Nemuti: Syntax: Difference between revisions

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==Table of Phonemes==
==Table of Phonemes==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1300px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1600px;"
! MOA
! MOA
! colspan="3" | nasals
! colspan="3" | nasals
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| r
| r
!
!
| ṡ
| ſ
| ċ
| c
| j   
| j   
!
!
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Word Order - Ċoċu mu Tupu===
===Word Order - '''Cocu mu Tupu'''===
*'''001.''' Nemuti word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
*'''001.''' Nemuti word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
*'''002.''' The accent is normally on the penultimate syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent.
*'''002.''' The accent is normally on the [[Wikipedia:Ultima (linguistics)|penultimate]] syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent. The accent may be no farther back than the antepenult.
*'''003.''' The indirect object precedes the direct object.
*'''003.''' The indirect object precedes the direct object.
*'''004.''' The possessive noun follows the head noun.
*'''004.''' The noun denoting the possessor precedes the noun denoting what is possessd.
*'''005.''' Determiners precede the nouns they qualify. Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.
*'''005.''' Determiners precede the nouns they qualify. Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.
*'''006.''' The adjective precedes the standard of comparison.
*'''006.''' The adjective precedes the standard of comparison.
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*'''009.''' The order of adverbials is time, space, manner.
*'''009.''' The order of adverbials is time, space, manner.


===Verbs - '''Ċeti Tup̨u'''===
===Verbs - '''Cetitup̨u'''===
*'''010.''' [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verbs]] are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
*'''010.''' [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verbs]] are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
*'''011.''' Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]].
*'''011.''' Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]].
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:::'''Idi ya nefo te ton̨u yo''', I see the clouds.
:::'''Idi ya nefo te ton̨u yo''', I see the clouds.
*'''013.''' The past tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Labialization|labializing]] the first consonant: '''nefo''', see.
*'''013.''' The past tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Labialization|labializing]] the first consonant: '''nefo''', see.
:::'''Idi ya ňefo te ton̨u yo''', I see the clouds.
:::'''Idi ya ňefo te ton̨u yo''', I saw the clouds.
*'''014.''' The future tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Palatalization|palatalizing]] the first phoneme: '''nefo''', see.
*'''014.''' The future tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Palatalization|palatalizing]] the first phoneme: '''nefo''', see.
:::'''Idi ya n̨efo te ton̨u yo''', I see the clouds.
:::'''Idi ya n̨efo te ton̨u yo''', I will see the clouds.
*'''015.''' A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, '''te''', to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
*'''015.''' A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, '''te''', to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
:::'''Te nefo se te ṡeso''', Seeing is believing.
:::'''Te nefo se te ſeso''', Seeing is believing.
*'''016.''' [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|Mood]] is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
*'''016.''' [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|Mood]] is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
*'''017.''' The [[Wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] is formed with the suffix '''-ne''':
*'''017.''' The [[Wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] is formed with the suffix '''-ne''':
:::'''Imu ya ŋisane idi yo''', She may love me.
:::'''Imu ya ŋísane idi yo''', She may love me.
*'''018.''' The [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] mood is formed with the suffix '''-te'''.
*'''018.''' The [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] mood is formed with the suffix '''-te'''.
:::'''Ŋísate idi yo''', Love me.
:::'''Ŋísate idi yo''', Love me.
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:::'''Te kiki yo ŋísafa''', The mother is loved.
:::'''Te kiki yo ŋísafa''', The mother is loved.
:::'''Te feŋu yo x̌ótofa''', The apple was cooked.
:::'''Te feŋu yo x̌ótofa''', The apple was cooked.
*'''023.''' Sentence negation uses '''-so'''.
*'''023.''' The negation of the verb uses the suffix '''-go'''.
:::'''Te ṡuma púyoso''', The boy does not dance.
:::'''Te ſuma púyogo''', The boy does not dance.
:::'''Te ṡuma ŋ̒ísaso''', The boy will not love.
:::'''Te ſuma ŋ̨ísago''', The boy will not love.
**This particle follows any others:
::This particle follows any others:
:::'''Te ṡuċu puyoneso mi,''' The girl may not want to dance.
:::'''Te ſucu puyónego mi,''' The girl may not want to dance.
*'''024.''' A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle '''me''' at the end of the sentence:
*'''024.''' A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle '''me''' at the end of the sentence:
:::'''Idi ya ŋisa ipi yo''', I love you.
:::'''Idi ya ŋisa ipi yo''', I love you.
:::'''Idi ya ŋisa ipi yo me''', Do I love you?
:::'''Idi ya ŋisa ipi yo me''', Do I love you?
*'''025.''' Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
*'''025.''' Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
:::'''Idi ya ŋ̌uzu t' eto''', I was afraid to go.
:::'''Idi ya ŋ̌uzu te niye''', I was afraid to go.
**A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
::A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
:::'''Idi ya ŋ̌uzu dini yo te ziyi''',  I was afraid to touch a toad.
:::'''Idi ya ŋ̌uzu dini yo te ziyi''',  I was afraid to touch a toad.
*'''026.''' Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives and nouns with the suffix '''-ri''': '''rehu''', wide.
*'''026.''' Verbs may be formed from adjectives and nouns with the auxiliary verb '''zo''', ''e.g.'', '''rehu''', wide; '''rehu zo''', widen.
:::'''Ih̨a ya réhuri te neje yo''', They are widening the road.
:::'''Ih̨a ya réhu zo te neje yo''', They are widening the road.
:::'''Idi ya ňáċeri ifa yo t' eto''', I ordered him to go.
:::'''nace''', order, command.
*'''027.''' The copulative verb ''to be'' is '''se'''.
:::'''Idi ya nace žo ifa yo t' eto''', I ordered him to go.
:::'''Ifa ya se te wako ya''', He is the chief.
*'''027.''' The copulative verb ''to be'' is '''ſe'''.
:::'''Ifa ya še te pepe ya''', He was the father.
:::'''Ifa ya ſe te wako ya''', He is the chief.
:::'''Ifa ya ſ̬e te pepe ya''', He was the father.
*'''028.''' The existential copula is '''he''', ''there is/are''.
*'''028.''' The existential copula is '''he''', ''there is/are''.
:::'''Butofe he a te tetu''', There is an eagle in the tree.
:::'''Yize he a te tetu''', There is an eagle in the tree.
*'''029.''' ''To be about to'' is translated with the particle '''tufu''':
*'''029.''' ''To be about to'' is translated with the particle '''tufu''':
:::'''Imu ya žita tufu''', She was about to scream.  
:::'''Imu ya žita tufu''', She was about to scream.  
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:::'''Idi ya zeri miwa tum̨u pim̨a yo''', I have to plant these seeds.
:::'''Idi ya zeri miwa tum̨u pim̨a yo''', I have to plant these seeds.


===Nouns - '''Miniŋa Tup̨u'''===
===Nouns - '''Eyetup̨u'''===
*'''031.''' [[Wikipedia:Noun|Nouns]] are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
*'''031.''' [[Wikipedia:Noun|Nouns]] are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
*'''032.''' There are no noun classes in Nemuti.
*'''032.''' There are no noun classes in Nemuti.
*'''033.''' Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
*'''033.''' Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
:::'''xote''', moon; '''xot̨e''', moons.
:::'''xote''', moon; '''xot̨e''', moons.
**If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: '''ho xote''', two rivers.
::If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: '''ho xote''', two rivers.
*'''034.''' Possession is indicated by the possessive particle '''mu''', of.
*'''034.''' Possession is indicated by the possessive particle '''mu''', of.
:::'''Te feŋu mu te tunu''', the child's apple.
:::'''Te feŋu mu te tunu''', the child's apple.
:::'''Te iṡe mu te bime''', the man's foot.
:::'''Te iſe mu te bime''', the man's foot.
*'''035.''' Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the suffix '''-ŋe''':
*'''035.''' Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the suffix '''-ŋe''':
:::'''neċe''', short; '''neċeŋe''', shortness.
:::'''nece''', short; '''néceŋe''', shortness.
*'''036.''' Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the suffix '''-ŋe''':
*'''036.''' Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the suffix '''-ŋe''':
:::'''ṡemo''', die; '''ṡemoŋe''', death.
:::'''ſemo''', die; '''ſémoŋe''', death.
*'''037.''' Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed  with the suffix '''-ṡi''':
*'''037.''' Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed  with the suffix '''-ſi''':
:::'''yiti''', young; '''yitiṡi''', youth; '''yit̨iṡi''', youths.
:::'''yiti''', young; '''yítiſi''', youth; '''hofo''', old; '''hófoſi''', elder;
:::'''hofo''', old; '''hofoṡi''', elder; '''hof̨oṡi''', elders.
::Note that the plural indicator is attached to the noun's root and not the suffix: '''yít̨iſi''', youths; '''hóf̨oſi''', elders.
*'''038.''' The agent of a verb is formed with the suffix '''-ṡi'''.
*'''038.''' The agent of a verb is formed with the suffix '''-ſi'''.
:::'''ŋopi''', sing; '''ŋopiṡi ''', singer; '''ŋop͑iṡi ''', singers.
:::'''ŋopi''', sing; '''ŋópiſi ''', singer; '''ŋóp̨iſi ''', singers.
*'''039.''' The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed  with the suffix '''-te'''.
*'''039.''' The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed  with the suffix '''-te'''.
:::'''te''', cut; '''tete''', knife; '''t̨ete''', knives.
:::'''te''', cut; '''tete''', knife; '''t̨ete''', knives.
*'''040.''' Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed with the suffix '''-ŋa'''.
*'''040.''' Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed with the suffix '''-ŋa'''.
:::'''yifi''', laugh; '''yifiŋa''', laugh, laughter.
:::'''yifi''', laugh; '''yífiŋa''', laugh, laughter.
*'''041.''' A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the prefixes ''wo-''' and '''ċu-'', respectively: '''puhe''', bird; '''wopuhe''', cock; '''ċupuhe''', hen.
*'''041.''' A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the prefixes '''wo-''' and '''cu-''', respectively: '''puhe''', bird; '''wopuhe''', cock; '''cupuhe''', hen.
*'''042.''' Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by using the word '''tone''', group.
*'''042.''' Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by making a compound with the word '''tone''', group.
:::'''te tone puh̨e''', the flock of birds; '''te tone zim̨i''', the school of fish; '''te tone ṡen̨i''', archipelago.
:::'''te puhetone''', the flock of birds; '''te zimitone''', the school of fish; '''te ſenitone''', archipelago.
*'''043.''' Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix '''ta-'''.
*'''043.''' Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix '''ta-'''.
:::'''te pisa''', the wind; '''te tapisa''', the breeze; '''te tapis̨a''', the breezes.
:::'''te pisa''', the wind; '''te tapisa''', the breeze; '''te tapis̨a''', the breezes.
*'''044.''' Nouns naming the member of a group are formed with the suffix '''-ċe'''.
*'''044.''' Nouns naming the member of a group are formed with the suffix '''-ce'''.
:::'''zipu''', village; '''zipuċe''', villager.
:::'''zipu''', village; '''zípuce''', villager.
*'''045.''' Nouns may be used to modify other nouns.
*'''045.''' Nouns may be used to modify other nouns.
:::'''te wini udiwi''', the mountain stream; '''te wini udiw̨i''', the mountain streams.
:::'''te wini udiwi''', the mountain stream; '''te wini udiw̨i''', the mountain streams.
*'''046.''' The subject of the verb and the predicate nominative, noun or pronoun, takes the particle '''ya''':
*'''046.''' The subject of the verb and the predicate nominative, noun or pronoun, take the particle '''ya''':
:::'''Te puh̨e ya zoyi ye te tet̨u''', The birds are perching in the trees.
:::'''Te puh̨e ya zoyi ye te tet̨u''', The birds are perching in the trees.
*'''047.''' The object of the verb, noun or pronoun, takes the particle '''yo''':
*'''047.''' The object of the verb, noun or pronoun, takes the particle '''yo''':
:::'''Idi ya bate te nefo uf̨a yo''', I can see them.
:::'''Idi ya bate te nefo uf̨a yo''', I can see them.
*'''048.''' Compound nouns are formed by joining the two (or more) elements, ''e.g.'' '''tina''', bite + '''wije''', tooth = '''tinawije''' canine tooth.
**If the second element begins with a vowel, then the final vowel of the first element is elided, ''e.g.'' '''bimjo''', button + '''imi''', hole = '''bimjimi''', buttonhole.


===Modifiers - '''Piŋeŋe Tup̨u'''===
*'''048.''' In Nemuti grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.


====Adjectives - '''Guṡiŋe Tup̨u'''====
===Modifiers - '''Piŋetup̨u'''===
*'''049.''' [[Wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.  
*'''049.''' In Nemuti grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.
*'''050.''' Adjectives are placed before the noun: '''te wuṡe ṡuma''', the good boy.
 
*'''051.''' The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb '''bo''', more.
====Adjectives - '''Guſiŋe Tup̨u'''====
*'''050.''' [[Wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.  
*'''051.''' Adjectives are placed before the noun: '''te wuſe ſuma''', the good boy.
*'''052.''' The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb '''bo''', more.
:::'''yiti''', young; ''' bo yiti''', younger, youngest.
:::'''yiti''', young; ''' bo yiti''', younger, youngest.
*'''052.''' Negative comparison is formed with the word '''mebo''', less: '''rifoti''', distant; '''mebo rifoti''', less/least distant.
*'''053.''' Negative comparison is formed with the word '''gobo''', less: '''rifoti''', distant; '''gobo rifoti''', less/least distant.
*'''053.''' The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunctions '''umi...tofi''', as...as; '''ŋiti''', red:
*'''054.''' The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunctions '''umi...tofi''', as...as; '''ŋiti''', red:
:::'''Tumu kimi se umi ŋiti tofi jeṡu''', This flower is as red as blood.
:::'''Tumu kimi ſe umi ŋiti tofi jeſu''', This flower is as red as blood.
*'''054.''' [[Wikipedia:Participle|Participles]] are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
*'''055.''' [[Wikipedia:Participle|Participles]] are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
*'''055.''' There are two participles in Nemuti.
*'''056.''' There are two participles in Nemuti.
**'''a.''' The present participle is created by using the nonpast form of the verb + '''mu''':
::'''a.''' The present participle is created by using the nonpast form of the verb + '''mu''':
:::'''te ŋuwo mu zimi''', the swimming fish.
:::'''te ŋuwo mu zimi''', the swimming fish.
**'''b.''' The past participle is created by using the past form of the verb + '''mu''':
::'''b.''' The past participle is created by using the past form of the verb + '''mu''':
:::'''te ṡ̬eso mu homa''', the sunken boat.
:::'''te ſ̬eso mu homa''', the sunken boat.
*'''056.''' Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix '''m(e)-'''.
*'''057.''' Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix '''g(o)-'''.
:::'''pefi''', even; '''mepefi''', uneven.
:::'''pefi''', even; '''gopefi''', uneven.
*'''057.''' The suffix '''-se''' combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
*'''058.''' The suffix '''-se''' combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
:::'''puhe''', bird; '''puhese''', like a bird.
:::'''puhe''', bird; '''púhese''', like a bird.
*'''058.''' Adjectives with the meaning ''without'' are expressed with the prefix '''-miṡe''', -less.
*'''059.''' Adjectives with the meaning ''without'' are expressed with the prefix '''-miſe''', -less.
:::'''tegu''', hope; '''tegumiṡe''', hopeless.
:::'''tegu''', hope; '''tegúmiſe''', hopeless.
*'''059.''' Adjectives may be used as stative verbs by adding the suffix '''-ze''':
:::'''te gute tunu''', the sick child; '''te tunu ǧuteze''', the child was sick.


====Determiners - '''Tapaŋe Tup̨u'''====
====Determiners - '''Tapatup̨u'''====
*'''060.''' Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, ''etc''. They are placed before the noun.
*'''060.''' Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, ''etc''. They are placed before the noun.
*'''061.''' The definite article is '''te'''.
*'''061.''' The definite article is '''te'''.
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*'''065.''' Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
*'''065.''' Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
:::'''Ne puz̨e xoto''', Three women are cooking.
:::'''Ne puz̨e xoto''', Three women are cooking.
**They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
::They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
:::'''Tumu puz̨e ne xoto''', These three women are cooking.
:::'''Tumu puz̨e ne xoto''', These three women are cooking.
*'''066.''' The elective indefinite determiner is '''eye''', ''any''.
*'''066.''' The elective indefinite determiner is '''eye''', any.
*'''067.''' The exisential determiner is '''eṡa''', ''some''.
*'''067.''' The exisential determiner is '''eſa''', some.
*'''068.''' The negative determiner is '''mi''', ''no''.
*'''068.''' The negative determiner is '''go''', no.
*'''069.''' The distributive determiner is '''wofo''', ''every''.
*'''069.''' The distributive determiner is '''wofo''', every.


====Numerals - '''Zoċe'''====
====Numerals - '''Zoce'''====
*'''070.''' Nemuti has an octal numeral system.
*'''070.''' Nemuti has an octal numeral system.


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| '''no'''
| '''no'''
| '''mi'''
| '''mi'''
| '''wi'''
| '''ki'''
|}
|}
*'''071.''' The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to '''wi''', eight.
*'''071.''' The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to '''wi''', eight.
Line 269: Line 271:
! 15
! 15
|-
|-
| '''wire'''
| '''kire'''
| '''wiho'''
| '''kiho'''
| '''wine'''
| '''kine'''
| '''wiwu'''
| '''kiwu'''
| '''wixo'''
| '''kixo'''
| '''wino'''
| '''kino'''
| '''wimi'''
| '''kimi'''
|}  
|}  


*'''072.''' The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to '''wi''', eight.
*'''072.''' The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to '''ki''', eight.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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! 64
! 64
|-
|-
| '''howi'''
| '''hoki'''
| '''newi'''
| '''neki'''
| '''wuwi'''
| '''wuki'''
| '''xowi'''
| '''xoki'''
| '''nawi'''
| '''naki'''
| '''miwi'''
| '''miki'''
| '''wiwi'''
| '''kiki'''
|}
|}


*'''073.''' The ordinals are made with the prefix '''be-'''.
*'''073.''' The ordinals are made kith the prefix '''be-'''.
:::'''te beho xomi''', the second rope
:::'''te beho xomi''', the second rope
*'''074.''' The adverbial numbers are made with the suffix '''-te'''.
*'''074.''' The adverbial numbers are made kith the suffix '''-te'''.
:::'''hote''', twice; '''wite''', eight times.
:::'''hote''', twice; '''kite''', eight times.


====Adverbs - '''Pume Tup̨u'''====
====Adverbs - '''Pumetup̨u'''====
*'''075.''' [[Wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]] are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, ''etc.''
*'''075.''' [[Wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]] are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, ''etc.''
*'''076.''' Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix '''-to'''.
*'''076.''' Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix '''-to'''.
:::'''te wota bima''', the brave man; '''Ifa t̬upuri wótato''', He acted bravely.
:::'''te wota bima''', the brave man; '''Ifa t̬obu wótato''', He acted bravely.
*'''077.''' The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; '''wótato''', bravely; '''bo wótato''', more bravely.
*'''077.''' The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; '''wótato''', bravely; '''bo wótato''', more bravely.


===Pronouns - '''Tihiŋe Tup̨u'''===
===Pronouns - '''Tihitup̨u'''===
*'''078.''' [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|Pronouns]] are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Nemuti.
*'''078.''' [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|Pronouns]] are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Nemuti.
*'''079.''' The personal pronouns are '''idi''', I; '''id̨i''', we; '''ipi''', you (''sg.''); '''ip̨i''', you (''pl.''); '''ifa''', he; '''if̨a''', they; '''imu''', she; '''im̨u''', they; '''ufa''', it; '''uf̨a''', they.
*'''079.''' The personal pronouns are '''idi''', I; '''id̨i''', we; '''ipi''', you (''sg.''); '''ip̨i''', you (''pl.''); '''ifa''', he; '''if̨a''', they; '''imu''', she; '''im̨u''', they; '''ufa''', it; '''uf̨a''', they.
:::'''Idi ya ŋisa imu yo''', I love her.
:::'''Idi ya ŋisa imu yo''', I love her.
:::'''Imu ya ŋisa idi yo''', She loves me.
:::'''Imu ya ŋisa idi yo''', She loves me.
:::'''Idi ya ŋ̌ipa me imu te kimi yo''', I gave her the flower.
:::'''Idi ya ŋ̌ipa m' imu te kimi yo''', I gave her the flower.
**If the group consists of both male and female beings, the male pronoun is used.
::If the group consists of both male and female beings, the male pronoun is used.
*'''080.''' The interrogative pronouns are '''biha''', ''who''; '''bime''', ''what''; and '''haba''', ''which''.
*'''080.''' The interrogative pronouns are '''biha''', ''who''; '''bime''', ''what''; and '''haba''', ''which''.
*'''081.''' The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun '''ċedi''', ''self''.
*'''081.''' The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun '''cedi''', ''self''.
:::'''Idi ya p̌ina ċedi yo''', I hurt myself.
:::'''Idi ya p̌ina cedi yo''', I hurt myself.
*'''082.''' The intensive pronouns are formed with the suffix '''-jedi''', ''self''.
*'''082.''' The intensive pronouns are formed with the suffix '''-jedi''', ''self''.
:::'''Idijedi n̨iye''', I myself will go.
:::'''Idijedi n̨iye''', I myself will go.
*'''083.''' The demonstrative pronouns are the demonstrative determiners with the appropriate particles.
*'''083.''' The demonstrative pronouns are the demonstrative determiners with the appropriate particles.
:::This is a flower, '''Tumu ya se kimi ya.'''
:::This is a flower, '''Tumu ya ſe kimi ya.'''
:::Those are leaves, '''Zum̨u ya se rik̨i ya.'''
:::Those are leaves, '''Zum̨u ya ſe rik̨i ya.'''
*'''084.''' The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
*'''084.''' The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
:::'''eyemema''', anyone, anybody; '''eyenumu''', anything.
:::'''eyemema''', anyone, anybody; '''eyenumu''', anything.
:::'''eṡamema''', someone, somebody; '''eṡanumu''', something.
:::'''eſamema''', someone, somebody; '''eſanumu''', something.
:::'''mimema''', no one, nobody; '''minumu''', nothing.
:::'''gomema''', no one, nobody; '''numu''', nothing.
*'''085.''' There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using '''m(u)'''. When this phrase is used, the subject particle '''ya''' is omitted.
*'''085.''' There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using '''m(u)''', of. When this phrase is used, the subject particle '''ya''' is omitted.
:::'''Tumu ya se kimi m' ipi, zumu ya se m' idi.''' This is your flower, that is mine.
:::'''Tumu ya ſe kimi m' ipi, zumu ya ſe m' idi.''' This is your flower, that is mine.


===Prepositions - '''Tup̨u mu Niki'''===
===Prepositions - '''Nikitup̨u'''===
*'''086.''' Nemuti uses [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|prepositions]], a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
*'''086.''' Nemuti uses [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|prepositions]], a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
:::'''a te rini''', at the beach.
:::'''a te rini''', at the beach.
:::'''Te juto ya se ye te xota''', The cup is on the table.
:::'''Te juto ya ſe ye te xota''', The cup is on the table.


===Conjunctions - '''Tup̨u mu Taxuŋe'''===
===Conjunctions - '''Tup̨u mu Taxuŋe'''===
Line 341: Line 343:
*'''088.''' In Nemuti there are three types of conjunctions.
*'''088.''' In Nemuti there are three types of conjunctions.
*'''089.''' A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
*'''089.''' A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
:::'''Te tobe mu idi pu idi ya ċuri wiṡ̨e pu tiṡ̨u yo, My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
:::'''Te tobe m' idi pu idi ya curi wiſ̨e pu tiſ̨u yo''', My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
*'''090.''' Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
*'''090.''' Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
:::'''Idi n̨iye ju ti te rini ti te win̨i''', I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
:::'''Idi n̨iye ju ti te rini ju ti te win̨i''', I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
*'''091.''' Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
*'''091.''' Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
:::'''Ċen' imu guteze, p̌iga ṡepi toċe''', Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.
:::'''Cen' imu ſe gute, p̌iga ſepi toce yo''', Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.




Line 366: Line 368:
| '''no'''  
| '''no'''  
| '''mi'''  
| '''mi'''  
| '''wi'''  
| '''ki'''  
|-
|-
!<center>9</center>
!<center>9</center>
Line 377: Line 379:
!16
!16
|-
|-
| '''wire'''
| '''kire'''
| '''wiho'''
| '''kiho'''
| '''wine'''
| '''kine'''
| '''wiwu'''
| '''kiwu'''
| '''wixo'''
| '''kixo'''
| '''wino'''
| '''kino'''
| '''wimi'''
| '''kimi'''
| '''howi'''
| '''hoki'''
|-
|-
!<center>17</center>
!<center>17</center>
Line 395: Line 397:
!24
!24
|-
|-
| '''howire'''
| '''hokire'''
| '''howiho'''
| '''hokiho'''
| '''howine'''
| '''hokine'''
| '''howiwu'''
| '''hokiwu'''
| '''howixo'''
| '''hokixo'''
| '''howino'''
| '''hokino'''
| '''howimi'''
| '''hokimi'''
| '''newi'''
| '''neki'''
|-
|-
!<center>25</center>
!<center>25</center>
Line 413: Line 415:
!32
!32
|-
|-
| '''newire'''
| '''nekire'''
| '''newiho'''
| '''nekiho'''
| '''newine'''
| '''nekine'''
| '''newiwu'''
| '''nekiwu'''
| '''newixo'''
| '''nekixo'''
| '''newino'''
| '''nekino'''
| '''newimi'''
| '''nekimi'''
| '''wuwi'''
| '''wuki'''
|-
|-
!<center>33</center>
!<center>33</center>
Line 431: Line 433:
!40
!40
|-
|-
| '''wuwire'''
| '''wukire'''
| '''wuwiho'''
| '''wukiho'''
| '''wuwine'''
| '''wukine'''
| '''wuwiwu'''
| '''wukiwu'''
| '''wuwixo'''
| '''wukixo'''
| '''wuwino'''
| '''wukino'''
| '''wuwimi'''
| '''wukimi'''
| '''xowi'''
| '''xoki'''
|-
|-
!<center>41</center>
!<center>41</center>
Line 449: Line 451:
!48
!48
|-
|-
| '''xowire'''
| '''xokire'''
| '''xowiho'''
| '''xokiho'''
| '''xowine'''
| '''xokine'''
| '''xowiwu'''
| '''xokiwu'''
| '''xowixo'''
| '''xokixo'''
| '''xowino'''
| '''xokino'''
| '''xowimi'''
| '''xokimi'''
| '''nowi'''
| '''noki'''
|-
|-
!<center>49</center>
!<center>49</center>
Line 467: Line 469:
!56
!56
|-
|-
| '''nowire'''
| '''nokire'''
| '''nowiho'''
| '''nokiho'''
| '''nowine'''
| '''nokine'''
| '''nowiwu'''
| '''nokiwu'''
| '''nowixo'''
| '''nokixo'''
| '''nowino'''
| '''nokino'''
| '''nowimi'''
| '''nokimi'''
| '''miwi'''
| '''miki'''
|-
|-
!<center>57</center>
!<center>57</center>
Line 485: Line 487:
!64
!64
|-
|-
| '''miwire'''
| '''mikire'''
| '''miwiho'''
| '''mikiho'''
| '''miwine'''
| '''mikine'''
| '''miwiwu'''
| '''mikiwu'''
| '''miwixo'''
| '''mikixo'''
| '''miwino'''
| '''mikino'''
| '''miwimi'''
| '''mikimi'''
| '''wiwi'''
| '''kiki'''
|}
|}
[[Nemuti: Phonology]]

Latest revision as of 12:12, 2 August 2023

Table of Phonemes

MOA nasals stops sibilants fricatives tap affricates approximants vowels
IPA
/m/
 /n/ /ŋ/ /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /s/ (/θ/) /z/ (/ð/) /ʃ/ /ɸ/ /h/ /ɾ/ (/ʁ/) /ʦ/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/ /j/ /w/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /o/ /u/ (/ɯ/)
Latin m n ŋ p b t d k g s z x f h r ſ c j y w i e a o u

Note:

  • Phonemes in parentheses indicate the pronunciation of the southern Nemuti.


Grammar

Word Order - Cocu mu Tupu

  • 001. Nemuti word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
  • 002. The accent is normally on the penultimate syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent. The accent may be no farther back than the antepenult.
  • 003. The indirect object precedes the direct object.
  • 004. The noun denoting the possessor precedes the noun denoting what is possessd.
  • 005. Determiners precede the nouns they qualify. Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.
  • 006. The adjective precedes the standard of comparison.
  • 007. The adjective follows the dependent verb.
  • 008. Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
  • 009. The order of adverbials is time, space, manner.

Verbs - Cetitup̨u

  • 010. Verbs are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
  • 011. Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial phoneme.
  • 012. The present tense is the base form of the verb without modification: nefo, see.
Idi ya nefo te ton̨u yo, I see the clouds.
  • 013. The past tense is formed by labializing the first consonant: nefo, see.
Idi ya ňefo te ton̨u yo, I saw the clouds.
  • 014. The future tense is formed by palatalizing the first phoneme: nefo, see.
Idi ya n̨efo te ton̨u yo, I will see the clouds.
  • 015. A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, te, to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
Te nefo se te ſeso, Seeing is believing.
  • 016. Mood is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
  • 017. The subjunctive mood is formed with the suffix -ne:
Imu ya ŋísane idi yo, She may love me.
  • 018. The imperative mood is formed with the suffix -te.
Ŋísate idi yo, Love me.
Wófote ifa yo te ŋopi, Let him sing.
  • 020. The conditional mood is formed with the particle fi:
F' idi ya ŋisa ipi yo, If I love you....
F' idi ya ŋ̌isa ipi yo, If I loved you....
  • 021. The recent past is formed with the suffix -pa:
Idi ya néfopa yime yo, I just saw a crocodile.
  • 022. The passive form of the verb is formed with the suffix -fa; the subject takes the particle yo:
Te kiki yo ŋísafa, The mother is loved.
Te feŋu yo x̌ótofa, The apple was cooked.
  • 023. The negation of the verb uses the suffix -go.
Te ſuma púyogo, The boy does not dance.
Te ſuma ŋ̨ísago, The boy will not love.
This particle follows any others:
Te ſucu puyónego mi, The girl may not want to dance.
  • 024. A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle me at the end of the sentence:
Idi ya ŋisa ipi yo, I love you.
Idi ya ŋisa ipi yo me, Do I love you?
  • 025. Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
Idi ya ŋ̌uzu te niye, I was afraid to go.
A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
Idi ya ŋ̌uzu dini yo te ziyi, I was afraid to touch a toad.
  • 026. Verbs may be formed from adjectives and nouns with the auxiliary verb zo, e.g., rehu, wide; rehu zo, widen.
Ih̨a ya réhu zo te neje yo, They are widening the road.
nace, order, command.
Idi ya nace žo ifa yo t' eto, I ordered him to go.
  • 027. The copulative verb to be is ſe.
Ifa ya ſe te wako ya, He is the chief.
Ifa ya ſ̬e te pepe ya, He was the father.
  • 028. The existential copula is he, there is/are.
Yize he a te tetu, There is an eagle in the tree.
  • 029. To be about to is translated with the particle tufu:
Imu ya žita tufu, She was about to scream.
  • 030. Must, have to is translated with the particle miwa:
Idi ya zeri miwa tum̨u pim̨a yo, I have to plant these seeds.

Nouns - Eyetup̨u

  • 031. Nouns are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
  • 032. There are no noun classes in Nemuti.
  • 033. Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
xote, moon; xot̨e, moons.
If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: ho xote, two rivers.
  • 034. Possession is indicated by the possessive particle mu, of.
Te feŋu mu te tunu, the child's apple.
Te iſe mu te bime, the man's foot.
  • 035. Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the suffix -ŋe:
nece, short; néceŋe, shortness.
  • 036. Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the suffix -ŋe:
ſemo, die; ſémoŋe, death.
  • 037. Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed with the suffix -ſi:
yiti, young; yítiſi, youth; hofo, old; hófoſi, elder;
Note that the plural indicator is attached to the noun's root and not the suffix: yít̨iſi, youths; hóf̨oſi, elders.
  • 038. The agent of a verb is formed with the suffix -ſi.
ŋopi, sing; ŋópiſi , singer; ŋóp̨iſi , singers.
  • 039. The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed with the suffix -te.
te, cut; tete, knife; t̨ete, knives.
  • 040. Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed with the suffix -ŋa.
yifi, laugh; yífiŋa, laugh, laughter.
  • 041. A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the prefixes wo- and cu-, respectively: puhe, bird; wopuhe, cock; cupuhe, hen.
  • 042. Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by making a compound with the word tone, group.
te puhetone, the flock of birds; te zimitone, the school of fish; te ſenitone, archipelago.
  • 043. Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix ta-.
te pisa, the wind; te tapisa, the breeze; te tapis̨a, the breezes.
  • 044. Nouns naming the member of a group are formed with the suffix -ce.
zipu, village; zípuce, villager.
  • 045. Nouns may be used to modify other nouns.
te wini udiwi, the mountain stream; te wini udiw̨i, the mountain streams.
  • 046. The subject of the verb and the predicate nominative, noun or pronoun, take the particle ya:
Te puh̨e ya zoyi ye te tet̨u, The birds are perching in the trees.
  • 047. The object of the verb, noun or pronoun, takes the particle yo:
Idi ya bate te nefo uf̨a yo, I can see them.
  • 048. Compound nouns are formed by joining the two (or more) elements, e.g. tina, bite + wije, tooth = tinawije canine tooth.
    • If the second element begins with a vowel, then the final vowel of the first element is elided, e.g. bimjo, button + imi, hole = bimjimi, buttonhole.


Modifiers - Piŋetup̨u

  • 049. In Nemuti grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.

Adjectives - Guſiŋe Tup̨u

  • 050. Adjectives are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
  • 051. Adjectives are placed before the noun: te wuſe ſuma, the good boy.
  • 052. The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb bo, more.
yiti, young; bo yiti, younger, youngest.
  • 053. Negative comparison is formed with the word gobo, less: rifoti, distant; gobo rifoti, less/least distant.
  • 054. The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunctions umi...tofi, as...as; ŋiti, red:
Tumu kimi ſe umi ŋiti tofi jeſu, This flower is as red as blood.
  • 055. Participles are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
  • 056. There are two participles in Nemuti.
a. The present participle is created by using the nonpast form of the verb + mu:
te ŋuwo mu zimi, the swimming fish.
b. The past participle is created by using the past form of the verb + mu:
te ſ̬eso mu homa, the sunken boat.
  • 057. Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix g(o)-.
pefi, even; gopefi, uneven.
  • 058. The suffix -se combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
puhe, bird; púhese, like a bird.
  • 059. Adjectives with the meaning without are expressed with the prefix -miſe, -less.
tegu, hope; tegúmiſe, hopeless.

Determiners - Tapatup̨u

  • 060. Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc. They are placed before the noun.
  • 061. The definite article is te.
  • 062. There is no indefinite article.
  • 063. The proximal demonstrative, this/these, is tumu.
tumu riki, this leaf; tumu rik̨i, these leaves.
  • 064. The distal demonstrative, that/those, is zumu.
zumu tonu, that cloud; zumu ton̨u, those clouds.
  • 065. Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
Ne puz̨e xoto, Three women are cooking.
They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
Tumu puz̨e ne xoto, These three women are cooking.
  • 066. The elective indefinite determiner is eye, any.
  • 067. The exisential determiner is eſa, some.
  • 068. The negative determiner is go, no.
  • 069. The distributive determiner is wofo, every.

Numerals - Zoce

  • 070. Nemuti has an octal numeral system.
1
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
re ho ne wu xo no mi ki
  • 071. The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to wi, eight.
9
 10 11 12 13 14 15
kire kiho kine kiwu kixo kino kimi
  • 072. The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to ki, eight.
16
 24 32 40 48 56 64
hoki neki wuki xoki naki miki kiki
  • 073. The ordinals are made kith the prefix be-.
te beho xomi, the second rope
  • 074. The adverbial numbers are made kith the suffix -te.
hote, twice; kite, eight times.

Adverbs - Pumetup̨u

  • 075. Adverbs are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc.
  • 076. Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix -to.
te wota bima, the brave man; Ifa t̬obu wótato, He acted bravely.
  • 077. The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; wótato, bravely; bo wótato, more bravely.

Pronouns - Tihitup̨u

  • 078. Pronouns are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Nemuti.
  • 079. The personal pronouns are idi, I; id̨i, we; ipi, you (sg.); ip̨i, you (pl.); ifa, he; if̨a, they; imu, she; im̨u, they; ufa, it; uf̨a, they.
Idi ya ŋisa imu yo, I love her.
Imu ya ŋisa idi yo, She loves me.
Idi ya ŋ̌ipa m' imu te kimi yo, I gave her the flower.
If the group consists of both male and female beings, the male pronoun is used.
  • 080. The interrogative pronouns are biha, who; bime, what; and haba, which.
  • 081. The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun cedi, self.
Idi ya p̌ina cedi yo, I hurt myself.
  • 082. The intensive pronouns are formed with the suffix -jedi, self.
Idijedi n̨iye, I myself will go.
  • 083. The demonstrative pronouns are the demonstrative determiners with the appropriate particles.
This is a flower, Tumu ya ſe kimi ya.
Those are leaves, Zum̨u ya ſe rik̨i ya.
  • 084. The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
eyemema, anyone, anybody; eyenumu, anything.
eſamema, someone, somebody; eſanumu, something.
gomema, no one, nobody; numu, nothing.
  • 085. There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using m(u), of. When this phrase is used, the subject particle ya is omitted.
Tumu ya ſe kimi m' ipi, zumu ya ſe m' idi. This is your flower, that is mine.

Prepositions - Nikitup̨u

  • 086. Nemuti uses prepositions, a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
a te rini, at the beach.
Te juto ya ſe ye te xota, The cup is on the table.

Conjunctions - Tup̨u mu Taxuŋe

  • 087. A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
  • 088. In Nemuti there are three types of conjunctions.
  • 089. A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
Te tobe m' idi pu idi ya curi wiſ̨e pu tiſ̨u yo, My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
  • 090. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
Idi n̨iye ju ti te rini ju ti te win̨i, I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
  • 091. Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
Cen' imu ſe gute, p̌iga ſepi toce yo, Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.


Octal Table

1
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
re ho ne wu xo no mi ki
9
 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
kire kiho kine kiwu kixo kino kimi hoki
17
 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hokire hokiho hokine hokiwu hokixo hokino hokimi neki
25
 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
nekire nekiho nekine nekiwu nekixo nekino nekimi wuki
33
 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
wukire wukiho wukine wukiwu wukixo wukino wukimi xoki
41
 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
xokire xokiho xokine xokiwu xokixo xokino xokimi noki
49
 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
nokire nokiho nokine nokiwu nokixo nokino nokimi miki
57
 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
mikire mikiho mikine mikiwu mikixo mikino mikimi kiki
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