Sevvufery

Sevvufery [sɛgyˈfɛre] is a language spoken by the Sevvuferýkilý of Sevvuferý, a country at the centre of contemporary maps of the fictional planet Erad. Its inhabitants are similar to humans, apart from differences in intellectual capacity. This is a mostly inflectional, semi-naturalistic conlang, with some elements of an a priori conlang and some elements of an a posteriori conlang and has existed as two versions, the first of which, also known as "proto-Sevvufery" or "Segufery", was developed when the creator of the language was about 10 years old. Later, the addition of inflectional features and loss of words formed from the reverse spelling of words in existing languages (this can still be seen in older words, such as the word for animal, "lamina") effectively revamped the language to its second version, which is the conlang in its current state, although it has been in development for a few years, since about 2021. In its conworld, Sevvufery is the result of the fusion of the languages of the four regions surrounding the land, which is the cause of some of the language's difficult features, such as verbs having four clearly distinct declensions.

The language's grammar is largely influenced by Latin and Ancient Greek, while its vocabulary has influences from English, Dutch, Russian, German, Polish and Yoruba. However, parts of both the grammar and vocabulary are not influenced by any existing languages, purely being products of the creator's imagination.

Phonology

Consonants

Sevvufery has 27 consonants. Some of these are represented using two of the same letter, but they are treated as one letter in writing, and would be considered as such to a native speaker. The same applies for "ΔΓ". Where two consonants are in the same cell, the one on the left represents the voiceless version.

NOTE: Where brackets are used, the letter outside of the bracket indicates the romanisation of the letter as it would be used in writing, whereas the letter inside the brackets indicates the sound as it would be transcribed using IPA.

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Plosive	p b		t d					k [k]* vv [g]*		- [ʔ]*
Nasal	m	ɱ*		n		ɳ*		ΔΓ [ŋ]
Trill				r
Affricate					g[ʧ]		yy [dʑ]
Fricative		f v	å [θ] ð [ð]	s [s] x [z]	rr [ʃ] ii [ʒ]				hh [χ]	h/ʰ [h]* [ɦ]*
Lateral Fricative				∞ [ɬ]
Approximant		w [ʋ]					j
Lateral Approximant				l

Consonants with only labialised versions [IPA]	r
Consonants with only palatalised versions [IPA]	b, d, l, m, n, ʋ
Consonants with both [IPA]	k, p, s, t
Consonants with neither [IPA]	f, ʧ, h, ɦ, ʒ, j, v, g, z, ʥ, ŋ, ɬ
Consonants which assimilate to the point of articulation before/after another consonant [IPA]	d, l, n, j, ʋ (↗ʷ)

The placement of [t] and [d] is unclear, even among Sevvuferýn experts of pronunciation, as there is so much variation between different dialects that they are either dental, alveolar or postalveolar plosives. Hence, they are listed as being in all of these columns at once. However, the most common pronunciation is as alveolar plosives.

[k] is not released if preceding another consonant, even between words. For example, the phrase "nek got" (/nɛk̚ ʧɔt/) meaning "I don't know". [g] is reduced in the same way before another consonant, and is also devoiced, with some exceptions. See the list of currently existing Sevvuferyn words for further information.

[n] is reanalysed as [ɳ] before another consonant.

[m] is reanalysed as [ɱ] before another consonant.

[h] is reanalysed as [ɦ] if it is the last letter of a word or before [t]. ʰ is pronounced as a weaker version of [h] and cannot appear at the start or end of words.

As was shown in the table above, [ʋ] can sometimes be assimilated to [ʷ] if a consonant is either before or after it. For example, in the word "ywtar" (/eʷtar/) meaning "weather", although this prelabialisation is less common than the normal labialisation of consonants. Similarly, other consonants, especially in clusters, can be assimilated to affecting the previous letter's point of articulation. As another example, the word "silnif" (/siˡnif/) meaning "son".

The glottal stop [ʔ] technically exists in Sevvufery, but only in very limited cases, usually where two words have become stuck together over time to gain a new meaning without the consonants merging. This happened, for example, with the word "det-dojsi" (/dɛtʔdɔisi/), which originates from the merging of the South Sevvuferyn word "det" (meaning "someone/idea") and the West Sevvuferyn word "dojsi" (meaning "to steal/carry away").

Letters representing consonant clusters

The cluster [ks] is represented by the letter 'z'

The cluster [zχ] is represented by the "letter" 'zz'

Monopthongs

Sevvufery uses 18 letters to represent vowel/dipthong sounds. Of these, 13 represent monopthongs. Where two sounds are included in the same row, the one on the left represents the unrounded version

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i/ý [i]* u [y]		ö [u]
Near-close	í [ɪ]
Close-mid	y [e]	ä [ɵː]
Mid			õ [o̞ː]
Open-mid	e [ɛ]		o [ɔ]
Near-open		ú [ɐ ~ ə]*
Open	a		ã [ɑː]

i and ý both represent the front close unrounded [i]. However, ý is shorter in length, usually thought to be half a syllable and sometimes treated as such in poetry and song. Hence, its symbol in the IPA of Sevvuferyn words containing it is given as [ĭ]. The value of 'ý' also varies between just [ĭ] and [ĭʔ], with the latter being less common in normal speech but more so when someone is speaking slowly/emphatically or in works of literature.

"ú" officially is the central near-open unrounded vowel [ɐ]. However, in common usage and between different dialects its pronunciation varies between this and schwa [ə].

Dipthongs

Vowel clusters are banned in Sevvufery, with the exception of "oj", mainly due to [j] acting as a semi-vowel in some cases. so other letters are used for dipthongs, as are shown below:

• ÿ [ai]
• ø [aɔ]
• ë [ɛi]
• ï [ɪi]
• ü [ɐi ~ əi]

Although long consonants usually do not occur in Sevvufery, there is one exception: [j], when following [ai], as the result is a contraction from [aij] to [ajː]. This is still spelled with "ÿj", however...

Where other sounds occur next to each other, when using ʰ (see below for further information), they are pronounced as separate syllables. For example, in the word "zzãʰýn" (zχɑːĭn), meaning 'heavy', the long /ɑː/ vowel and the short /ĭ/ vowel are pronounced individually despite different vowel lengths – importantly, they are NOT combined into a dipthong.

Stress

Emphasis always falls on the penultimate syllable of a word, which, for words shorter than three syllables, will simply be the first syllable. For example, even for a longer word such as "esomemas" /εsɔmεmas/ (we might have been used), stress falls on the "me" syllable [ɛsɔpɔˈmɛmas]. It is also marked by rising intonation, and, usually, an increase in volume, as is familiar for most languages, and there is no pitch accent/tonal system.

Morphology/Phonotactics

Syllables in Sevvufery generally have the structure (C)V(C) for word-initial and word-final syllables, and (C)(C)V(C)(C) for syllables in-between. It is worth noting that if a CVC syllable is followed by a CCVCC syllable, one or more of the consonants will be dropped, as clusters of 3 letters or more are generally not permitted. All sounds are permitted in the onset and coda, but, as will be shown later, most consonant clusters are banned at the start and end of words.

Common sound shifts

See here.

Sound clusters

Start of a word

Most sound clusters are banned at the start of words, but there are three which are permitted: kr, tr and kw, although the latter is rarely used since it would replace the "q" ([kʷ]) sound, a sound which is virtually absent in Sevvufery to begin with.

For example, in the word 'krut' (/kryt/) meaning 'synagogue'

Middle

However, in the middle of words, consonant clusters are allowed, if they are no longer than two letters (with one exception : ntr), provided that a vowel both preceeds and proceeds them.

For example, the word 'ysry' (/esre/) meaning 'voice'.

End of a word

There is some more lenience at the end of words, although not much. Again though, the clusters must not be any longer than 2 letters. The following are permitted: ns, nt, nk. And here the effect I mentioned earlier occurs, where the n shifts to being pronounced as [ɳ] because it precedes another consonant.

For example, the word 'nunk' (/nyɳk/) meaning 'to notice'.

Uses of ʰ

Vowel lengthening

Now, with the exception of 'i' and 'ý', Sevvufery does not distinguish between long and short vowels with the use of different letters/macrons. In order to lengthen another vowel, two of the same vowel are placed on either side of the letter ʰ.

For example: the word "hyliʰi" (/heliː/) meaning 'certain' or 'specific'

Although this is rare, this can also occur for vowels that are already long, so they are lengthened exaggeratedly.

For example: the word "ãʰãsi" (/ɑːːsi/) meaing 'to annoy'

Joining vowels in a very weak dipthong

The other use of ʰ is less subtle, and places more importance on its pronunciation. When two vowels occur next to each other whose dipthong is not already covered by one of the letters mentioned earlier, ʰ is used to connect these since it does act as a consonant, just a weakly pronounced one.

For example, in the word 'yʰale' (/ealɛ/) meaning 'phase'. Here, the 'h' sound is almost not pronounced, but it is not entirely absent. However, it is so weakly pronounced that it is not included in the IPA transcription.

affixes

Sevvufery employs the use of prefixes, suffixes, and, rarely, infixes, which can be added to a word to change its meaning, and will often change the pronunciation of the part of the new word that was inherited from its affixless form.

The most common examples of this occur with numbers, as is further explained in the section with that title. However, it can happen for regular words as well. Common patterns are shown below, along with examples:

• Initial and/or final vowels, and even whole syllables, may be elided. For example, most words that stem from [concept + "ekil" (meaning "man" or "human being")] have elided the initial [ε] of ekil. This is reflected in spelling.
  

  Thus, for example, "uhiju" (music) becomes "uhijukil" (music-man, i.e musician). 

  This kind of elision also tends to occur for concepts related to "silif" (child), "neftam"(sibling), "gëhom" (parent), "ibajo" (its meaning is further covered in the section Regular Nouns and Adjectives) and many others.

• Consonant and vowel clusters tend towards a monophthong – with some exceptions.
  

  Hence, the archaic form of the number 126, "oiidojxis"*, becomes "oiioyyis": [d] is elided after [ʒ], and [ɔjz]/[ɔiz] is reduced and palatalised to [ɔdʑ]

• As just mentioned, consonants following [ʒ] are usually elided.
  

  "dúiijad"* (red stone) becomes "dúiiad" (brick): [j] is elided such that [ʒj] becomes [ʒ], so /dɐʒad/

• Consonants before [j] are usually elided, EXCEPT FOR [s].

  "sut" (obvious) + "jak" (certain) becomes "sujak" from the archaic form "sutjak"*: [t] is elided such that [tj] (or [tʲ]) becomes [j]. 

  Note: the ablative of this noun (more on this in the next section) is used as a means of saying "surely" (because the ablative of this means, approximately, "in an obviously certain way", which is close to "surely").

• Sometimes, two consonants may be joined together which do not fit, such as [ʧ]+[t] ([ʧt is difficult to pronounce for the average Sevvuferýkil]). What usually happens in this case is that a short [ɵ] is added inbetween. Due to the limitations of Sevvuferyn phonology, this [ɵ] lengthens over time to [ɵː]
  

  "õnf-" (from "onÿfunk", meaning "to defend") + "ry" (thing) becomes "õnfäry": an extra [ɵː] was added to prevent a cluster of three sounds, [ɳfr], as this would not fit with Sevvuferyn phonology. Thus, [o̞ːɳfre] became [o̞ːɳfɵːre].

Full lists have been provided below for both Sevvuferyn prefixes and suffixes.

Interverbal rules

Features such as /n/ shifting to /ɳ/ before another consonant also apply between words. Thus, a phrase such as "Tofanen rul" (I hit the ball) is pronounced [tɔfanɛɳ ryl]. The fact that this occurs at the end of a word does not matter.

Another, more colloquial, rule, is that vowels at the end and start of words may be pronounced together as a dipthong. However, this can only occur when it is permitted under Sevvuferyn phonetics. For example, in the phrase "Na oheå" (and this), those speaking quickly or informally will pronounce it as if it was written "nøheå".

Something else which may occur is that, when the two sounds at the end of a word and the start of the next one are identical, rather than being pronounced as a longer version of the same letter, they are pronounced together as if only one letter was written. For example, the phrase "MËN nekytïkuman" (he deceives you) would, when speaking quickly/informally, be pronounced [mɛinɛketɪikyman].

Writing System

So far, only the romanisation of the Sevvuferyn script is known, but one feature which is certainly present in the original script is that there is a unit larger than a sentence, indicated by two brackets [].

However, this feature may not be included in certain types of documents and/or written works. For example, Frathwiki's main page in Sevvufery does not use these brackets, because what would be indicated by the two brackets is already clearly shown.

Grammar

Nouns and Adjectives

Nouns in Sevvufery employ a highly inflectional structure, where each case, apart from the nominative singular, is marked with a suffix. Adjectives precede the noun they describe, and must agree with it in number, but not in case (so, for example, an adjective in the dative plural does not need to be followed by a noun in the dative plural, but the noun must still be in the plural form, and not the singular). This will be explained further in the section 'Articles' burden'. All nouns and adjectives decline differently depending on whether they end in a consonant, or a vowel.

Regular nouns

Nouns in Sevvufery can have eight cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, possessive*, dative, ablative, locative, resultant, which serve the following purposes:

The Nominative acts as the subject of the sentence. Some prepositions, such as "nas" meaning "against", are followed by the nominative.

The Accusative acts as the object of a sentence.

The Genitive indicates possession, as does the Possessive, but the latter can be combined with any case, to achieve meanings such as 'of my' or 'to his' etc.

The Dative can be used in either a locative sense, or to indicate the recipient of an action.

The Ablative can be used in four different ways:

1. By itself, without an article. In this case, it means 'in' or 'on'
2. By itself, with an article. Either the article is in the ablative, or the noun is, but it is the presence In this case, it indicates an instrumental sense (i.e 'by [insert noun]')
3. With the word 'ibajo', without an article. In this case, it means 'from' or 'out of'
4. With the word 'ibajo', with an article. In this case, it means 'with', in a sense of companionship. It can also be used in an instrumental sense, but aside from a few expressions it is more common to use the present participle of "eson" (to use) for that function.

The Locative indicates a locational sense where the observer is 'at' their destination. So, indeed, it means 'at [insert noun]'

The Resultant has two uses:

1. Following comparatives, to achieve the meaning 'than [insert noun]'
2. Indirect statements, to achieve the meaning 'that [insert noun]'

	Consonant		Vowel
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-ý	-	-jý
Accusative	-en	-ýjen	-mon	-kýmon
Genitive	-im	-ig	-jö	-zze
Possessive	-tel*
Dative	-aii	-ÿhh	-fo	-kä
Ablative	-al	-ÿl	-byn	-býn
Locative	-gúd	-mød	-úd	-ød
Resultant	-uvv	-ivv	-bøl	-bõl

 -el after [ʧ], [zχ], [d] or consonant clusters

It is also worth mentioning that when the possessive is used, it is permissible in some contexts to refer to someone by just using the ending 'tel' without mentioning the possessor. This should be reserved for contexts where it is obvious, however.

For example, "Nosen got, na tel rehöm enid søn" (I know the king, and his (referring back to that same king) mother is nice).

Regular Nouns ending in ý or ý + consonant

These nouns will function the same way as regular nouns in the singular cases, but not so much in their plural forms. Pay attention to the changes to the parts of the verb in bold, and the possessive will not be shown as that is not affected.

	donagým	kïlý
Nominative	donagim	kïli
Accusative	donagimjen	kïlikmon
Genitive	donagýmig	kïlýzze
Dative	donagýmÿhh	kïlýkä
Ablative	donagýmÿl	kïlib
Locative	donagýmød	kïlýmød
Resultant	donagýmivv	kilýbõl

Even though many cases remain the same, the change to the plural ablative for nouns ending in ý is particularly notable, as that may be confused for another noun.

Pronouns

	(ending in) ËÏR	(ending in) "ËIR"
Accusative	ËN	IN
Genitive	ŸR	AR
Possessive	ËT	IT
Dative	ÏII	III
Ablative	ÏL	YL
Locative	ÏD	ID
Resultant	ÄVV	ÜVV

Adjectives

Adjectives decline identically to regular nouns, so that will not be covered in this section. It is worth mentioning that some adjectives either only have a plural form or only have a singular form. The list of currently existing Sevvuferyn words provides more information, but this happens due to the meanings of the words and how they are expressed. For example, the word "yyizyn" (/ʥiksen/) meaning "many" declines as a singular adjective, and has no plural form, as you cannot have "multiple manys*" of something. This can also be the case for nouns, but that is less common.

Table of Contractions

Letter	e-contraction	i-contraction	ú-contraction
a	y	ÿ	ø
ä	ä	ú	o
e	e	i	í
ö	õ	u	ö

ë, ï and ü have not been included here, since they would just be reduced to e + j, í + j, and ú + j respectively, after which they follow the consonant endings.

Rules of formation

Although adjectives may end in any consonant, they cannot end in any vowel. Only the following are permitted, due to the way this plays into comparatives, superlatives and absolutives, having mentioned the table of contractions in the previous section: a, ä, e, ë, ï, ö, ü.

Comparative

This is the mode adjectives take in order to, well, compare nouns to others, as is the case for many natural languages. Comparatives decline like regular adjectives. They are formed by adding -egan to consonant endings, and adding the e-contracted version of the last vowel of the adjective + gan if the adjective ends in a vowel. Refer to the Table of Contractions. Comparatives are followed by the resultant case to achieve the meaning 'than [insert object]'

For example, "dögegan ekniluvv mo."

I am better than the man.

However, this only applies to sentences where something is compared to a noun. In order to compare something to a verb (e.g "I did more than he could do"), the ending of "nøvv" or "øvv" is supplied. Keep in mind that this will not apply to participles, which would decline as regular adjectives, but only to verbs. Thus, the sentence "You want more than you have" becomes "Øsora fynamon evunøvv". This will also have an effect on which syllable is emphasised.

Superlative

This is the mode adjectives take only to indicate a substantial amount of the adjective's quality, not per se to indicate the highest possible amount of it. The latter function is taken up by the absolutive.

The Sevvuferyn superlative is formed by adding either '-ivvi' to adjectives ending in consonants, or the adjective's last vowel's i-contracted version + -vvi to adjectives ending in vowels.

Take this sentence, for example:

Oheå sytejýn dögivvi søn.
Oheå	sytejýn	dögivvi	søn
This	bread	good.SUPER	be.IND.ACT.3rd.SING

This bread is very good.

Absolutive

As mentioned previously, adjectives take this mode to indicate the highest possible amount of an adjective's quality. They are formed either by adding 'úme' to adjectives ending in consonants, or by adding the adjective's last vowel's ú-contracted version + -me to adjectives ending in vowels.

For example:

Søn et nagríme Sevvuferÿl* ediga.
Søn	et	nagríme	Sevvuferÿl	ediga
be.IND.ACT.3rd.SING	the.NOM.SING	big.ABS	Sevvuferý.ABL.SING	bridge.NOM.SING

It is the biggest bridge in Sevvuferý.

*you may notice that the ablative of 'Sevvuferý' is not what you would expect. This is covered in the section "Irregular Terminations of 'Sevvuferý' and 'Sevvufery'"

Numbers

Number System

The way Sevvufery deals with numbers is... more mathematical than most languages can be bothered to include. But to begin, the numbers 0-10 are just direct translations (and the ordinals are also shown here):

English	Sevvufery	Sevvuferyn ordinal
zero	nihilil	nihilal
one	oiienzzi	oiienal
two	dojeni	dojenal
three	trezeni	trezenal
four	ereja	erejal
five	kwinkwa	kwinkwal
six	xis	xisal
seven	pente	pentejal
eight	ohhoj	ohhojal
nine	xande	xandejal
ten	zortýn	zortyjal

However, for numbers greater than 10, Sevvufery actually just says the digits, in base 10, of the number, starting with the biggest. However, it does not use these forms of said numbers. It uses the shortened stems instead. The other stems which are shown here will be explained afterwards, but here is a list of said stems:

Number	Shortened stem(s)	Root
nihilil	níh,* ní,* íh,* í*	n/a
oiienzzi	oii	o
dojeni	doj	id
trezeni	trez	ter
ereja	erej	er
kwinkwa	kwin	ki
xis	xit	i
pente	pen	e
ohhoj	ohh	y
xande	xan	ax
zortýn	n/a	zo

Those for 0 will vary based on the phonetics of the numbers before and after it. For example, 204 is dojíhereja, but 505 is peníkwinkwa. Granted, the "n" here was already part of the shortened stem for the number 5, but the stem is still different in that it does not have the "h" that the stem in dojíhereja had.

Another useful thing to note is that this does not apply to multiples of ten. For these, we simply add -anos to the shortened stems (and -anal for the ordinal form).

For multiples of 100, we add -oðe to the shortened stems, with the exception of 100 itself, which has the name 'xendato' (ordinal: xendatal)

And for greater numbers, we use this formula:

S + R + -mil

Where S is the shortened stem and R is the root, or combination of roots. ʰ will sometimes be necessary in said combination.

For example, the current estimate for the number of atoms in the universe, in Sevvufery, is 'xendatidimil' (/zɛndatidimil/) which can be broken down into 'xendat' + 'id' 'i' + mil i.e 100 x 10^(3(20 + 6)) or 10^2 x 10^78, which equals 10^80.

Cases

Although numbers have an almost completely different declination system to regular nouns, they also do not decline for the accusative singular and plural. This can lead to some ambiguity, as, for example, the sentence "trezeni ivvuåÿhe" can mean either "three [people/beings] understand" or "they understand three [people/beings]". Granted, this can be avoided in most cases by switching the word order for the second example, and leaving the first to be understood from context.

	Vowel		Consonant
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-mý	-	-emý
Accusative	-	-mý	-	-emý
Genitive	-jÿ	-mlÿ	-ÿ	-emÿ
Dative	-lo	-lmo	-ilo	-emo
Ablative	-byn	-býn	-ymal	-ýmal
Locative	-ú	-ö	-ú	-ö
Resultant	-eΔΓ	-eΔΓý	-eΔΓ	-eΔΓý

Note that for the locative and resultant, vowel and consonant endings are the same. This is because, if the number ends in a vowel, said vowel is lost in place of the ending: for example, "ereja" becomes "erejú" in the locative singular.

Combining Cases with the Possessive

Remember how there are two ways to express possession in Sevvufery? Well, the possessive can, as stated earlier, be combined with other cases. It declines like any regular noun that ends in a consonant, but the stem now has "-tel" added to it.

For example, the word "nosteluvv" (/nɔstɛlyg/), meaning "that the king's".

For plural subjects, the letter 'ý' is added before '-tel' to the stem. Thus, for the plural form of the same word, we have "nosýteluvv" (/nɔsĭtɛlyg/) meaning "that the kings'".

Articles' burden

This refers to the fact that, in Sevvufery, the definite and indefinite articles do not need to agree with the noun they describe, similar to adjectives, in case. They will need to agree in number, however. Thus, you might as well say that the article "takes the burden" of the case upon itself so that the following noun does not have to.

This also applies to the 2nd and 4th uses of the ablative (see the section Regular Nouns for more information).

For example: Sytejýnen gafus (I eat bread) becomes "eten sytejýn gafus (I eat the bread).

Irregular Terminations of 'Sevvuferý' and 'Sevvufery'

These irregularities are due to the influence of neighbouring languages such as North-East Sevvufery and Cathlushenian, since those humans would more commonly use these words than the Sevvuferýkilý.

	Sevvuferý	Sevvufery	+possessive
Nominative	Sevvuferý	Sevvufery	n/a
Accusative	Sevvuferýj	Sevvuferyj	n/a
Genitive	Sevvuferýn	Sevvuferyn	SevvuferýΔΓ	SevvuferyΔΓ
Possessive	Sevvuferýn	Sevvuferyn	n/a
Dative	Sevvuferým	Sevvuferem	Sevvuferýmní	Sevvuferymne
Ablative	Sevvuferyl	Sevvuferÿl	Sevvuferýle	Sevvuferyle
Locative	Sevvuferu	Sevvuferø	Sevvuferun	Sevvuferøn
Resultant	Sevvuferýd	Sevvuferyd	Sevvuferýnde	Sevvuferynde

Verbs

Sevvuferyn verbs fall into four categories, and these have distinctly different endings. The standard form used for study, and for giving explanations about verbs, is the present infinitive.

Simplest verb

Historically, this was the first word added to Sevvufery, when its first ruler had just arrived and before the language merged with those of its neighbours. It means 'to' but without indicating what the action is. It declines irregularly and its present tense is the source of Sevvuferyn pronouns. 'Yr' (/er/) was originally the present tense infinitive, but over time that has contracted into 'yk' (/ek/). A table of the past and future tenses will be shown below ― since the pronouns are, well, nouns, these will be omitted, being the present tense of 'yk'.

	Past	Future
INFINITIVE	arre	kyzzø
1st person singular	errø	ixo
2nd person singular	rrolú	jilu
3rd person singular	minzze	dizz
1st person plural	ösö	ximar
2nd person plural	rrúntis	kyzzö
3rd person plural	zzøme	ezzi

Since Sevvufery can turn verbs into participles in the present, past and future (as is shown in the section Participles), these will also be shown here.

	Active	Passive
Present	nin	ne*
Past	sa	kaå*
Future	bölyb	böleb*

*The passive forms of these participles are actually used as the participles for the word 'si' (to be), since they technically align in meaning.

Indicative Mood

Nothing unusual to see here. This is just what you would expect, the mood used to indicate a statement or fact.

Active Voice

Present Tenses

Let us begin with something basic, the Simple Present Tense. The four example verbs mean "to appear (in the sense of making an apparition, not as a synonym of "to seem")", "to say", "to go", and "to notice", respectively, and these will also be used as examples for all other tenses. The parts in bold are the endings, whereas the regular parts indicate the stem. The verb "to be" will also be shown on the side as its conjugation is almost completely irregular

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation	4th conjugation	"to be"
Infinitive	apar	ysi	nigon	nunk	si
1st person singular	apa	ys*	nigot	nul	mo
2nd person singular	apal	ysora	nigo	nu	sø
3rd person singular	apansí	ysoran	nigont	numan	søn
1st person plural	apamnes	ysoros	nigotus	nuta	sos
2nd person plural	apasí	ysojõ	nigotis	nutys	sõ
3rd person plural	apante	ysojyn	nigotin	nuåe	syn

*some verbs instead use the ending -mo for the 1st person singular, which is also the irregular 1st person singular form of the verb "si". Verbs that do this are either those that combine prepositions with it (e.g "tiposi" (to be present) --> "tipomo") or verbs for which the stem would otherwise contain two consonants which are not allowed under the limitations of Sevvuferyn phonetics (e.g "pelsi" (to sleep) --> "pels"* --> "pelmo").

The verb "si", meaning "to be", belongs in the second declension. However, aside from its irregular participles, it can also be used to form compound and continuous tenses through what are called mutations. Below are the present ones, which are used for the following tenses:

Present continuous

Perfect

Near-Future

And these work in what I would consider to be a very intuitive way: first the stem includes a participle of the first part of this tense (think about the imperfect in English, for example: "I was" is part of the ending, and "doing" is part of the stem), such that the present continuous is literally "doing I am", the perfect is "having done I am", and the near-future is "about to do I am", when transliterated.

	mutation
	vowel	consonant
1st person singular	-s*	-ís
2nd person singular	-ra	-a
3rd person singular	-ran	-an
1st person plural	-nos	-os
2nd person plural	-ilõ*	-õ
3rd person plural	-jyn	-y

  * in the Perfect Tense, the first person singular is actually contracted from "ås" (θs) to "z" (ks), because the former would not be permitted in Sevvufery.
 * -ilõ starting with a vowel will cause the verbs formed to have a dipthong. For example, in the word "nösÿlõ" (/nusailo̞ː/) meaning "you all have noticed"

Past Tenses

Now Sevvufery has two Simple Past tenses – the Past Tense and the Historic Conditional – and five Compound Past tenses – the Imperfect Tense, the Perfect Tense, the Pluperfect Tense, the Future Perfect Tense and the Past Future Tense. The Historic Conditional Tense has its own section, therefore this one will be dedicated to the Past Tense.

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	"to be"
INFINITIVE	apavvÿ	yse	nigovõ	nö	se
1st person singular	apavv	ysele	nigov	nuv	sal
2nd person singular	apavves	yselen	nigova	nöii	san
3rd person singular	apavven	yseres	nigovÿ	nöΔΓ	ses
1st person plural	apavvemes	ysemas	nigovis	nöwö	sys
2nd person plural	apavvejos	ysël	nigovol	nödeg	sël
3rd person plural	apavvenÿ	ysën	nigovens	nöna	sën

And the mutations, used for the following tenses:

Imperfect (was doing)

Pluperfect (had done)

Near-Future Past (was about to do)

	Mutation
	Vowel	Consonant
1st person singular	-le	-e
2nd person singular	-len	-en
3rd person singular	-res	-es
1st person plural	-mas	-as
2nd person plural	-il
3rd person plural	-lín	-ín

Historic Conditional Tense: Present

Now, this tense is NOT to be confused with the regular conditional, used for probable events. This tense is used to describe what would usually happen in the past, if you are speaking from the present. An example in English is "when he was sick, I would visit him in the hospital" or "If we had too much, we would usually give some of them back". Note the use of the word "usually" which is, pun not intended, usually used with this tense in English.

This is the only simple tense to have no infinitive and no participle, and its endings are slightly irregular, especially in the plural forms.

	1st Conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation	4th conjugation	"to be"
1st person singular	apagø	ysyle	nigorro	nüne	∞ël
2nd person singular	apagøne	ysyla	nigorrimo	nújä	∞ÿl
3rd person singular	apagi	ysysym	nigoðo	nújø	sym
1st person plural	apagolmes	ysemys	nigoðäm	numo	zës
2nd person plural	aparëni	yselyn	nigorri	nunhi	∞ïn
3rd person plural	apahýnÿ	ysinyju	nigomä	niiie	süΔΓ

Historic Conditional Tense: Past

This works the same as the present, but for saying "would have", rather than "would".

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	"to be"
1st person singular	apa∞e	ysibin	nigozza	nëmti	zin
2nd person singular	apa∞ík	ysibõ	nigozzep	nejule	zoj
3rd person singular	apa∞a∞	ysasÿn	nigozzamen	nulel	rrÿ
1st person plural	apaʰerr	ysøt	nigoläh	nate	søt
2nd person plural	apaʰeii	ysote	nigozzahhe	naðe	sät
3rd person plural	apaʰa	ysejena	nigoluʰa	nírry	sant

Future tenses

There is one simple future tense, and there are 5 compound future tenses, the Future Continuous Tense, Future Perfect Tense, Near-Future Tense, Near-Future Past Tense and the Near-Future Future Tense. The simple future conjugations are shown below.

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation	4th conjugation	"to be"
INFINITIVE	apariiii	ysý	nigopõb	nÿm	sý
1st person singular	apari	ysýly	nigopot	nÿje	sï
2nd person singular	aparite	ysýlan	nigopol	nÿme	sÿn
3rd person singular	aparimam	ysýlal	nigopoj	nÿka	sÿl
1st person plural	aparimos	ysýnÿs	nigoprem	nÿmos	sÿs
2nd person plural	aparinat	ysýlol	nigopis	nÿlyn	soj
3rd person plural	aparinoj	ysýjun	nigopø	nÿrra	sün

And the mutations, used for the following tenses:

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Near-Future Future

	Mutation
	Vowel	Consonant
1st person singular	-lý	ýl
2nd person singular	-lýn	-ýn
3rd person singular	-lal	-al
1st person plural	-mis	-is
2nd person plural	-äl*
3rd person plural	-jun	-un

* e + ol becomes 'äl'. See how this happens here.

Passive Voice

Now, the passive voice is the same as its active counterpart, but this time the subject has the action done to it, rather than it doing the action. This is similar to most languages that have a passive voice. In the tables below, "nigon" (to go) has been replaced with "donon" (to give), because the latter makes more sense as having a passive form. Same goes for "apar" (to appear, make an apparition) being replaced with "myr" (to think, consider)

Present Tense

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th
INFINITIVE	myåÿ	ysoåÿ	donoteåÿ	nuåÿ
1st person singular	mynawo	ysonawo	donotawo	nunawo
2nd person singular	mynawö	ysonawö	donotawö	nunawö
3rd person singular	mynada	ysonada	donotada	nunada
1st person plural	mynas	ysonas	donotas	nunas
2nd person plural	mynetas	ysonetas	donotetas	nunetas
3rd person plural	mynonas	ysononas	donotonas	nunonas

Past Tense

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th
INFINITIVE	mykåÿ	yseåÿ	donoveåÿ	nöåÿ
1st person singular	myvvawo	ysenawo	donovawo	nönawo
2nd person singular	myvvawö	ysenawö	donovawö	nönawö
3rd person singular	myvvada	ysenada	donovada	nönada
1st person plural	myvvas	ysenas	donovas	nönas
2nd person plural	myvvetas	ysenetas	donovetas	nönetas
3rd person plural	myvvonas	ysenonas	donovonas	nönonas

Note that [g] is reduced to unreleased [k̚] before another consonant, hence the spelling of the 2nd declension infinitive is with 'k' even though 'vv' would be expected.

Historic Conditional Tense: Present

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th
1st person singular	myjegawo	ysyjenawo	donoðarrawo	núiiinawo
2nd person singular	myjegawö	ysyjenawö'	donoðarrawö	núiiinawö
3rd person singular	myjegada	ysyjenada	donoðarrada	núiiinada
1st person plural	myjegas	y'syjenas	donoðarras	núiiinas
2nd person plural	myjegetas	ysyjenetas	donoðarretas	núiiinetas
3rd person plural	myjegonas	ysyjenonas	donoðarronas	núiiinonas

For the 4th declension formation, "úiiin" is a combination of "ú" + "ii" + "in", thus /ɐʒin/

Historic Conditional Tense: Past

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th
1st person singular	my∞ykawo	ysibønawo	donozzähawo	nëlatawo
2nd person singular	my∞ykawö	ysibønawö	donozzähawö	nëlatawö
3rd person singular	my∞ykada	ysibønada	donozzähada	nëlatada
1st person plural	my∞ykas	ysibønas	donozzähas	nëlatas
2nd person plural	my∞yketas	ysibønetas	donozzähetas	nëlatetas
3rd person plural	my∞ykonas	ysibønonas	donozzähonas	nëlatonas

Future Tense

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th
INFINITIVE	myriåÿ	ysýåÿ	donopeåÿ	nÿåÿ
1st person singular	myrinawo	ysýnawo	donopawo	nÿnawo
2nd person singular	myrinawö	ysýnawö	donopawö	nÿnawö
3rd person singular	myrinada	ysýnada	donopada	nÿnada
1st person plural	myrinas	ysýnas	donopas	nÿnas
2nd person plural	myrinetas	ysýnetas	donopetas	nÿnetas
3rd person plural	myrinonas	ysýnonas	donoponas	nÿnonas

Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive is used to state a possibility, i.e what one 'might' do in a situation. Unlike some languages, Sevvufery distinguishes between the Future Subjunctive Tense and the 'Present Subjunctive Tense, as will be shown later.

It was originally formed by taking the genitive of the future participle as the stem, and adding mutations to it to determine tense and person. However, as this was way too inefficient for daily use, it was eventually shortened to just the genitive stem plus the future stem, and then that was further shortened to just the genitive stem, which now is added on to the present stem for all forms of the subjunctive.

Active voice vs Passive voice

This time, there is no separate section for the active and passive voice. The reason is that the only difference between them is that for the passive, the stem of the future passive participle is used instead of the future active. The difference between these two is a single letter: "me" for the active stem and "åe" for the passive stem. As for the infinitives, "åÿ" is still added to distinguish the form from active infinitives. Thus, e.g "ymÿmöåÿ" (to possibly have been learned).

Note that the infinitive, which has no direct English translation but is close to "to possibly do..." can also convey an idea similar to saying, "for the possibility to exist" or "for there to be a chance that".
For example, "Nek nekariʰaåÿ øs." Note how the future stem is kept only for this form.

Literally, "I don't want to be possibly killed" i.e "I don't want the possibility of me being killed to exist"/"I don't want there to be a chance that I die"

Present tense

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	"to be"
INFINITIVE	apariʰar	ysýsi	nigopon	nÿmunk	sýsi
1st person singular	apames	ysmes	nigomes	numes	åes
2nd person singular	apamera	ysmera	nigomera	numera	åera
3rd person singular	apameran	ysmeran	nigomeran	numeran	åeran
1st person plural	apamenos	ysmenos	nigomenos	numenos	åenos
2nd person plural	apamëlõ	ysmëlõ	nigomëlõ	numëlõ	åëlõ
3rd person plural	apamejyn	ysmejyn	nigomejyn	numejyn	åejyn

   e + i = ë

Past tense

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	"to be"
INFINITIVE	aparivvÿ	ysýse	nigopovõ	nÿmö	sýse
1st person singular	apamele	ysmele	nigomele	numele	åele
2nd person singular	apamelen	ysmelen	nigomelen	numelen	åelen
3rd person singular	apameres	ysmeres	nigomeres	numeres	åeres
1st person plural	apamemas	ysmemas	nigomemas	numemas	åemas
2nd person plural	apamël	ysmël	nigomël	numël	åël
3rd person plural	apamelín	ysmelín	nigomelín	numelín	åelín

Future tense

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	"to be"
INFINITIVE	apariiiiiii*	ysis	nigopopõb	nÿmÿm	sis
1st person singular	apamelý	ysmelý	nigomelý	numelý	åelý
2nd person singular	apamelýn	ysmelýn	nigomelýn	numelýn	åelýn
3rd person singular	apamelal	ysmelal	nigomelal	numelal	åelal
1st person plural	apamemis	ysmemis	nigomemis	numemis	åemis
2nd person plural	apamäl	ysmäl	nigomäl	numäl	åäl
3rd person plural	apamejun	ysmejun	nigomejun	numejun	åejun

* iiiiiii = i + ii + i + ii + i = /iʒiʒi/

Uses

As mentioned previously, Sevvufery distinguishes between the present and future subjunctive, which other languages, as far as I am aware, do not often do. Therefore, this and other features of the Sevvuferyn subjunctive will be discussed here.

The Present Subjunctive Tense is used for possibilities that exist in the present, in relation to when they are said.

For example, "GÏII mixødomenos" (we might be helping you (right now)).

The Future Subjunctive Tense is used for possibilities that will exist in the future, in relation to where they are said. This is most familiar to many languages that use the subjunctive

For example, "hhanok bankaii nigomelý" (I might go to the bank today (later today i.e in the future))

The Past Subjunctive is used retrospectively, in regards to possibilities that may have existed previously, but for which a decision has already been made.

For example, "TËN syjosmelín" (they could have saved her (in the past)).

There is no pluperfect subjunctive. Instead, other constructions are used to convey a similar meaning, such as the use of the word "tyfin" (meaning "maybe" or "perhaps").]

There is another use for the subjunctive, and that is with the word "wylin" (meaning "because", when the reason is uncertain). This achieves a meaning close to "for... to happen".

For example, "Nezigen tetamon evöwö wylin vvyvitømenos".
Literally meaning "We did not have enough food that we might survive" which can be translated as "we did not have enough food for us to survive."

If the Past Subjunctive were used instead, the result is "Nezigen tetamon evöwö wylin vvyvitømemas".
Literally meaning "We did not have enough food that we might have survived" i.e "we did not have enough food for us to have survived."

If the Future Subjunctive were used instead, the result is "Nezigen tetamon evöwö wylin vvyvitømemis".
Literally meaning "We did not have enough food that we might survive (in the future)" i.e "we did not have enough food for us to be about to survive".

Imperative Mood

Positive vs Negative Imperative

In Sevvufery, the way to give a negative command is simply with a different ending. Although one could use the word "nek" (not) to convey this meaning, the former method is quicker and much more common among the Sevvuferýkilý. Positive imperatives indicate a regular command, and are more familiar to speakers of most languages.

Below are the endings. Note that the extra verbs used for the 2nd and 4th declension mean "to speak" and "to contract", respectively

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	"to be"
POSITIVE ACTIVE	apato!	ysob! izob!	nigõ(n)! zatid!	nat!	sän
POSITIVE PASSIVE	apago!	ysgo! ikgo!	nigõg! zatig!	nugo!	rro*
NEGATIVE ACTIVE	apanen!	yseb! izeb!	nigä(n)t! zatíte!	net!	sej
NEGATIVE PASSIVE	apage!	ysge! ikge!	nigo(n)ge! zatíge!	nuge!	rre*

* these forms are part of the deponent form of "si", "soåÿ", which roughly translates to "to exist (personally)"

Single vs Repeated imperative

This is the only part of Sevvuferyn grammar where aspect plays a role. This feature was heavily inspired by Ancient Greek's aorist imperatives, as will be shown below.

The two aspects present are the Continuous Aspect and the Individual Aspect. Their names speak for themselves: the former is used to convey a command that should be repeated over time, whereas the latter is used for a command that is to be repeated once. Unlike Ancient Greek, the Individual Aspect is shown by the Future Imperative, not a past tense imperative. Since the Continuous Aspect has already been shown in the previous section, below are the formations for the Individual Aspect. The extra verb for the first declension means "to consider".

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	"to be"
POSITIVE ACTIVE	apÿt! mït!	ysýb!	nig! zata!	nÿl!	sýb!
POSITIVE PASSIVE	apÿgo! mïgo!	ysýgo!	nigog! zatøg!	nÿgo	sýgo!
NEGATIVE ACTIVE	apÿΔΓ! myΔΓ!	ysifne!	nigoΔΓ! zatøΔΓ	nÿn!	sifne!
NEGATIVE PASSIVE	apage! myge	ysige!	nigeg! zatyg	nÿneg!	sige!

3rd declension verbs with a singular syllable tend to have their own, irregular, future imperatives. See the full list of currently existing Sevvuferyn words for more information.

Double Imperative

Now, some verbs in Sevvufery are followed by an infinitive, whether for reasons relating to the literal meaning or things specific to Sevvuferyn syntax.

Take, for example, the word for "to cause": emunk (/ɛmyɳk/). This verb can either be followed by an infinitive, or a "wylin + subjunctive" clause (see Uses subsection of Subjunctive Mood for further information), although the latter is much less common. For example, take this sentence:

"Emul TIN elyfåyr"

Meaning: I cause him to subscribe.

Now, "double imperative" refers to what happens when, instead of "emul", this verb is changed into the imperative form.

One might expect something like "emÿl TIN elyfåyr". After all, that would echo the literal meaning of the sentence. However, this is not what happens.

Instead, both verbs are made imperative, thus the result is this:

"emÿl TIN elyfåït"

Note that the aspect of the second verb must mirror the aspect of the first.

Loose Imperatives

This refers to an imperative which implies some degree of possibility over certainty, expressed in some languages by the subjunctive. It would translate roughly to English as "may... be done/happen" (etc.). In Sevvufery, the construction is formed simply by adding a noun in the nominative case before the imperative: said noun becomes the object of the imperative.

For example, take the sentence: "RËÏR sän vymakõbaå".

This literally translates to "we be successful", but the fact that there is a nominative paired with the imperative means that the translation is closer to "may we be successful". This works the same for positive and negative imperatives, and also for singular and repeated imperatives.

E.g "Nos oramÿΔΓ sejaden mÿt"

"May the king not fail to reach the city".

General Mood

This construction is used for all kinds of sayings where, for example, the word "one" would be used in English. For example:

"One does not ask the richest man for one's own personal needs."

Note that the pronoun for 'one' in Sevvufery is "LËÏR" (/lεjɪir/), which will be useful for conditional phrases.

The way to form this construction in Sevvufery is to lengthen all the vowels of the ending of the 3rd person singular form of the verb. For example, to turn the word "apansí" (it appears) into the general mood, do NOT lengthen the first 'a' because that is still part of the stem. The stem 'ap' is left alone, but every other vowel is lengthened. Thus, the resulting verb is "apaʰansíʰí" (/apaːɳsɪː/)

For the 3rd declension, do not lengthen the first 'o' of the ending, because even amongst the Sevvuferýkilý it is not certain whether this should be included in the stem, or in the ending.

This works the same way for the past and future tense, as well as the historic conditional tense. However, this form does not exist for the compound tenses.

For example, "nöΔΓο" (it noticed) becomes "nöʰöΔΓoʰo" (nuːŋɔː) (one noticed); "ysysyn" (it would say) becomes "ysyʰysyʰyn" (/eseːseːn/) (one would say); and "nÿkada" (it will notice) becomes "nÿkaʰadaʰa" (/naikaːdaː/) (one will notice).
Notice, no pun intended, that the dipthong /ai/ is not lengthened, because it is already a long syllable to begin with, like all other dipthongs.

Participles

Participles exist in three tenses (present, past and future), two voices(active and passive), and one mood (subjunctive). Their uses will be shown later, but for now, here are the formations, which are each formed using the infinitive of a given tense, sometimes with a few modifiers for ease of pronunciation. Note that Sevvufery does not distinguish between long and short consonants, so any two that would go together are written and said as a single consonant. For example, this is why you will see that the 3rd conjugation's present participle is "nigonin" and not "nigonnin*"

Formation

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th
Present Active	apanin	ysinin	nigonin	nunin
Present Passive	apane	ysine	nigone	nune
Past Active	apavvÿsa	ysesa	nigovõsa	nösa
Past Passive	apavvÿkaå	ysekaå	nigovõkaå	nökaå
Future Active	apariiiibölyb	ysýbölyb	nigopõbölyb	nÿmbölyb
Future Passive	apariiiiböleb	ysýböleb	nigopõböleb	nÿmböleb

Cases

The Past Active and Past Passive participles of the 4th conjugation will be shown here as examples, but this pattern is the same for participles of all tenses, only varying based on whether their last letter is a vowel or consonant.

		nösa	nökaå
Nominative	Singular	nösa	nökaå
	Plural	nösajý	nökaåý
Accusative	Singular	nösa	nökaå
	Plural	nösajý	nökaåý
Genitive	Singular	nösajö	nökaåim
	Plural	nösazze	nökaåig
Possessive (Obsolete)	Singular	nösatel	nökaåel/nökaåtel
	Plural	nösajýtel	nökaåýtel
Dative	Singular	nösafo	nökaåaii
	Plural	nösakä	nökaåÿhh
Ablative	Singular	nösabyn	nökatal
	Plural	nösabýn	nökatÿl
Locative	Singular	nösagúd	nökaåúd
	Plural	nösamød	nökaåød
Resultant	Singular	nösabøl	nökaåuvv
	Plural	nösabõl	nökaåivv

Adjectival use and Temporal use

Now, all these cases are nice, but useless without, well, a use. And in Sevvufery, the way participles work changes with how they are used. They can be used in a temporal sense (i.e having destroyed the temple, the men laughed) or an adjectival sense (they looked at the [having been] destroyed temple). The latter is the only use for which participles decline, but for the former there is no changing of the participle: after all, the participle is describing an action, not an object. Thus, why would it need to agree with the doer of the action?

Here are some more examples:

Tüsä urökaå gafusenada.

The food, having been found, was eaten (no conjugation, because participle describes time and manner of action, so not linked to food specifically).

Gafusën eten etyldovõkaåim syjve tüsa.

We ate the food of the destroyed tree (participle conjugated as an adjective would be, because of specific link to tree).

Forming conditional phrases

When used with either of the words "fy" (if) or "eiiet" (yet, until now), a Future Participle can be used to achieve the meaning of "I would do..." and a Past Participle can be used to achieve the meaning "I would have done..." (replace "would" with "could" when "eiiet" is used). Here, the structure of the tense is more akin to an analytical language, like English, although Sevvuferyn structure usually does not behave in this way. In other words, you will need the pronoun of the

Here are some examples.

"Fy nekøkaåil kaåes, sut ekýl nekøkaåil RËÏR fy ãlnyzesa" (if you had been a foreigner, we would have treated you as a foreigner).
/fe nɛkaɔkaθil kaθɛs syt ɛkĭl nɛkaɔkaθil rɛjɪir fe ɑːˡneksɛsa/

"Fy MËÏR fy pøwopõbölyb ËN ãʰãsora, fifif nek ËÏR fy böleb" (If you would stop annoying me, I would not be angry)!
/fe mɛjɪir fe paɔwɔpɔbeɳbuleb ɛin ɑːːsɔra fifif nɛk ɛjɪir fe bulɛb/

Resultant Absolute

This carries the same meaning as latin's ablative absolute and ancient greek's genitive absolute (with... being done/having been done/about to be done, etc.). However, its formation is different, because only the participles adopt an absolutive form. Frankly, the reason for naming it the "resultant absolute" is simply that the endings resemble those of the resultant case.

	1st	2nd	3rd	4th
Present Active	apanym	ysinym	nigonym	nunym
Present Passive	apanuvv	ysinuvv	nigonuvv	nunuvv
Past Active	apavvÿsøg	ysesøg	nigovõsøg	nösøg
Past Passive	apavvÿkøå	ysekøå	nigovõkøå	nökøå
Future Active	apariiiibõly	ysýbõly	nigopõbõly	nÿmbõly
Future Passive	apariiiibõle	ysýbõle	nigopõbõle	nÿmbõle

Except, there is another use for the resultant absolute, and that is in indirect statements involving verbs of perception. Take, for example, the sentence "I saw him die". The literal meaning of the Sevvuferyn equivalent would be "I saw him, with him dying" (or, perhaps "I saw him as he was dying"). Thus, we would work from there, yielding the sentence "TËIRen invigeninym wasuv". With no nominative inbetween "TËÏRen" and "invigeninym", the accusative "TËÏRen" becomes the subject of the resultant absolute (this must be done using the accusative, as this is not the same as the first use of the resultant absolute). However, this is the simplest case, and word order matters when bringing in more complex actions, so that this phrasing is not confused with the first use of the resultant absolute. If, for example, we wanted to specify that I, specifically, saw someone die by saying something such as "I myself", we cannot simply insert the word "ËÏR" into the sentence, as that would leave us with "ËÏR TËÏRen invigeninym wasuv", which actually gives us the wrong meaning as it translates to "with me dying, I saw him". Thus, we need to rearrange the order of words so that, yes, "ËÏR" is at the start of the sentence, but also so that "TËÏRen" is paired with "invigeninym" so that there is no confusion. Applying these corrections yields "ËÏR wasuv TËÏRen invigeninym". Similarly, if the action the resultant is describing is more complex – for example, "I saw him lifting the table towards my brother", it is necessary to pair the accusative doing the action described by the resultant absolutive with the resultant absolutive to avoid confusion. Hence, the only unambiguous wording is "Wasuv TËIRen egõsinym ýzinen doweva ËÏRtel neftam". As stated previously, this is used mainly with verbs of perception, as other verbs use the resultant absolute in the more obvious way, as its literal meaning is of more use. Not many verbs use this construction. Those that do include "nunk" (to notice) and "wasunk" (to see). Keep in mind that this can also be applied to participles of other tenses.

Question vs statement

Note that this feature is not affected by tense, aspect or mood of any verbs used.

Yes/No Questions

For this type of question, an introductory word, "soå" is used, which has no meaning by itself but indicates that the sentence is a question. Note that this is only used for sentences containing a verb, not, for example, when a friend tells you they have a house and you ask, "Yn esu?" (which just means "a house?").

Compare
"Evu ynen esu."
and
"Soå evu ynen esu?"

The second statement is a question.

Other Questions

For other questions, nothing changes. This applies for questions that use any of the following words/phrases:

• mentan (when)
• er (where)
• ibajo eral (from where (often "ibaj'eral" in common speech))
• kekil (who)
• kikel (which)
• hhiju (what)
• ta (why)
• ÿx (to what extent)
• kikelal wy (in which way i.e how)
• hhiju[jö] numer ([of] what number i.e how many)

Or, as mentioned in the previous section, emphatic/surprised questions.

For example, "er nigonina?" (where are you going?)

Other Features

Fylyn... Nalyn...

This construction is used when wanting to say things like "the more one asks, the more one shall receive".

There are two ways to use it.

The first involves using a comparative adjective after either word, in which case it is "the more greatly..."
For example, "Fylyn sutegan tünen ibenu, nalyn tuninegan tiposýnada."

"The more obviously I show interest, the more interesting it will become."

The second neglects the use of an adjective, in which case the meaning of "the more often..." is achieved.

To illustrate this, a translation of the first phrase into Sevvufery is shown. Note that the general mood is used here, which lengthens the vowel of the 3rd person singular form.

"Fylyn agaʰansíʰí, nalyn suwopoʰoniʰis".

Nok + dative

This construction is used to say "as ... as..." (e.g as far as 200m). For most concepts it is fine to just use the word "ux" twice to convey the same meaning, but there are some exceptions.

To form this, the concept is used to indicate the adjective, so to speak. For example, using this with 'distance' yields 'far' ; using 'length' yields 'long'; using 'wisdom' yields 'wise', etc.

Vocabulary

See here for an (as of yet incomplete) list of all Sevvuferyn words, with the IPA transcription of each word given in the middle.

Idiomatic Expressions

See here.

Translations

The Bible