ȝ-a||mex-a̋s||þáfa||e=vűűl-a
!me̋ża-Ø||ba̋ȝ-a||mex-a̋s||þáfa||e=vűűl-a
|-
|-
|great-ABS||joy-N.s||nation-G.s||throughout||PST=there.be-IND
|great-ABS||joy-N.s||nation-G.s||throughout||PST=there.be-IND
Line 966: Line 1,053:


*The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.
*The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.
*'''ga̋a̋ȝu őro vutiȝős þáfa ve̋naþo ı̋lu e-ma̋ƣa:'''
*'''ga̋a̋ȝu őro voutiȝős <u>þáfa</u> ve̋naþa ı̋lu e-ma̋ƣa:'''
 
:{|
:::{|
!ga̋a̋ȝ-u||őro-Ø||vout-iȝ-ős||þáfa||ve̋n-a-þ-a||ı̋l-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a
!ga̋a̋ȝ-u||őro-Ø||vut-iȝ-ős||þáfa||ve̋n-a-þ-o||ı̋l-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|sing-SUP||all-ABS||tent-COL-G.s||all.over||hear-IND-PP-N.s||become-SUP||be.able-IND
|sing-SUP||whole-ABS||tent-COL-G.s||all.over||hear-IND-PP-N.s||become-SUP||PST=be.able-IND
|}
|}




*The king said we might wander through the castle.
*The king said we might wander through the castle.
*'''re̋e̋ƣu m̃un ðűűnom þáfa male̋ȝu e-te̋e̋a:'''
*'''re̋e̋ƣu m̃um ðűűnom <u>þáfa</u> ma̋lu maƣu e-te̋e̋a:'''
:{|
!re̋e̋ƣ-u||m̃-um||ðűűn-om||þáfa||ma̋l-u||maƣ-u||e=te̋e̋-a
|-
|king-N.s||1p-A||castle-A.s||through||wander-SUP||be.able-SUP||PST=say-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*I can hear the children running about the yard.
!re̋e̋ƣ-u||m̃-un||ðűűn-om||þáfa||mal-e̋ȝ-u||e=te̋e̋-a
*'''mu ɔ̋pom <u>þáfa</u> re̋e̋santu ṡı̋ṡun ve̋nu ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
!m-u||ɔ̋p-om||þáfa||re̋e̋s-a-ntu-Ø||ṡı̋ṡ-un||ve̋n-u||ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|king-N.s||1p-A||castle-A.s||through||wander-SBJ-SUP||PST=say-IND
|1s-N||yard-A.s||about||run-IND-AP-ABS||child-A.p||hear-SUP||be.able-IND
|}
|}




*'''24.''' '''úúda''' denotes egress; out of, from.
*'''25.''' '''úúda''' denotes egress.
**Possible translations: out of, from.
*The chick fell out of its nest.
*The chick fell out of its nest.
*'''bőőd' eȝe-dűpom úúda e-főőla:'''
*'''bőőde dűpom <u>úúda</u> e-főőla:'''
:{|
!bőőd-e||dűp-om||úúda||e=főől-a
|-
|chick-N.s||nest-A.s||out.of||PST=fall-IND
|}
 


:::{|
*I dropped the bowl when I took it from the cupboard.
!bőőd-'||eȝe=dűp-om||úúda||e=főől-a
*'''mu ka̋ikom e-feþı̋d̨a—méti hőlṡom <u>úúda</u> éȝom e-őȝa:'''
:{|
!m-u||ka̋ik-om||e=feþ-ı̋d̨-a||méti||hőlṡ-om||úúda||éȝ-om||e=őȝ-a
|-
|-
|chick-ELIS||its=nest-A.s||out.of||PST=fall-IND
|1s-N||bowl-A.s||PST=drop-TRZ-IND||when||cupboard-A.s||from||3-A.s||PST-take.out||IND
|}
|}


*
*

Latest revision as of 16:39, 19 August 2024

Pronunciation table

peműko
(labial)
 riisűko
(dental) 		muitűko
(alveolar) 		vainűko
(palatal) 		ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(vowels with प) 		nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(weak vowels)
p
 b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a ɔ o u ı ɛ y
प
 ब फ भ म़ म त द थ ध ल़ ल च ज स स़ र न क ग क़ ग़ ह य स्व स्य इ ई
पि पी 		ए एै
पे पै 		अ आ
प पा 		ऒ ॵ
पॊ पॏ 		ओ औ
पो पौ 		उ ऊ
पु पू 		पं पऺ पॅ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural ABL = ablative suffix COL = collective F = feminine INT = intensive prefix PRV = privative prefix SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural ABS = absolutive
(an unmarked modifying adjective) 		DES = desiderative FRQ = frequentative LAT = lative suffix PST = past TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person ADV = adverb DIM = diminutive FUT = future LOC = locative suffix Q = interrogative particle VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AG = agent ELIS = elision IMP = imperative M = masculine QUOT = direct quotation YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle ELT = elative INC = inchoative OCC = occupation suffix REV = reversive
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative EP = epenthesis IND = indicative PP = patient (past) participle RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument PRF = perfect SBJ = subjunctive


Postpositions

  • 1. áda denotes in association or connection with.
    • Possible translations: among(st), with(in).
  • That is a custom popular among(st)/with the desert people.
  • no lim̤̃aastős leuðűs áda gűo e̋sa:
n-o lim̃.m̃aast-ős leuð-űs áda gű-o e̋s-a
that-N.s sand.waste-G.s people-G.s among popular-N.s be-IND


  • koldemős áfa tum še̋vu mu-m̃aka̋s áda vűűa ne:
  • It is not within my power to free you from prison.
n-o lim̃.m̃aast-ős leuð-űs áda gű-o e̋s-a
that-N.s sand.waste-G.s people-G.s among popular-N.s be-IND


  • 2. áfa denotes separation from support, attachment or position.
    • Possible translations: off (of), from, of.
  • one of us
  • m̃úm áfa þűn
m̃-ús áfa tév-u
1p-G of one-N.s


  • The skittish horse shied and the rider fell off it.
  • t̨e̋ƣse mőre e-t̨e̋ga. da mı̋mu nem áfa e-főőla:
t̨e̋ƣse-Ø mőr-' e=t̨e̋g-a da mı̋m-l-u éȝ-em áfa e=főől-a
skittish-ABS horse-ELIS PST=shy-IND and ride-AG-N.s 3s-A off PST-fall-IND


  • The corrupt mayor was removed from office yesterday.
  • k̬a̋tu rííine̋e̋ilu hesáhvi dasfe̋e̋tam áfa őȝaþu e-ı̋la:
k̬a̋tu-Ø rii.ne̋e̋i-l-u hes-a̋s das.da̋a̋r-om áfa őȝ-a-þ-u e=ı̋l-a
corrupt-ABS city.lead-AG-N.s yesterday-G.s govern.job-A.s from remove-IND-PP-N.s PST=become-IND


  • 3. ána denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively.
    • Possible translations: up (to).
  • The threatened milkmaid quickly ran up the hill.
  • šı̋naþu s̨űűþlu ra̋ȝom ána ááþvi e-re̋e̋sa:
šı̋n-a-þu-Ø s̨űűþ-l-u ra̋ȝ-om ána ááþ=vi e=re̋e̋s-a
threaten-IND-PP-ABS milk-AG-N.s hill-A.s up quick=ADV PST=run-IND


  • 4. ápa denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively.
    • Possible translations: from, away from.
  • The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.
  • laanı̋ȝo re̋e̋pante bı̋ı̋rem ápa e-re̋e̋sa:
laan-ı̋ȝ-o re̋e̋p-a-nte-Ø bı̋ı̋r-em ápa e=re̋e̋s-a
red.deer-COL-N.s prowl-IND-AP-ABS lion-A.s away.from PST=run-IND


  • 5. ba denotes on or toward the exterior of.
    • Possible translations: outside, without.
  • We heard a loud noise outside the door.
  • m̃us ðurős ba tőro þı̋mom e-ve̋na:
m̃-us ður-ős ba tőro-Ø þı̋m-om e=ve̋n-a
1p-N door-G.s outside loud-ABS noise-A.s PST=hear-IND


  • Our opponent stood without the room while we decided.
  • m̃u-þőőslu terős ba e-ṡűra—méti m̃us e-re̋ka:
m̃u=þőős-l-u ter-ős ba e=ṡűr-a méti m̃-us e=re̋k-a:
our=oppose-AG-N.s room-G.s without PST=stand-IND while 1p-N PST=decide-IND


  • 6. do denotes motion towards literally or figuratively.
    • Possible translations: to, toward, at, into.
  • The thirsty herd moved off toward the flooding river.
  • a̋a̋do ta̋do lı̋ı̋mante da̋a̋em do e-a̋ta:
a̋a̋do-Ø ta̋d-o lı̋ı̋m-a-nte-Ø da̋a̋-em do e=a̋t-a
thirsty-ABS herd-N.s flood-IND-AP-ABS river-A.s toward PST=go-IND


  • The hiker threw the rock at the approaching bear.
  • ȝuþne̋ðlu ȝőbante ve̋rem do ta̋a̋inom e-ȝe̋e̋a:
ȝuþ.ne̋ð-l-u ȝőb-a-nte-Ø ve̋r-em do ta̋a̋in-om e=ȝe̋e̋-a
ramble.walk-AG-N.s approach-IND-AP-ABS bear-A.s at rock-A.s PST=throw-ID


  • Tomorrow the flock will move into the mountains for the summer.
  • e̋ɫho ṡúm̃vi le̋e̋tam ǧa̋ron do u-a̋ta:
e̋ɫh-o ṡúm̃=vi le̋e̋t-am ǧa̋r-on u=a̋t-a
flock-N.s tomorrow=ADV summer-A.s mountain-A.p FUT=go-IND


  • Go to the party and have a good time.
  • sa̋ram do a̋te. da ra̋a̋de:
sa̋r-am do a̋t-e da ra̋a̋d-e
party-A.s to go-IMP and be.glad-IMP


  • 7. dúna denotes at or during a time anterior to.
    • Possible translations: before, by, no later than, of, to.
  • Be here by/no later than sunset.
  • suulduua̋s dúna íðu vűűe:
suul.duu-a̋s dúna íðu vűű-e
sun.set-G.s by here be-IMP


  • twenty minutes of/to five
  • pe̋n dúna d̬őfoos őrdɛkas:
pe̋n dúna d̬ő.foos őrd-ɛ-k-as
five to two.tens hour-EPEN-DIM-N.p


  • To this very day, he insists he was right.
  • éȝu m̃e̋e̋ra i-aha̋s dúna éȝum m̃e̋e̋ru e-vűűu ðe̋ra:
éȝ-u m̃e̋e̋ra-Ø i=ah-a̋s dúna éȝ-um m̃e̋e̋r-u e=vűű-u ðe̋r-a
3-N.s very-ABS this=day-G.s to 3-A.s right-N.s PST=be-SUP insist-IND


  • 8. éha denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside.
    • Possible translations: (out) of, from (within).
  • The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.
  • tűgu pe̋e̋l̤us a̋iðanto demős éha e-re̋e̋sa:
tűgu-Ø pe̋e̋l-l-us a̋ið-a-nto-Ø de̋m-om éha e=re̋e̋s-a
frightened-ABS occupy-AG-N.p burn-IN-AP-ABS building-A.s from PST-run-IND


  • The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.
  • mı̋mum ɔ́nu e-mı̋mantum—ii-be̋kus þungős éha e-ża̋ba:
mı̋m-l-um ɔ́nu e=mı̋m-a-nt-um ii=be̋k-us þung-ős éha e=ża̋b-a
ride-AG-A.s by PST=ride-IND-AP-A.s F=young-N.p window-G.s out.of PST=look-IND


  • The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.
  • da̋vrus ðuunős éha ṡatő' še̋nom e-ve̋na:
da̋vr-us ðuun-ős éha ṡat-ős še̋n-om e=ve̋n-a
villager-N.p fortress-G.s from.within fighting-G.s sound-A.s PST=hear-IND


  • 9. éna denotes stationary position or location within or movement into.
    • Possible translations: at, in, into, on, to.
  • The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.
  • pempe̋lo ba̋ndo raȝős tuufős éna e-þe̋ga:
pempe̋lo-Ø ba̋nd-o raȝ-ős tuuf-ős éna e=þe̋g-a
gigantic-ABS boulder-N.s hill-G.s bottom-G.s at PST=come.to.rest-IND


  • Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.
  • m̃asős éna hőlṡom éna sőron e-ðeee̋ȝa:
m̃as-ős éna hőlṡ-om éna sőr-on e=ðee-e̋ȝa
left-G.s on cupboard-A.s in dish-A.p PST=put-SBJ


  • The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.
  • ṡűvlu þegős néra ı̋vkom éna kűgom e-ðe̋e̋a:
ṡűv-l-u þeg-ős néra ı̋vk-om éna kűg-om e=ðe̋e̋-a
clean-AG-N.s bed-G.s under box-A.s into quilted.clothing-A.s PST=put-IND


  • Young man, stand to your father's right.
  • ur-bekű. taata̋s taɫős éna ṡűre:
ur=bek-ű taat-a̋s taɫ-ős éna ṡűr-e
M=young-V.s father-G.s right-G.s to stand-IND


  • 10. épa denotes accordance with.
    • Possible translations: after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, under, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of.
  • The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads.
  • ii-mı̋mlu mal̤űm épa eȝu-mőrem e-mı̋ma:
ii=mı̋m-l-u mal-l-űm épa eȝu=mőr-em e=mı̋m-a
F=ride-AG-N.s wander-AG=G.p after.the.manner.of her=horse-A.s PST=ride-IND


  • At the general's command the troops charged.
  • ṡa̋þm̃us soþveel̤űs eevős épa e-ȝűða:
ṡa̋þm̃-u-' soþ.veel-l-űs eev-ős épa e=ȝűð-a
troop-N.p-ELIS wage.war-be.in.charge-AG-G.s command-G.s at PST=charge-IND


  • It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.
  • ȝa mol̤űs kőzu peeka̋s épa e-vűűa—te̋ida e-e̋sa:
ȝa mol-l-űs kőz-u peek-a̋s épa e=e̋s-a te̋id-a e=e̋s-a
that mill-AG-G.s wife-N.s plan-G.s behind PST=be-IND PST=be-IND


  • Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.
  • no. reeƣűs ȝűűno þ̨orős épa. dőraþo ile̋ȝa ze:
n.o reeƣ-űs ȝűűno-Ø þ̨or-ős épa dőr-a-þ-o il-e̋ȝa ze
that.N.s king-G.s new-ABS law-G.s under allow-IND-PP-N.s become-SBJ not


  • 11. éva denotes position on top of literally or figuratively.
    • Possible translations: on, over, to, upon.
  • You will find the hat on the table in the hall.
  • tu eðős éna serős éva ṡa̋bom u-de̋e̋sa:
t-u eð-ős éna ser-ős éva ṡa̋b-om u=de̋e̋s-a
2s.N hall-G.s in table-G.s on hat-A.s FUT=find-IND


  • The nomads applied red paint to the old wagon.
  • ma̋l̤us że̋e̋ro reðnős éva re̋uði te̋e̋rt̬im e-te̋e̋ra:
ma̋l-l-us że̋e̋ro-Ø reðn-ős éva re̋uði-Ø te̋e̋rt̬-im e=te̋e̋r-a
wander-AG-N.s old-ABS wagon-G.s on red-ABS paint-A.s PST=paint-IND


  • The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.
  • dőxlu maat̨őno serős éva a̋ito m̃e̋vom e-ðe̋e̋a:
dőx.l.u maat̨őno-Ø ser-ős éva a̋ito-Ø m̃e̋v-om e=ðe̋e̋-a
teach.AG.N.s made.of.wood-ABS table-G.s on variegated-ABS cloth-A.s PST=put-IND


  • We will set sail in the morning upon the shining sea.
  • m̃us aȝa̋s ðe̋m̃ante ma̋rem éva u-naam̃a̋sa:
m̃-us aȝ-a̋s ðe̋m̃-a-nte ma̋r-em éva u=naam̃-a̋s-a
1p-N morning-G.s shine-IND-AP-ABS sea-A.s upon FUT= sail-INC-IND


  • 12. ha denotes causality.
    • Possible translations: at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.
  • At our request, the guard finally opened the cell door.
  • dı̋slu m̃u-igős ha m̃enðónu terkős ðűrom e-lűra:
dı̋s-l-u m̃u=ig-ős ha m̃enðónu ter-k-ős ðűr-om e=lűr-a
guard-AG-N.s our=request-G.s at finally room-DIM-G.s door-A.s PST=open-IND


  • Because of the torrential rain we could not go.
  • m̃us ṡarsa̋a̋ke suum̃e̋s ha a̋tu e-fe̋e̋a:
m̃-us ṡarsa̋a̋ke-Ø suum̃-e̋s ha a̋t-u e=fe̋e̋-a
1p-N torrential-ABS rain-G.s because.of go-SUP PST=be.unable-IND


  • The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.
  • ii-re̋e̋ƣu mexa̋s þáfa eȝu-govta̋s ha de̋ku e-vűűa:
ii=re̋e̋ƣ-u mex-a̋s þáfa eȝu=govt-a̋s ha de̋k-u e=vűű-a
F=king-N.s land-G.s throughout her=beauty-G.s for famous-N.s PST=be-IND


  • Under these circumstances, we should turn back.
  • m̃us i-sepa̋m ha na̋a̋nu ke̋la:
m̃-us i=sep-a̋m ha na̋a̋n-u ke̋l-a
1p-N this=circumstance-G.p under turn.back-SUP should-IND


  • At the sight the people went pale with fear.
  • le̋uðu nakaþős ha naaa̋s ha ðe̋inu e-ı̋la:
le̋uð-u nak-a-þ-ős ha naa-a̋s ha ðe̋in-u e=ı̋l-a
people-N.s see-IND-PP-G.s at fear-G.s with pale-N.s PST=become-IND


  • I know you are joking by your smile.
  • mu tu-m̨osős ha tum na̋l̨u sa̋a̋ra:
m-u tu=m̨os-ős ha t-um na̋l̨-u sa̋a̋r-a
1s-N your=smile-G.s by 2s-A joke-SUP know-IND


  • He died last night of his wound.
  • éȝu hesȝita̋s m̃aaős ha e-ne̋ṡa:
éȝ-u hes.ȝit-a̋s m̃aa-ős ha e=ne̋ṡ-a
3s-N yester.evening-G.s wound-G.s of PST=die-IND


  • The farmer knew what to do from experience.
  • zɔ̋ðlu gauðra̋s ha nom—táom kı̋u—sa̋a̋ra:
zɔ̋ð-l-u gauðr-a̋s ha n-om tá-om kı̋-u sa̋a̋r-a
farm-AG-N.s experience-G.s from that-A.s which-A.s do-SUP know-IND


  • 13. ȝúṡa denotes situation or partition between two or more entities.
    • Possible translations: among(st), (in) between, through, with.
  • There is no honor among(st) thieves.
  • þa̋la voourlűm ȝúṡa vűűla ne:
þa̋l-a voour-l-űm ȝúṡa vűűl-a ne
honor-N.s steal-AG-G.p among there.be-IND not


  • The beehives are between the house and the barn.
  • de̋e̋ȝos m̃eesősk̬e beƣősk̬e ȝúṡa vűűa:
de̋e̋ȝ-os m̃ees-ős=k̬e beƣ-ős=k̬e ȝúṡa vűű-a
beehive-N.p house-G.s=and barn-G.s=and between be-IND


  • This book has passed through many hands.
  • i-siia̋mɫo me̋e̋o ma̋non ȝúṡa kɪke̋e̋da:
i=siia̋mɫ-o me̋e̋o-Ø ma̋n-on ȝúṡa kɪ~ke̋e̋d-a
this=book-N.s many-ABS hand-A.p through PRF~pass-IND


  • 14. kóma denotes physical proximity.
    • Possible translations: beside, by, next to, on.
  • The shepherd waited beside the shrine on the hill for the messenger.
  • om̃ta̋ðlu raȝős éva noivdarős kóma miþa̋a̋gum e-me̋na:
om̃.ta̋ð-l-u raȝ-ős éva noiv.dar=ős kóma miþ-a̋a̋g-um e=me̋n-a
sheep.herd-AG-N.s hill-G.s on sacred.place.suffix-G.s beside send-OCC-A.s PST=wait-IND


  • Stand by my side.
  • -mu-pegős kóma ṡűre:
mu=peg-ős kóma ṡűr-e
my=sige-G.s by stand-IMP


  • The girl sat next to her mother at the party.
  • ne̋sku sarős éna maama̋s kóma e-se̋da:
ne̋sk-u sar-ős ena maam-a̋s kóma e=se̋d-a
girl-N.s party-G.s at mother-G.s next.to PST=sit-IND


  • The island is on the east coast.
  • dı̋mo a̋uso k̨udős kóma e̋sa:
dı̋m-o a̋uso-Ø k̨ud-ős kóma e̋s-a
island-N.s east-ABS coast-G.s on/off be-IND


  • 15. la denotes on this side of.
    • Possible translations: on this side of.
  • The diggers found the box on this side of the house.
  • vőðlus m̃eesős la ı̋vkom e-de̋e̋sa:
vőð-l-us m̃ees-ős la ı̋vk-om e=de̋e̋s-a
dig-AG-N.p house-G.s on.this.side.of box-A.s PST=find-IND


  • 16. n̨a denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively.
    • Possible translations: down (through).
  • My younger sister tripped and fell down the stairs.
  • mu-ba̋a̋żu e-ı̋da. da ergı̋ȝom n̨a e-főőla:
mu=ba̋a̋ż-u e=ı̋d-a da erg-ı̋ȝ-om n̨a e=főől-a
my=younger.sister PST-trip-IND and step-COL-A.s down PST=fall-IND


  • My cousin has been my friend down through the years.
  • mu-la̋m̃u dı̋lanɛ n̨a mu-vı̋lu ese̋sa:
mu=la̋m̃-u dı̋l-an=ɛ n̨a mu=vı̋l-u es~e̋s-a
my=cousin-N.s year-A.p=EPEN down.through my=friend-N.s PRF~be-IND


  • The two otters followed our canoe down the river.
  • d̬ő űðres da̋a̋em n̨a m̃u-la̋im̃om e-da̋ga:
d̬ő dage̋r-es da̋a̋-em n̨a m̃u=la̋im̃-om e=da̋g-a
two otter-N.p river-A.s down our=canoe-A.s PST=follow-IND


  • 17. o denotes the indirect object of the verb; or it indicates a relationship to an adjective.
    • Possible translations: for, to; to.
  • These red and yellow flowers are for you.
  • re̋uðok̬e xűlok̬e i-na̋nos tús o e̋sa:
re̋uðo-Ø=k̬e xűlo-Ø=k̬e i=na̋n-os t-ús o vűű-a
red-ABS=and yellow-ABS=and this-flower-N.p 2s-G to be-IND


  • He gave the flowers to her.
  • ur-éȝu ii-eȝús o na̋non e-dőőa:
ur=éȝ-u ii=eȝ-ús o na̋n-on e=dőő-a
M=3-N.s F=3-G.s flower-A.p PST=give-IND


  • His speech was clear to all.
  • eȝu-sa̋m̃no orűm o te̋ido e-vűűa:
eȝu=sa̋m̃r-' or-űm o fűɫ-o e=e̋s-a
his=speech- ELIS all-G.p to clear-N.s PST-be-IND


  • 18. ɔ́na denotes on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively.
    • Possible translations: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past.
  • The time is after/past midnight.
  • te̋na uȝa̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:
te̋n-a uȝ-a̋s ɔ́na e̋s-a
time-N.s midnight-G.s after be-IND


  • The exhausted army arrived way behind schedule.
  • műdu őmu kéþu ten̈e̋msom ɔ́na e-tőpa:
műdu-Ø őm-u kéþu ord.ɛ.pe̋e̋x-om ɔ́na e=tőp-a
exhausted-ABS army-N.s way hour.EPEN-plan-A.s behind PST=arrive-IND


  • It is beyond/past the time for sowing barley.
  • va̋rson se̋e̋u tááda tena̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:
va̋rs-on see-u tááda ten-a̋s ɔ́na e̋s-a
barley-A.p sow-G.s for time-G.s past be-IND


  • The master’s ingenious plan is beyond/past my feeble understanding.
  • m̃al̤űs ne̋e̋ra pe̋e̋ka nı̋þa mu-þumra̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:
veel-l-űs ne̋e̋ra-Ø pe̋e̋k-a nı̋þa-Ø mu=þumr-a̋s ɔ́na e̋s-a
be.in.charge-AG-G.s ingenious-ABS plan-N.s feeble-ABS my=understanding-G.s beyond be-IND


  • The driver drove the wagon by/past the beseiged fortress.
  • re̋iðlu k̨ősaþo ðűűnom ɔ́na m̃e̋ƣom e-re̋iða:
m̃a̋s-l-u k̨ős-a-þo-Ø ðűűn-om ɔ́na m̃e̋ƣ-om e=m̃a̋s-a
drive-AG-Ns beseige-IND-PP-ABS fortress-A.s by wagon-A.s PST=drive-IND


  • The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.
  • soþlűs ƣőlvo kı̋o eȝu-boþa̋s ɔ́na e-e̋sa:
soþ-l-űs ƣőlvo-Ø kı̋-o eȝu=boþ-a̋s ɔ́na e=e̋s-a
wage.war-AG-G.s brave-ABS action-N.s his=duty-G.s outside PST=be-IND


  • The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.
  • rem̃rűs żőőnaþu főő ɔ́na lűku e-fe̋e̋a ne:
rem̃r-űs żőőn-a-þ-u főő ɔ́na lűk-u e=fe̋e̋-a
peasant-G.s beget-IND-PP-N.s ten past count-SUP PST=be.unable-IND


  • 19. pósa denotes posterior to in time or space.
    • Possible translations: after, behind, following.
  • It was after noon when we finally arrived.
  • m̃úm m̃enðónu tytopaþűm. naaża̋s pósa e-e̋sa:
m̃-úm m̃enðónu ty~top-a-þ-űm naaż-a̋s pósa e=e̋s-a
1p-G finally PRF~arrive-IND-PP-G.p noon-G.s after PST=be-IND


  • I could see the smoke of the pine forest fire behind me.
  • mu mús pósa ȝaṡős aaþe̋s műxom na̋ku e-ma̋ƣa:
m-u m-ús pósa ȝaṡ-ős aaþ-e̋s műx-om na̋k-u e=ma̋ƣ-a
1s-N 1s-G behind pine.forest-G.s fire-G.s smoke-A.s see-SUP PST=be.able-IND


  • Following the battle, the women looked for survivors.
  • ǧe̋nus ṡatős pósa t̬iɫőnun e-ve̋da:
ǧe̋n-us ṡat-ős pósa t̬ı̋ɫ-l-un e=ve̋d-a
woman-N.p battle-G.s following survive-AG-A.p PST=look.for-IND


  • 20. sána denotes lacking something.
    • Possible translations: without.
  • The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.
  • t̬ı̋ɫlus tı̋r a̋han lim̤̃a̋a̋stom tára hurő' sána e-ta̋ƣa:
t̬ı̋ɫ-l-us tı̋r a̋h-an lim̃.m̃a̋a̋st-om tára hur-ő'- sána e=ta̋ƣ-a
survive-AG-N.p three day-A.p sand.wasteland-A.s across water-G.s-ELIS without PST=travel-IND


  • 21. sííra denotes up to a limit.
    • Possible translations: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until/till, (up) to.
  • The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.
  • ka̋a̋ðlu faakő' sííra e-ṡűra. pósi e-ı̋ta:
ka̋a̋ð-l-u faak-ő-' sííra e=ṡűr-a e=ı̋t-a
murder-AG-N.s cliff-G.s-ELIS at.the.edge.of PST=stand-IND then PST=jump-IND


  • We will go with you as far as the river.
  • m̃us da̋a̋em sííra tum u-sűna:
m̃-us da̋a̋-em sííra t-um u=sűn-a
1p-N river-A.s as.far.as 2s-A FUT=go.with-IND


  • You may have as many as five apples.
  • tu pe̋n abelőm sííra űdu őða:
t-u pe̋n abel-őm sííra űd-u őð-a
2s-N five apple-G.p as.many.as have-SUP be.permitted-IND


  • The apple tree grew to a height of ten feet.
  • abe̋li főő napa̋m goxta̋' sííra e-a̋la
abe̋l-i főő nap-a̋m goxt-a̋-' sííra e=a̋l-a
apple.tree-N.s ten napa-G.p height-G.s-ELIS to PST=grow-IND


  • We will wait for you until/till sunup.
  • m̃us needő' sííra tum u-me̋na:
m̃-us need-ő-' sííra t-um u=me̋n-a
1p-N sunup-G.s-ELIS until 2s-A FUT=wait.for-IND


  • The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.
  • ginda̋a̋gu tubő' sííra mu-gı̋ndom e-pe̋e̋la:
gind-a̋a̋g-u tub-ő-' sííra mu=gı̋nd-om e=pe̋e̋l-a
cup-OCC-N.s brim-G.s-ELIS to my=cup-A.s PST=fill-IND


  • 22. ša denotes exception.
    • Possible translations: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
  • Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.
  • þűn a-ðuuő' ša. m̃u-sevke̋isa dı̋zra e-vűűa:
þűn a=ðuu-ő-' ša m̃u=sev.ke̋is-a dı̋zr-a e=vűű-a
one that=storm-G.s-ELIS apart.from our=amuse.time-N.s wonderful-N.s be-IND


  • Your statement is beside the point.
  • tu-tőso ȝovra̋' ša e̋sa:
tu=tős-o ȝovr-a̋-' ša e̋s-a
your=statement point-G.s-ELIS beside be-IND


  • There's no one here besides Bill and me.
  • né' uilkűsk̬e músk̬e ša íðu e̋sa:
ne-' uilk-űs=k̬e m-ús=k̬e ša íðu e̋s-a
no.one-ELIS Bill-G.s=and 1s-G=and besides here be-IND


  • But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.
  • ṡaþmórmimlűs ze̋go kiő' ša. őmu ṡa̋tom hɪhaȝe̋ȝa:
ṡaþ.mór.mim-l-űs ze̋go-Ø ki-ő-' ša őm-u ṡa̋t-om hɪ~haȝ-e̋ȝa
battle.horse-ride-AG-G.s brave-ABS deed-G.s-ELIS but.for army-N.s battle-A.s PRF~lose-SBJ


  • They were all there except/save me.
  • őru éȝus mú' ša tőru e-vűűa:
őru-Ø éȝ-us m-ú-' ša tőru e=vűű-a
all-ABS 3-N.s 1s-G-ELIS except there PST=be-IND


  • The cooks served the troops three oxen, not to speak of/mention the many chickens.
  • dűƣlus ṡaþm̃űs o tı̋r fɔ̋xen. m̃e̋ume kake̋m ša. e-nı̋ı̋xa:
dűƣ-l-us ṡaþm̃-űs o tı̋r fɔ̋x-en m̃e̋ume-Ø kak-e̋m ša e=nı̋ı̋x-a
cook-AG-N.s troops-G.s to three ox-A.p many-ABS chicken-G.p not.to.mention PST=serve-IND


  • I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.
  • mu mu-paadős éna pa̋uo piinkőm ša néo pı̋ı̋nom űða:
m-u mu=paad-ős éna pa̋uo-Ø piin-k-őm ša néo-Ø pı̋ı̋n-om űð-a
1s-N my=pocket-G.s in few-ABS money-DIM-G.p other.than no-ABS money-A.s have-IND


  • Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.
  • govta̋' ša. ii-éȝu eȝús éra néom űða:
govt-a̋-' ša ii=éȝ-u eȝ-ús éra né-om űð-a
beauty-G.s-ELIS outside F=3-N.s 3-G.s for nothing-A.s have-IND


  • 23. ṡ̨úfa denotes in the course of.
    • Possible translations: in, on, during, through, throughout, under, for, in the process-, -course-, -of,
  • In my day we did it differently.
  • m̃us mu-a̋ham ṡ̨úfa góivi éȝom e-kı̋a:
m̃-us mu=a̋h-am ṡ̨úfa gói=vi éȝ-om e=kı̋-a
1p-N my=day-A.s in different=ADV 3-A.s PST=do-IND


  • We can do this for you on Monday.
  • m̃us púúsena̋ham ṡ̨úfa tús éra som kı̋u ma̋ƣa:
m̃-us púúsen.a̋h-am ṡ̨úfa t-ús éra s-om kı̋-u ma̋ƣ-a
1p-N Puusenu.day-A.s on 2s-G for this-A.s do-SUP be.able-IND


  • We can shelter in that cave during the storm.
  • m̃us ðuuős ṡ̨úfa a-fagős éna te̋gu ma̋ƣa:
m̃-us ðuu-ős ṡ̨úfa a-fag-ős éna te̋g-u ma̋ƣ-a
1p-N storm-G.s during that-cave-G.s in shelter-SUP be.able-IND


  • We have been friends through many trials.
  • m̃us me̋e̋a kalta̋m ṡ̨úfa vı̋lus ese̋sa:
m̃-us me̋e̋a-Ø kalt-a̋m ṡ̨úfa vı̋l-us e~e̋s-a
1p-N many-ABS trial-G.p through friend-N.p PRF~be-IND


  • What he had done was soon known throughout the camp.
  • no—táom éȝu e-kɪkı̋a—voutiȝős ṡ̨úfa múdu sa̋a̋raþo e-ı̋la:
n-o tá-om éȝ-u e=kɪ~kı̋-a vout-iȝ-ős ṡ̨úfa múdu sa̋a̋r-a-þ-o e=ı̋l-a
that-N.s which-A.s 3-N.s PST=PRF~do-IND tent-COL-G.s throughout soon know-IND-PP-N.s PST=become-IND


  • Under the king's rule things were much better.
  • m̃e̋kos reeƣűs zilra̋s ṡ̨úfa méévi vɪva̋dos e-vűűa:
m̃e̋k-os reeƣ-űs zilr-a̋s ṡ̨úfa méé=vi vɪ~va̋d-os e=vűű-a
thing-N.p king-G.s rule-G.s under much=ADV EL~good-N.p PST=be-IND


  • For miles and miles we could see nothing but sand.
  • m̃us t̨umrena̋sk̬e t̨umrena̋sk̬e ṡ̨úfa lim̃ő' ša néom na̋ku e-ma̋ƣa:
m̃-us t̨um.ren-a̋s=k̬e t̨um.ren-a̋s=k̬e ṡ̨úfa lim̃-ő-' ša né-om na̋k-u e=ma̋ƣ-a
1p-N thousand.step-G.s=and thousand.step-G.s=and for sand-G.s-ELIS except nothing-A.s see-SUP PST=be.unable-IND


  • 24. þáfa denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively.
    • Possible translations: (all) over, through(out), about.
  • Throughout the nation there was great joy.
  • m̃e̋ża ba̋ȝa mexa̋s þáfa e-vűűla:
m̃e̋ża-Ø ba̋ȝ-a mex-a̋s þáfa e=vűűl-a
great-ABS joy-N.s nation-G.s throughout PST=there.be-IND


  • The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.
  • ga̋a̋ȝu őro voutiȝős þáfa ve̋naþa ı̋lu e-ma̋ƣa:
ga̋a̋ȝ-u őro-Ø vout-iȝ-ős þáfa ve̋n-a-þ-a ı̋l-u e=ma̋ƣ-a
sing-SUP whole-ABS tent-COL-G.s all.over hear-IND-PP-N.s become-SUP PST=be.able-IND


  • The king said we might wander through the castle.
  • re̋e̋ƣu m̃um ðűűnom þáfa ma̋lu maƣu e-te̋e̋a:
re̋e̋ƣ-u m̃-um ðűűn-om þáfa ma̋l-u maƣ-u e=te̋e̋-a
king-N.s 1p-A castle-A.s through wander-SUP be.able-SUP PST=say-IND


  • I can hear the children running about the yard.
  • mu ɔ̋pom þáfa re̋e̋santu ṡı̋ṡun ve̋nu ma̋ƣa:
m-u ɔ̋p-om þáfa re̋e̋s-a-ntu-Ø ṡı̋ṡ-un ve̋n-u ma̋ƣ-a
1s-N yard-A.s about run-IND-AP-ABS child-A.p hear-SUP be.able-IND


  • 25. úúda denotes egress.
    • Possible translations: out of, from.
  • The chick fell out of its nest.
  • bőőde dűpom úúda e-főőla:
bőőd-e dűp-om úúda e=főől-a
chick-N.s nest-A.s out.of PST=fall-IND


  • I dropped the bowl when I took it from the cupboard.
  • mu ka̋ikom e-feþı̋d̨a—méti hőlṡom úúda éȝom e-őȝa:
m-u ka̋ik-om e=feþ-ı̋d̨-a méti hőlṡ-om úúda éȝ-om e=őȝ-a
1s-N bowl-A.s PST=drop-TRZ-IND when cupboard-A.s from 3-A.s PST-take.out IND
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