Nemuti: Syntax
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Table of Phonemes
MOA | nasals | stops | sibilants | fricatives | tap | affricates | approximants | vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /p/ | /b/ | /t/ | /d/ | /k/ | /g/ | /s/ (/θ/) | /z/ (/ð/) | /ʃ/ | /ɸ/ | /h/ | /ɾ/ (/ʁ/) | /ʦ/ | /ʧ/ | /ʤ/ | /j/ | /w/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /o/ | /u/ (/ɯ/) | ||||||||
Latin | m | n | ŋ | p | b | t | d | k | g | s | z | x | f | h | r | ſ | c | j | y | w | i | e | a | o | u |
Note:
- Phonemes in parentheses indicate the pronunciation of the southern Nemuti.
Grammar
Word Order - Cocu mu Tupu
- 001. Nemuti word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
- 002. The accent is normally on the penultimate syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent. The accent may be no farther back than the antepenult.
- 003. The indirect object precedes the direct object.
- 004. The noun denoting the possessor precedes the noun denoting what is possessd.
- 005. Determiners precede the nouns they qualify. Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.
- 006. The adjective precedes the standard of comparison.
- 007. The adjective follows the dependent verb.
- 008. Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
- 009. The order of adverbials is time, space, manner.
Verbs - Cetitup̨u
- 010. Verbs are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
- 011. Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial phoneme.
- 012. The present tense is the base form of the verb without modification: nefo, see.
- Idi ya nefo te ton̨u yo, I see the clouds.
- 013. The past tense is formed by labializing the first consonant: nefo, see.
- Idi ya ňefo te ton̨u yo, I saw the clouds.
- 014. The future tense is formed by palatalizing the first phoneme: nefo, see.
- Idi ya n̨efo te ton̨u yo, I will see the clouds.
- 015. A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, te, to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
- Te nefo se te ſeso, Seeing is believing.
- 016. Mood is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
- 017. The subjunctive mood is formed with the suffix -ne:
- Imu ya ŋísane idi yo, She may love me.
- 018. The imperative mood is formed with the suffix -te.
- Ŋísate idi yo, Love me.
- 019. The hortative and jussive moods are formed with the verb wofo, let, permit.
- Wófote ifa yo te ŋopi, Let him sing.
- 020. The conditional mood is formed with the particle fi:
- F' idi ya ŋisa ipi yo, If I love you....
- F' idi ya ŋ̌isa ipi yo, If I loved you....
- 021. The recent past is formed with the suffix -pa:
- Idi ya néfopa yime yo, I just saw a crocodile.
- 022. The passive form of the verb is formed with the suffix -fa; the subject takes the particle yo:
- Te kiki yo ŋísafa, The mother is loved.
- Te feŋu yo x̌ótofa, The apple was cooked.
- 023. The negation of the verb uses the suffix -go.
- Te ſuma púyogo, The boy does not dance.
- Te ſuma ŋ̨ísago, The boy will not love.
- This particle follows any others:
- Te ſucu puyónego mi, The girl may not want to dance.
- 024. A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle me at the end of the sentence:
- Idi ya ŋisa ipi yo, I love you.
- Idi ya ŋisa ipi yo me, Do I love you?
- 025. Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
- Idi ya ŋ̌uzu te niye, I was afraid to go.
- A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
- Idi ya ŋ̌uzu dini yo te ziyi, I was afraid to touch a toad.
- 026. Verbs may be formed from adjectives and nouns with the auxiliary verb zo, e.g., rehu, wide; rehu zo, widen.
- Ih̨a ya réhu zo te neje yo, They are widening the road.
- nace, order, command.
- Idi ya nace žo ifa yo t' eto, I ordered him to go.
- 027. The copulative verb to be is ſe.
- Ifa ya ſe te wako ya, He is the chief.
- Ifa ya ſ̬e te pepe ya, He was the father.
- 028. The existential copula is he, there is/are.
- Yize he a te tetu, There is an eagle in the tree.
- 029. To be about to is translated with the particle tufu:
- Imu ya žita tufu, She was about to scream.
- 030. Must, have to is translated with the particle miwa:
- Idi ya zeri miwa tum̨u pim̨a yo, I have to plant these seeds.
Nouns - Eyetup̨u
- 031. Nouns are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
- 032. There are no noun classes in Nemuti.
- 033. Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
- xote, moon; xot̨e, moons.
- If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: ho xote, two rivers.
- 034. Possession is indicated by the possessive particle mu, of.
- Te feŋu mu te tunu, the child's apple.
- Te iſe mu te bime, the man's foot.
- 035. Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the suffix -ŋe:
- nece, short; néceŋe, shortness.
- 036. Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the suffix -ŋe:
- ſemo, die; ſémoŋe, death.
- 037. Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed with the suffix -ſi:
- yiti, young; yítiſi, youth; hofo, old; hófoſi, elder;
- Note that the plural indicator is attached to the noun's root and not the suffix: yít̨iſi, youths; hóf̨oſi, elders.
- 038. The agent of a verb is formed with the suffix -ſi.
- ŋopi, sing; ŋópiſi , singer; ŋóp̨iſi , singers.
- 039. The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed with the suffix -te.
- te, cut; tete, knife; t̨ete, knives.
- 040. Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed with the suffix -ŋa.
- yifi, laugh; yífiŋa, laugh, laughter.
- 041. A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the prefixes wo- and cu-, respectively: puhe, bird; wopuhe, cock; cupuhe, hen.
- 042. Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by making a compound with the word tone, group.
- te puhetone, the flock of birds; te zimitone, the school of fish; te ſenitone, archipelago.
- 043. Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix ta-.
- te pisa, the wind; te tapisa, the breeze; te tapis̨a, the breezes.
- 044. Nouns naming the member of a group are formed with the suffix -ce.
- zipu, village; zípuce, villager.
- 045. Nouns may be used to modify other nouns.
- te wini udiwi, the mountain stream; te wini udiw̨i, the mountain streams.
- 046. The subject of the verb and the predicate nominative, noun or pronoun, take the particle ya:
- Te puh̨e ya zoyi ye te tet̨u, The birds are perching in the trees.
- 047. The object of the verb, noun or pronoun, takes the particle yo:
- Idi ya bate te nefo uf̨a yo, I can see them.
- 048. Compound nouns are formed by joining the two (or more) elements, e.g. tina, bite + wije, tooth = tinawije canine tooth.
- If the second element begins with a vowel, then the final vowel of the first element is elided, e.g. bimjo, button + imi, hole = bimjimi, buttonhole.
Modifiers - Piŋetup̨u
- 049. In Nemuti grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.
Adjectives - Guſiŋe Tup̨u
- 050. Adjectives are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
- 051. Adjectives are placed before the noun: te wuſe ſuma, the good boy.
- 052. The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb bo, more.
- yiti, young; bo yiti, younger, youngest.
- 053. Negative comparison is formed with the word gobo, less: rifoti, distant; gobo rifoti, less/least distant.
- 054. The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunctions umi...tofi, as...as; ŋiti, red:
- Tumu kimi ſe umi ŋiti tofi jeſu, This flower is as red as blood.
- 055. Participles are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
- 056. There are two participles in Nemuti.
- a. The present participle is created by using the nonpast form of the verb + mu:
- te ŋuwo mu zimi, the swimming fish.
- b. The past participle is created by using the past form of the verb + mu:
- te ſ̬eso mu homa, the sunken boat.
- a. The present participle is created by using the nonpast form of the verb + mu:
- 057. Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix g(o)-.
- pefi, even; gopefi, uneven.
- 058. The suffix -se combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
- puhe, bird; púhese, like a bird.
- 059. Adjectives with the meaning without are expressed with the prefix -miſe, -less.
- tegu, hope; tegúmiſe, hopeless.
Determiners - Tapatup̨u
- 060. Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc. They are placed before the noun.
- 061. The definite article is te.
- 062. There is no indefinite article.
- 063. The proximal demonstrative, this/these, is tumu.
- tumu riki, this leaf; tumu rik̨i, these leaves.
- 064. The distal demonstrative, that/those, is zumu.
- zumu tonu, that cloud; zumu ton̨u, those clouds.
- 065. Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
- Ne puz̨e xoto, Three women are cooking.
- They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
- Tumu puz̨e ne xoto, These three women are cooking.
- 066. The elective indefinite determiner is eye, any.
- 067. The exisential determiner is eſa, some.
- 068. The negative determiner is go, no.
- 069. The distributive determiner is wofo, every.
Numerals - Zoce
- 070. Nemuti has an octal numeral system.
2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
re | ho | ne | wu | xo | no | mi | ki |
- 071. The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to wi, eight.
10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kire | kiho | kine | kiwu | kixo | kino | kimi |
- 072. The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to ki, eight.
24 | 32 | 40 | 48 | 56 | 64 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hoki | neki | wuki | xoki | naki | miki | kiki |
- 073. The ordinals are made kith the prefix be-.
- te beho xomi, the second rope
- 074. The adverbial numbers are made kith the suffix -te.
- hote, twice; kite, eight times.
Adverbs - Pumetup̨u
- 075. Adverbs are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc.
- 076. Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix -to.
- te wota bima, the brave man; Ifa t̬obu wótato, He acted bravely.
- 077. The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; wótato, bravely; bo wótato, more bravely.
Pronouns - Tihitup̨u
- 078. Pronouns are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Nemuti.
- 079. The personal pronouns are idi, I; id̨i, we; ipi, you (sg.); ip̨i, you (pl.); ifa, he; if̨a, they; imu, she; im̨u, they; ufa, it; uf̨a, they.
- Idi ya ŋisa imu yo, I love her.
- Imu ya ŋisa idi yo, She loves me.
- Idi ya ŋ̌ipa m' imu te kimi yo, I gave her the flower.
- If the group consists of both male and female beings, the male pronoun is used.
- 080. The interrogative pronouns are biha, who; bime, what; and haba, which.
- 081. The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun cedi, self.
- Idi ya p̌ina cedi yo, I hurt myself.
- 082. The intensive pronouns are formed with the suffix -jedi, self.
- Idijedi n̨iye, I myself will go.
- 083. The demonstrative pronouns are the demonstrative determiners with the appropriate particles.
- This is a flower, Tumu ya ſe kimi ya.
- Those are leaves, Zum̨u ya ſe rik̨i ya.
- 084. The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
- eyemema, anyone, anybody; eyenumu, anything.
- eſamema, someone, somebody; eſanumu, something.
- gomema, no one, nobody; numu, nothing.
- 085. There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using m(u), of. When this phrase is used, the subject particle ya is omitted.
- Tumu ya ſe kimi m' ipi, zumu ya ſe m' idi. This is your flower, that is mine.
Prepositions - Nikitup̨u
- 086. Nemuti uses prepositions, a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
- a te rini, at the beach.
- Te juto ya ſe ye te xota, The cup is on the table.
Conjunctions - Tup̨u mu Taxuŋe
- 087. A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
- 088. In Nemuti there are three types of conjunctions.
- 089. A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
- Te tobe m' idi pu idi ya curi wiſ̨e pu tiſ̨u yo, My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
- 090. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
- Idi n̨iye ju ti te rini ju ti te win̨i, I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
- 091. Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
- Cen' imu ſe gute, p̌iga ſepi toce yo, Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.
Octal Table
2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
re | ho | ne | wu | xo | no | mi | ki |
10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
kire | kiho | kine | kiwu | kixo | kino | kimi | hoki |
18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | |
hokire | hokiho | hokine | hokiwu | hokixo | hokino | hokimi | neki |
26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | |
nekire | nekiho | nekine | nekiwu | nekixo | nekino | nekimi | wuki |
34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | |
wukire | wukiho | wukine | wukiwu | wukixo | wukino | wukimi | xoki |
42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | |
xokire | xokiho | xokine | xokiwu | xokixo | xokino | xokimi | noki |
50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | |
nokire | nokiho | nokine | nokiwu | nokixo | nokino | nokimi | miki |
58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | |
mikire | mikiho | mikine | mikiwu | mikixo | mikino | mikimi | kiki |