Gyatalin: Difference between revisions
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|valign="top"|Total speakers: | |valign="top"|Total speakers: | ||
|| | ||436,391,390 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"|Genealogical classification: | |valign="top"|Genealogical classification: | ||
||(unnamed)<br> | ||(unnamed)<br> | ||
Shalian<br> | Shalian<br> | ||
'''Gyatalin''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"|Basic word order: | |valign="top"|Basic word order: | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The language of the Gyatalin people (<i>Eng: Gyatalin</i>, <i>Nat: Gjatálin</i>) is a language spoken on the planet of Meishuko, in an alternate universe. It is spoken by approximately | The language of the Gyatalin people (<i>Eng: Gyatalin</i>, <i>Nat: Gjatálin</i>) is a language spoken on the planet of Meishuko, in an alternate universe. It is spoken by approximately 436,391,390 people, and is the most widely spoken of the Shalian languages found on the planet. | ||
The language itself superficially (and sometimes even semantically) resembles some of the Slavic languages (particularly Polish), partly due to the fact that it was, indeed, the Polish who exposed the Gyatalin people to the Latin alphabet and several semantic ideas. | |||
==Phonology/Orthography== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
<div style="text-align: center;"> | <div style="text-align: center;"> | ||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | ||
!colspan= | !colspan=19 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants | ||
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | ||
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Retroflex||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal | | ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Retroflex||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<br | ====Digraphs==== | ||
bj bl bn bw bẃ | |||
<br> | |||
dj dl dw dẃ | |||
<br> | |||
džl džw džẃ | |||
<br> | |||
dźj dźw dźẃ | |||
<br> | |||
fj fl fẃ | |||
<br> | |||
gd gj gl gw gẃ | |||
<br> | |||
hl hm hn hẃ | |||
<br> | |||
kj kl kn ks kš kś kw kẃ | |||
<br> | |||
k’j k’l k’n k’s k’š k’ś k’w k’ẃ | |||
<br> | |||
lj lẃ | |||
<br> | |||
mj mẃ | |||
<br> | |||
nj nẃ | |||
<br> | |||
pf pj pl ps pw pẃ | |||
<br> | |||
p’f p’j p’l p’s p’w p’ẃ | |||
<br> | |||
sf sk sk’ sl sm sn sp sp’ st st’ sw sẃ | |||
<br> | |||
šf šk šk’ šl šm šn šp šp’ št št’ šw šẃ | |||
<br> | |||
śj św śẃ | |||
<br> | |||
tj tl ts tw tẃ | |||
<br> | |||
t’y t’l t’s t’w t’ẃ | |||
<br> | |||
tšl tšw tšẃ | |||
<br> | |||
tśj tśw tśẃ | |||
<br> | |||
w wj wl wẃ | |||
<br> | |||
chj chw chẃ | |||
<br> | |||
zd zg zj zm zn zẃ | |||
<br> | |||
žd žg žj žm žn žẃ | |||
<br> | |||
źj źw źẃ | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
<div style="text-align: center;"> | <div style="text-align: center;"> | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
====Diphthongs==== | |||
There are six diphthongs in Gyatalin, and no more: | |||
aj, ej, ij, oj, uj, yj | |||
/ai Ei ij oi uj yj/ | |||
====Vowel Length==== | |||
There are a total of 2 vowel lengths in Gyatalin: long and short. The short vowels are marked as previous, and the long vowels are marked as follows: | |||
<div style="text-align: center;"> | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels | |||
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Close || í || ù || || || || ú | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Lax Close || || || ý || || || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Close-Mid || || || || || è || ó | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Open-Mid || é || ò || || || || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Near-Open || à | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Open || á | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
Long diphthongs are formed in exactly the same way: | |||
áj éj íj ój új ýj | |||
==The Cases== | |||
Gyatalin makes use of six grammatical cases: the nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, locative, and vocative. Each case is marked, normally in with a different ending for each case. | |||
==Pronouns== | |||
===Personal Pronouns=== | |||
Among other things that decline into each of the six cases, the personal pronouns do. | |||
<div style="text-align: center;"> | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Personal Pronouns | |||
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Nominative ||colspan=2| Accusative ||colspan=2| Dative ||colspan = 2| Genitive ||colspan=2| Locative ||colspan=2| Vocative | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| 1 singular || yś |||| mý |||| mny |||| mne |||| ym |||| moj | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| 2 singular || tü |||| dý |||| tè |||| ty |||| dá |||| doj | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| 3 singular m. || žoj |||| žë |||| žu |||| ža |||| žü |||| žu | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| 3 singular f. || žaj |||| žy |||| žä |||| ži |||| žö |||| žy | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| 3 singular n. || žej |||| žej |||| žu |||| že |||| žy |||| žo | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| 1 plural inclusive || il |||| il |||| ẃim |||| wi |||| jeg |||| il | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| 1 plural exclusive || yl |||| mü |||| il |||| mü |||| mil |||| myl | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| 2 plural || jätś |||| wjej |||| wjo |||| wjo |||| joź |||| joj | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| 3 plural anim. || fën |||| dau |||| dë |||| dë |||| dwò |||| dwo | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| 3 plural inanim. || fè |||| dá |||| dèn |||| dè |||| dwò |||| dwó | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
==Verbal Morphology== | |||
Like many Indo-European languages, verbs decline by person and number. However, Gyatalin verbs do not decline by tense; they decline somewhat by aspect, but the conjugations of the verbs don't match up exactly in meaning. The closest natural language aspect is the telicity found in Finnish or Estonian. | |||
For the sake of neatness, already existing grammatical aspects are used to name Gyatalin aspects. However, a brief description of what the actual Gyatalin aspect is will follow the heading. | |||
Before actually viewing the verbal morphology of Gyatalin, it is important to look at the structure of the verb infinitive (which ALWAYS ends in -t'j). | |||
There are two classes of verbs, so aptly named Class 1 and Class 2. Class 1 verbs have either: a, y, o, u, ë, or a consonant before the typical t'j ending. Verbs in Class 2 have either: e, i, y, ü, ä, or ö before the t'j ending. It is impossible to tell whether a particular -yt'j verb is from Class 1 or Class 2. | |||
To discover the stem of the verb, simply remove the vowel and the t'j ending. In the case of the consonant+t'j endings, only remove the t'j. | |||
===Perfective Aspect=== | |||
This is the simplest of the aspects. In Gyatalin, this aspect implies that the action being referred to has been completed. | |||
====Class 1 Verbs==== | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Class 1, Perfective Aspect | |||
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| póchat'j ||colspan=2| ytyt'j ||colspan = 2| wlùbot'j ||colspan=2| źlut’j ||colspan=2| gànśët’j ||colspan=2| títant'j || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yś || -u |||| póch<b>u</b> |||| yt<b>u</b> |||| wlùb<b>u</b> |||| źl<b>u</b> |||| gànś<b>u</b> |||| títan<b>u</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| tü || -ešt |||| póch<b>ešt</b> |||| yt<b>ešt</b> |||| wlùb<b>ešt</b> |||| źl<b>ešt</b> |||| gànś<b>ešt</b> |||| títan<b>ešt</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žoj || -oj |||| póch<b>oj</b> |||| yt<b>oj</b> |||| wlùb<b>oj</b> |||| źl<b>oj</b> |||| gànś<b>oj</b> |||| títan<b>oj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žaj || -aj |||| póch<b>aj</b> |||| yt<b>aj</b> |||| wlùb<b>aj</b> |||| źl<b>aj</b> |||| gànś<b>aj</b> |||| títan<b>aj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žej || -ej |||| póch<b>ej</b> |||| yt<b>ej</b> |||| wlùb<b>ej</b> |||| źl<b>ej</b> |||| gànś<b>ej</b> |||| títan<b>ej</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| il || -my |||| póch<b>my</b> |||| yt<b>my</b> |||| wlùb<b>my</b> |||| źl<b>my</b> |||| gànś<b>my</b> |||| títan<b>my</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yl || -li |||| póch<b>li</b> |||| yt<b>li</b> |||| wlùb<b>li</b> |||| źl<b>i</b> |||| gànś<b>li</b> |||| títan<b>li</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| jätś || -é |||| póch<b>é</b> |||| yt<b>é</b> |||| wlùb<b>é</b> |||| źl<b>é</b> |||| gànś<b>é</b> |||| títan<b>é</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fën || -ju |||| póch<b>ju</b> |||| yt<b>ju</b> |||| wlùb<b>ju</b> |||| źl<b>ju</b> |||| gànś<b>ju</b> |||| títan<b>ju</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || -jut |||| póch<b>jut</b> |||| yt<b>jut</b> |||| wlùb<b>jut</b> |||| źl<b>jut</b> |||| gànś<b>jut</b> |||| títan<b>jut</b> || | |||
|} | |||
====Class 2 Verbs==== | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Class 2, Perfective Aspect | |||
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| pljanet'j ||colspan=2| bytit'j ||colspan = 2| žùdžyt'j ||colspan=2| kwalüt’j ||colspan=2| mächtät’j ||colspan=2| polöt'j || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yś || -ju |||| pljan<b>ju</b> |||| byt<b>ju</b> |||| žùdž<b>ju</b> |||| kwal<b>ju</b> |||| mächt<b>ju</b> |||| pol<b>ju</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| tü || -iš |||| pljan<b>iš</b> |||| byt<b>iš</b> |||| žùdž<b>iš</b> |||| kwal<b>iš</b> |||| mächt<b>iš</b> |||| pol<b>iš</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žoj || -joj |||| pljan<b>joj</b> |||| byt<b>joj</b> |||| žùdž<b>joj</b> |||| kwal<b>joj</b> |||| mächt<b>joj</b> |||| pol<b>joj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žaj || -jaj |||| pljan<b>jaj</b> |||| byt<b>jaj</b> |||| žùdž<b>jaj</b> |||| kwal<b>jaj</b> |||| mächt<b>jaj</b> |||| pol<b>jaj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žej || -jej |||| pljan<b>jej</b> |||| byt<b>jej</b> |||| žùdž<b>jej</b> |||| kwal<b>jej</b> |||| mächt<b>jej</b> |||| pol<b>jej</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| il || -ymi |||| pljan<b>ymi</b> |||| byt<b>ymi</b> |||| žùdž<b>ymi</b> |||| kwal<b>ymi</b> |||| mächt<b>ymi</b> |||| pol<b>ymi</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yl || -yli |||| pljan<b>yli</b> |||| byt<b>yli</b> |||| žùdž<b>yli</b> |||| kwal<b>yli</b> |||| mächt<b>yli</b> |||| pol<b>yli</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| jätś || -je |||| pljan<b>je</b> |||| byt<b>je</b> |||| žùdž<b>je</b> |||| kwal<b>je</b> |||| mächt<b>je</b> |||| pol<b>je</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fën || -ja |||| pljan<b>ja</b> |||| byt<b>ja</b> |||| žùdž<b>ja</b> |||| kwal<b>ja</b> |||| mächt<b>ja</b> |||| pol<b>ja</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || -jat |||| pljan<b>jat</b> |||| byt<b>jat</b> |||| žùdž<b>jat</b> |||| kwal<b>jat</b> |||| mächt<b>jat</b> |||| pol<b>jat</b> || | |||
|} | |||
===Progressive Aspect=== | |||
The progressive aspect implies that the verb is happening, but has not been completed. This aspect also carries the meaning of the intention of completing the action. (for example, with the verb "to go there", in the progressive aspect, English would represent the meaning as "to be on one's way there, and having an intention of reaching the final destination") | |||
====Class 1 Verbs==== | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Class 1, Progressive Aspect | |||
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| póchat'j ||colspan=2| ytyt'j ||colspan = 2| wlùbot'j ||colspan=2| źlut’j ||colspan=2| gànśët’j ||colspan=2| títant'j || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yś || ja- || -u || <b>ja</b>póch<b>u</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>u</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>u</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>u</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>u</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>u</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| tü || ja- || -ešt || <b>ja</b>póch<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>ešt</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žoj || ja- || -oj || <b>ja</b>póch<b>oj</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>oj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>oj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>oj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>oj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>oj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žaj || ja- || -aj || <b>ja</b>póch<b>aj</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>aj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>aj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>aj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>aj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>aj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žej || ja- || -ej || <b>ja</b>póch<b>ej</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>ej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>ej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>ej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>ej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>ej</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| il || ja- || -my || <b>ja</b>póch<b>my</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>my</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>my</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>my</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>my</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>my</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yl || ja- || -li || <b>ja</b>póch<b>li</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>li</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>li</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>i</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>li</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>li</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| jätś || ja- || -é || <b>ja</b>póch<b>é</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>é</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>é</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>é</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>é</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>é</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fën || ja- || -ju || <b>ja</b>póch<b>ju</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>ju</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || ja- || -jut || <b>ja</b>póch<b>jut</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>jut</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>jut</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>jut</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>jut</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>jut</b> || | |||
|} | |||
====Class 2 Verbs==== | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Class 2, Progressive Aspect | |||
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| pljanet'j ||colspan=2| bytit'j ||colspan = 2| žùdžyt'j ||colspan=2| kwalüt’j ||colspan=2| mächtät’j ||colspan=2| polöt'j || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yś || ja- || -ju || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>ju</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| tü || ja- || -iš || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>iš</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>iš</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>iš</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>iš</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>iš</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>iš</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žoj || ja- || -joj || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>joj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>joj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>joj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>joj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>joj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>joj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žaj || ja- || -jaj || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>jaj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>jaj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>jaj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>jaj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>jaj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>jaj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žej || ja- || -jej || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>jej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>jej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>jej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>jej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>jej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>jej</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| il || ja- || -ymi || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>ymi</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>ymi</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>ymi</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>ymi</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>ymi</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>ymi</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yl || ja- || -yli || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>yli</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>yli</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>yli</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>yli</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>yli</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>yli</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| jätś || ja- || -je || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>je</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>je</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>je</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>je</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>je</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>je</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fën || ja- || -ja|| <b>ja</b>pljan<b>ja</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>ja</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>ja</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>ja</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>ja</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>ja</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || ja- || -jat || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>jat</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>jat</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>jat</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>jat</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>jat</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>jat</b> || | |||
|} | |||
===Imperfective Aspect=== | |||
The imperfective aspect implies almost the opposite ot the perfective aspect. The verb is happening, and has not yet been completed, but the subject has no intention of finishing the said action. | |||
====Class 1 Verbs==== | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Class 1, Progressive Aspect | |||
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| póchat'j ||colspan=2| ytyt'j ||colspan = 2| wlùbot'j ||colspan=2| źlut’j ||colspan=2| gànśët’j ||colspan=2| títant'j || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yś || ja- || -um || <b>ja</b>póch<b>um</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>um</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>um</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>um</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànśm<b>u</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>um</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| tü || ja- || -et || <b>ja</b>póch<b>et</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>et</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>et</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>et</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>et</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>et</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žoj || ja- || -o || <b>ja</b>póch<b>o</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>o</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>o</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>o</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>o</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>o</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žaj || ja- || -a || <b>ja</b>póch<b>a</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>a</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>a</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>a</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>a</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>a</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žej || ja- || -e || <b>ja</b>póch<b>e</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>e</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>e</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>e</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>e</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>e</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| il || ja- || -ym || <b>ja</b>póch<b>ym</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>ym</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>ym</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>ym</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>ym</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>ym</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yl || ja- || -il || <b>ja</b>póch<b>il</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>il</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>il</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>il</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>il</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>il</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| jätś || ja- || -è || <b>ja</b>póch<b>è</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>è</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>è</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>è</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>è</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>è</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fën || ja- || -uj || <b>ja</b>póch<b>uj</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>uj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>uj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>uj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>uj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>uj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || ja- || -ujt || <b>ja</b>póch<b>ujt</b> |||| <b>jag</b>yt<b>ujt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>wlùb<b>ujt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>źl<b>ujt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>gànś<b>ujt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>títan<b>ujt</b> || | |||
|} | |||
====Class 2 Verbs==== | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Class 2, Progressive Aspect | |||
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| pljanet'j ||colspan=2| bytit'j ||colspan = 2| žùdžyt'j ||colspan=2| kwalüt’j ||colspan=2| mächtät’j ||colspan=2| polöt'j || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yś || ja- || -u || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>u</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>u</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>u</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>u</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>u</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>u</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| tü || ja- || -ešt || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>ešt</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žoj || ja- || -oj || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>oj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>oj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>oj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>oj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>oj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>oj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žaj || ja- || -aj || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>aj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>aj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>aj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>aj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>aj</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>aj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žej || ja- || -ej || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>ej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>ej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>ej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>ej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>ej</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>ej</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| il || ja- || -my || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>my</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>my</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>my</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>my</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>my</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>my</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yl || ja- || -li || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>li</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>li</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>li</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>i</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>li</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>i</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| jätś || ja- || -é || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>é</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>é</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>é</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>é</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>é</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>é</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fën || ja- || -ju|| <b>ja</b>pljan<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>ju</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>ju</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || ja- || -jut || <b>ja</b>pljan<b>jut</b> |||| <b>ja</b>byt<b>jut</b> |||| <b>ja</b>žùdž<b>jut</b> |||| <b>ja</b>kwal<b>jut</b> |||| <b>ja</b>mächt<b>jut</b> |||| <b>ja</b>pol<b>jut</b> || | |||
|} | |||
===Prospective Aspect=== | |||
The prospective aspect implies to the listener that the action has not yet been started; however, the speaker has intentions of finishing the action. | |||
====Class 1 Verbs==== | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Class 1, Prospective Aspect | |||
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| póchat'j ||colspan=2| ytyt'j ||colspan = 2| wlùbot'j ||colspan=2| źlut’j ||colspan=2| gànśët’j ||colspan=2| títant'j || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yś || da- || -u || <b>da</b>póch<b>u</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>u</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>u</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>u</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>u</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>u</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| tü || da- || -ešt || <b>da</b>póch<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>ešt</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žoj || da- || -oj || <b>da</b>póch<b>oj</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>oj</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>oj</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>oj</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>oj</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>oj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žaj || da- || -aj || <b>da</b>póch<b>aj</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>aj</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>aj</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>aj</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>aj</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>aj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žej || da- || -ej || <b>da</b>póch<b>ej</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>ej</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>ej</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>ej</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>ej</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>ej</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| il || da- || -my || <b>da</b>póch<b>my</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>my</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>my</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>my</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>my</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>my</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yl || da- || -li || <b>da</b>póch<b>li</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>li</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>li</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>i</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>li</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>li</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| jätś || da- || -é || <b>da</b>póch<b>é</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>é</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>é</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>é</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>é</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>é</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fën || da- || -ju || <b>da</b>póch<b>ju</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>ju</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || da- || -jut || <b>da</b>póch<b>jut</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>jut</b> || | |||
|} | |||
====Class 2 Verbs==== | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Class 2, Prospective Aspect | |||
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| pljanet'j ||colspan=2| bytit'j ||colspan = 2| žùdžyt'j ||colspan=2| kwalüt’j ||colspan=2| mächtät’j ||colspan=2| polöt'j || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yś || da- || -ju || <b>da</b>pljan<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>ju</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| tü || da- || -iš || <b>da</b>pljan<b>iš</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>iš</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>iš</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>iš</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>iš</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>iš</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žoj || da- || -joj || <b>da</b>pljan<b>joj</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>joj</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>joj</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>joj</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>joj</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>joj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žaj || da- || -jaj || <b>da</b>pljan<b>jaj</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>jaj</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>jaj</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>jaj</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>jaj</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>jaj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žej || da- || -jej || <b>da</b>pljan<b>jej</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>jej</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>jej</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>jej</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>jej</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>jej</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| il || da- || -ymi || <b>da</b>pljan<b>ymi</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>ymi</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>ymi</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>ymi</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>ymi</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>ymi</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yl || da- || -yli || <b>da</b>pljan<b>yli</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>yli</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>yli</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>yli</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>yli</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>yli</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| jätś || da- || -je || <b>da</b>pljan<b>je</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>je</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>je</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>je</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>je</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>je</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fën || da- || -ja|| <b>da</b>pljan<b>ja</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>ja</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>ja</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>ja</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>ja</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>ja</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || da- || -jat || <b>da</b>pljan<b>jat</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>jat</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>jat</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>jat</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>jat</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>jat</b> || | |||
|} | |||
===Progressive/Imperfect Aspect=== | |||
This aspect of the Gyatalin verb has no grammatical name. It implies that the action has not yet started, and the speaker has no intention of ever completing the action. | |||
====Class 1 Verbs==== | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Class 1 | |||
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| póchat'j ||colspan=2| ytyt'j ||colspan = 2| wlùbot'j ||colspan=2| źlut’j ||colspan=2| gànśët’j ||colspan=2| títant'j || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yś || da- || -um || <b>da</b>póch<b>um</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>um</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>um</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>um</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànśm<b>u</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>um</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| tü || da- || -et || <b>da</b>póch<b>et</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>et</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>et</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>et</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>et</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>et</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žoj || da- || -o || <b>da</b>póch<b>o</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>o</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>o</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>o</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>o</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>o</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žaj || da- || -a || <b>da</b>póch<b>a</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>a</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>a</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>a</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>a</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>a</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žej || da- || -e || <b>da</b>póch<b>e</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>e</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>e</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>e</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>e</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>e</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| il || da- || -ym || <b>da</b>póch<b>ym</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>ym</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>ym</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>ym</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>ym</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>ym</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yl || da- || -il || <b>da</b>póch<b>il</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>il</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>il</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>il</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>il</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>il</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| jätś || da- || -è || <b>da</b>póch<b>è</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>è</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>è</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>è</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>è</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>è</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fën || da- || -uj || <b>da</b>póch<b>uj</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>uj</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>uj</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>uj</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>uj</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>uj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || da- || -ujt || <b>da</b>póch<b>ujt</b> |||| <b>dag</b>yt<b>ujt</b> |||| <b>da</b>wlùb<b>ujt</b> |||| <b>da</b>źl<b>ujt</b> |||| <b>da</b>gànś<b>ujt</b> |||| <b>da</b>títan<b>ujt</b> || | |||
|} | |||
====Class 2 Verbs==== | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Class 2 | |||
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| pljanet'j ||colspan=2| bytit'j ||colspan = 2| žùdžyt'j ||colspan=2| kwalüt’j ||colspan=2| mächtät’j ||colspan=2| polöt'j || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yś || da- || -u || <b>da</b>pljan<b>u</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>u</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>u</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>u</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>u</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>u</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| tü || da- || -ešt || <b>da</b>pljan<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>ešt</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>ešt</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žoj || da- || -oj || <b>da</b>pljan<b>oj</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>oj</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>oj</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>oj</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>oj</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>oj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žaj || da- || -aj || <b>da</b>pljan<b>aj</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>aj</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>aj</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>aj</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>aj</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>aj</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| žej || da- || -ej || <b>da</b>pljan<b>ej</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>ej</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>ej</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>ej</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>ej</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>ej</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| il || da- || -my || <b>da</b>pljan<b>my</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>my</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>my</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>my</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>my</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>my</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| yl || da- || -li || <b>da</b>pljan<b>li</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>li</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>li</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>i</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>li</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>i</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| jätś || da- || -é || <b>da</b>pljan<b>é</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>é</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>é</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>é</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>é</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>é</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fën || da- || -ju|| <b>da</b>pljan<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>ju</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>ju</b> || | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || da- || -jut || <b>da</b>pljan<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>jut</b> || | |||
|} | |||
==Nominal Morphology== | |||
Nouns in Gyatalin have a somewhat mixed system of noun classificaton. It's half-gender, half-animate. | |||
There are 3 genders in Gyatalin: masculine, feminine, and neuter. In addition, both the masculine and feminine genders can be broken into animate or inanimate classes, for a total of 5 distinct groups. | |||
The gender of a noun is apparent upon inspection: masculine nouns either end in consonant, o, u, all +j. Feminine nouns end in either a or i, each +j. And neuter nouns all end in e or ej. No nouns ever end in a long vowel, y, yj, or a diaresis vowel (ä, ë, ö, ü, +j). | |||
===The Article=== | |||
Nouns in Gyatalin are only marked if they are indefinite (i.e. the English equivalent of a, an, some). If a noun is unmarked, that means that it is definite (i.e. the English equivalent of the). The article (a, an) declines according to gender as well as case. | |||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | |||
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| The Article | |||
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | |||
| ||colspan=2| Masculine Anim. ||colspan=2| Masculine Inanim. ||colspan=2| Feminine Anim. ||colspan=2| Feminine Inanim. ||colspan=2| Neuter | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nominative || źje |||| źje |||| źja |||| źja |||| źjo | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Accusative || źjë |||| źje |||| źjy |||| źja |||| źjo | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Dative || źju |||| źjë |||| źjä |||| źjy |||| źju | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Genitive || źja |||| źju |||| źji |||| źjä |||| źje | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Locative || źjü |||| źjü |||| źjö |||| źjö |||| źjy | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Vocative || źjë |||| źje |||| źjy |||| źja |||| źjy | |||
|} | |||
===Masculine Gender=== | |||
====Declension 1==== | |||
====Declension 2==== | |||
====Declension 3==== | |||
===Feminine Gender=== | |||
====Declension 1==== | |||
====Declension 2==== | |||
====Declension 3==== | |||
===Neuter Gender=== | |||
==Prepositions== | |||
Prepositions don't work in the same way they do in English. There are only a handful of prepositions (numbering less than 10) in the whole Gyatalin language, compared to the 50 or so in English. | |||
Each preposition takes a certain case to mean a certain thing. One preposition can mean up to 4 different things, taking either the accusative, dative, genitive, or locative case. Therefore, 2 sentences that look similar could mean completely different things because of the case. | |||
These are the prepositions used (semantic meaning will be covered in the following sections, broken up into case): k’ölź, lẃant, dùch, gdom, chwodj, hnýs, bjël, škof, kjüp’ | |||
===The Accusative Form=== | |||
When a succeeding noun is put in the accusative case, the prepositions carry the following meanings: | |||
k’ölź - for<br> | |||
lẃant - in<br> | |||
dùch - around<br> | |||
gdom - onto<br> | |||
chwodj - at<br> | |||
hnýs - together with<br> | |||
bjël - during<br> | |||
škof - about<br> | |||
kjüp’ - among | |||
===The Dative Form=== | |||
When a succeeding noun is put in the dative case, the prepositions carry the following meanings: | |||
k’ölź - to (a person)<br> | |||
lẃant - since<br> | |||
dùch - with<br> | |||
gdom - on<br> | |||
chwodj - after<br> | |||
hnýs - besides (other than)<br> | |||
bjël - against<br> | |||
škof - over<br> | |||
kjüp’ - until | |||
===The Genitive Form=== | |||
When a succeeding noun is put in the genitive case, the prepositions carry the following meanings: | |||
k’ölź - of<br> | |||
lẃant - because of<br> | |||
dùch - without<br> | |||
gdom - on top of<br> | |||
chwodj - despite, in spite of<br> | |||
hnýs - with (as a means of use)<br> | |||
bjël - instead of<br> | |||
škof - opposite, across<br> | |||
kjüp’ - between | |||
===The Locative Form=== | |||
When a succeeding noun is put in the locative case, the prepositions carry the following meanings: | |||
k’ölź - to (a place)<br> | |||
lẃant - into<br> | |||
dùch - through<br> | |||
gdom - by, near<br> | |||
chwodj - before<br> | |||
hnýs - next to<br> | |||
bjël - underneath<br> | |||
škof - behind<br> | |||
kjüp’ - ago | |||
===Using Prepositions=== | |||
Prepositions change up the word order in a sentence, slightly. Normally, the indefinite article precedes the noun. | |||
When using a preposition, the preposition always comes right before the noun. Therefore, if an indefinite article is in use, the article comes right before the preposition. Of course, if there is no article, then this doesn't pose a problem for learners. | |||
k’ölźy pwotly - for the woman<br> | |||
hnýsü t’sëlšü - next to the island | |||
BUT: | |||
źjy k’ölź pwotly - for a woman<br> | |||
źjü hnýs t’sëlšü - next to an island | |||
[[Category: Conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 10:58, 17 July 2011
Gyatalin Gjatálin | |
Spoken in: | Gjatá |
Timeline/Universe: | (unnamed) |
Total speakers: | 436,391,390 |
Genealogical classification: | (unnamed) Shalian |
Basic word order: | SVO |
Morphological type: | Inflecting |
Morphosyntactic alignment: | Nominative-Accusative |
Created by: | |
maailmaniag | 2006 |
The language of the Gyatalin people (Eng: Gyatalin, Nat: Gjatálin) is a language spoken on the planet of Meishuko, in an alternate universe. It is spoken by approximately 436,391,390 people, and is the most widely spoken of the Shalian languages found on the planet.
The language itself superficially (and sometimes even semantically) resembles some of the Slavic languages (particularly Polish), partly due to the fact that it was, indeed, the Polish who exposed the Gyatalin people to the Latin alphabet and several semantic ideas.
Phonology/Orthography
Consonants
Consonants | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiod. | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv. | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||||||
Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | g | ||||||||||||
Ejective | p' | t' | k' | |||||||||||||||
Fricative | f | w | s | z | š | ž | ś | ź | ch | h | ||||||||
Affricate | tš | dž | tś | dź | ||||||||||||||
Approximants | ẃ | j | ||||||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l |
Digraphs
bj bl bn bw bẃ
dj dl dw dẃ
džl džw džẃ
dźj dźw dźẃ
fj fl fẃ
gd gj gl gw gẃ
hl hm hn hẃ
kj kl kn ks kš kś kw kẃ
k’j k’l k’n k’s k’š k’ś k’w k’ẃ
lj lẃ
mj mẃ
nj nẃ
pf pj pl ps pw pẃ
p’f p’j p’l p’s p’w p’ẃ
sf sk sk’ sl sm sn sp sp’ st st’ sw sẃ
šf šk šk’ šl šm šn šp šp’ št št’ šw šẃ
śj św śẃ
tj tl ts tw tẃ
t’y t’l t’s t’w t’ẃ
tšl tšw tšẃ
tśj tśw tśẃ
w wj wl wẃ
chj chw chẃ
zd zg zj zm zn zẃ
žd žg žj žm žn žẃ
źj źw źẃ
Vowels
Vowels | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Central | Back | ||||||||
Close | i | ü | u | |||||||
Lax Close | y | |||||||||
Close-Mid | ë | o | ||||||||
Open-Mid | e | ö | ||||||||
Near-Open | ä | |||||||||
Open | a |
Diphthongs
There are six diphthongs in Gyatalin, and no more:
aj, ej, ij, oj, uj, yj /ai Ei ij oi uj yj/
Vowel Length
There are a total of 2 vowel lengths in Gyatalin: long and short. The short vowels are marked as previous, and the long vowels are marked as follows:
Vowels | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Central | Back | ||||||||
Close | í | ù | ú | |||||||
Lax Close | ý | |||||||||
Close-Mid | è | ó | ||||||||
Open-Mid | é | ò | ||||||||
Near-Open | à | |||||||||
Open | á |
Long diphthongs are formed in exactly the same way: áj éj íj ój új ýj
The Cases
Gyatalin makes use of six grammatical cases: the nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, locative, and vocative. Each case is marked, normally in with a different ending for each case.
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Among other things that decline into each of the six cases, the personal pronouns do.
Personal Pronouns | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | Locative | Vocative | |||||||
1 singular | yś | mý | mny | mne | ym | moj | ||||||
2 singular | tü | dý | tè | ty | dá | doj | ||||||
3 singular m. | žoj | žë | žu | ža | žü | žu | ||||||
3 singular f. | žaj | žy | žä | ži | žö | žy | ||||||
3 singular n. | žej | žej | žu | že | žy | žo | ||||||
1 plural inclusive | il | il | ẃim | wi | jeg | il | ||||||
1 plural exclusive | yl | mü | il | mü | mil | myl | ||||||
2 plural | jätś | wjej | wjo | wjo | joź | joj | ||||||
3 plural anim. | fën | dau | dë | dë | dwò | dwo | ||||||
3 plural inanim. | fè | dá | dèn | dè | dwò | dwó |
Verbal Morphology
Like many Indo-European languages, verbs decline by person and number. However, Gyatalin verbs do not decline by tense; they decline somewhat by aspect, but the conjugations of the verbs don't match up exactly in meaning. The closest natural language aspect is the telicity found in Finnish or Estonian.
For the sake of neatness, already existing grammatical aspects are used to name Gyatalin aspects. However, a brief description of what the actual Gyatalin aspect is will follow the heading.
Before actually viewing the verbal morphology of Gyatalin, it is important to look at the structure of the verb infinitive (which ALWAYS ends in -t'j).
There are two classes of verbs, so aptly named Class 1 and Class 2. Class 1 verbs have either: a, y, o, u, ë, or a consonant before the typical t'j ending. Verbs in Class 2 have either: e, i, y, ü, ä, or ö before the t'j ending. It is impossible to tell whether a particular -yt'j verb is from Class 1 or Class 2.
To discover the stem of the verb, simply remove the vowel and the t'j ending. In the case of the consonant+t'j endings, only remove the t'j.
Perfective Aspect
This is the simplest of the aspects. In Gyatalin, this aspect implies that the action being referred to has been completed.
Class 1 Verbs
Class 1, Perfective Aspect | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ending | póchat'j | ytyt'j | wlùbot'j | źlut’j | gànśët’j | títant'j | |||||||||
yś | -u | póchu | ytu | wlùbu | źlu | gànśu | títanu | ||||||||
tü | -ešt | póchešt | ytešt | wlùbešt | źlešt | gànśešt | títanešt | ||||||||
žoj | -oj | póchoj | ytoj | wlùboj | źloj | gànśoj | títanoj | ||||||||
žaj | -aj | póchaj | ytaj | wlùbaj | źlaj | gànśaj | títanaj | ||||||||
žej | -ej | póchej | ytej | wlùbej | źlej | gànśej | títanej | ||||||||
il | -my | póchmy | ytmy | wlùbmy | źlmy | gànśmy | títanmy | ||||||||
yl | -li | póchli | ytli | wlùbli | źli | gànśli | títanli | ||||||||
jätś | -é | póché | yté | wlùbé | źlé | gànśé | títané | ||||||||
fën | -ju | póchju | ytju | wlùbju | źlju | gànśju | títanju | ||||||||
fè | -jut | póchjut | ytjut | wlùbjut | źljut | gànśjut | títanjut |
Class 2 Verbs
Class 2, Perfective Aspect | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ending | pljanet'j | bytit'j | žùdžyt'j | kwalüt’j | mächtät’j | polöt'j | |||||||||
yś | -ju | pljanju | bytju | žùdžju | kwalju | mächtju | polju | ||||||||
tü | -iš | pljaniš | bytiš | žùdžiš | kwališ | mächtiš | poliš | ||||||||
žoj | -joj | pljanjoj | bytjoj | žùdžjoj | kwaljoj | mächtjoj | poljoj | ||||||||
žaj | -jaj | pljanjaj | bytjaj | žùdžjaj | kwaljaj | mächtjaj | poljaj | ||||||||
žej | -jej | pljanjej | bytjej | žùdžjej | kwaljej | mächtjej | poljej | ||||||||
il | -ymi | pljanymi | bytymi | žùdžymi | kwalymi | mächtymi | polymi | ||||||||
yl | -yli | pljanyli | bytyli | žùdžyli | kwalyli | mächtyli | polyli | ||||||||
jätś | -je | pljanje | bytje | žùdžje | kwalje | mächtje | polje | ||||||||
fën | -ja | pljanja | bytja | žùdžja | kwalja | mächtja | polja | ||||||||
fè | -jat | pljanjat | bytjat | žùdžjat | kwaljat | mächtjat | poljat |
Progressive Aspect
The progressive aspect implies that the verb is happening, but has not been completed. This aspect also carries the meaning of the intention of completing the action. (for example, with the verb "to go there", in the progressive aspect, English would represent the meaning as "to be on one's way there, and having an intention of reaching the final destination")
Class 1 Verbs
Class 1, Progressive Aspect | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ending | póchat'j | ytyt'j | wlùbot'j | źlut’j | gànśët’j | títant'j | |||||||||
yś | ja- | -u | japóchu | jagytu | jawlùbu | jaźlu | jagànśu | jatítanu | |||||||
tü | ja- | -ešt | japóchešt | jagytešt | jawlùbešt | jaźlešt | jagànśešt | jatítanešt | |||||||
žoj | ja- | -oj | japóchoj | jagytoj | jawlùboj | jaźloj | jagànśoj | jatítanoj | |||||||
žaj | ja- | -aj | japóchaj | jagytaj | jawlùbaj | jaźlaj | jagànśaj | jatítanaj | |||||||
žej | ja- | -ej | japóchej | jagytej | jawlùbej | jaźlej | jagànśej | jatítanej | |||||||
il | ja- | -my | japóchmy | jagytmy | jawlùbmy | jaźlmy | jagànśmy | jatítanmy | |||||||
yl | ja- | -li | japóchli | jagytli | jawlùbli | jaźli | jagànśli | jatítanli | |||||||
jätś | ja- | -é | japóché | jagyté | jawlùbé | jaźlé | jagànśé | jatítané | |||||||
fën | ja- | -ju | japóchju | jagytju | jawlùbju | jaźlju | jagànśju | jatítanju | |||||||
fè | ja- | -jut | japóchjut | jagytjut | jawlùbjut | jaźljut | jagànśjut | jatítanjut |
Class 2 Verbs
Class 2, Progressive Aspect | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ending | pljanet'j | bytit'j | žùdžyt'j | kwalüt’j | mächtät’j | polöt'j | |||||||||
yś | ja- | -ju | japljanju | jabytju | jažùdžju | jakwalju | jamächtju | japolju | |||||||
tü | ja- | -iš | japljaniš | jabytiš | jažùdžiš | jakwališ | jamächtiš | japoliš | |||||||
žoj | ja- | -joj | japljanjoj | jabytjoj | jažùdžjoj | jakwaljoj | jamächtjoj | japoljoj | |||||||
žaj | ja- | -jaj | japljanjaj | jabytjaj | jažùdžjaj | jakwaljaj | jamächtjaj | japoljaj | |||||||
žej | ja- | -jej | japljanjej | jabytjej | jažùdžjej | jakwaljej | jamächtjej | japoljej | |||||||
il | ja- | -ymi | japljanymi | jabytymi | jažùdžymi | jakwalymi | jamächtymi | japolymi | |||||||
yl | ja- | -yli | japljanyli | jabytyli | jažùdžyli | jakwalyli | jamächtyli | japolyli | |||||||
jätś | ja- | -je | japljanje | jabytje | jažùdžje | jakwalje | jamächtje | japolje | |||||||
fën | ja- | -ja | japljanja | jabytja | jažùdžja | jakwalja | jamächtja | japolja | |||||||
fè | ja- | -jat | japljanjat | jabytjat | jažùdžjat | jakwaljat | jamächtjat | japoljat |
Imperfective Aspect
The imperfective aspect implies almost the opposite ot the perfective aspect. The verb is happening, and has not yet been completed, but the subject has no intention of finishing the said action.
Class 1 Verbs
Class 1, Progressive Aspect | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ending | póchat'j | ytyt'j | wlùbot'j | źlut’j | gànśët’j | títant'j | |||||||||
yś | ja- | -um | japóchum | jagytum | jawlùbum | jaźlum | jagànśmu | jatítanum | |||||||
tü | ja- | -et | japóchet | jagytet | jawlùbet | jaźlet | jagànśet | jatítanet | |||||||
žoj | ja- | -o | japócho | jagyto | jawlùbo | jaźlo | jagànśo | jatítano | |||||||
žaj | ja- | -a | japócha | jagyta | jawlùba | jaźla | jagànśa | jatítana | |||||||
žej | ja- | -e | japóche | jagyte | jawlùbe | jaźle | jagànśe | jatítane | |||||||
il | ja- | -ym | japóchym | jagytym | jawlùbym | jaźlym | jagànśym | jatítanym | |||||||
yl | ja- | -il | japóchil | jagytil | jawlùbil | jaźlil | jagànśil | jatítanil | |||||||
jätś | ja- | -è | japóchè | jagytè | jawlùbè | jaźlè | jagànśè | jatítanè | |||||||
fën | ja- | -uj | japóchuj | jagytuj | jawlùbuj | jaźluj | jagànśuj | jatítanuj | |||||||
fè | ja- | -ujt | japóchujt | jagytujt | jawlùbujt | jaźlujt | jagànśujt | jatítanujt |
Class 2 Verbs
Class 2, Progressive Aspect | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ending | pljanet'j | bytit'j | žùdžyt'j | kwalüt’j | mächtät’j | polöt'j | |||||||||
yś | ja- | -u | japljanu | jabytu | jažùdžu | jakwalu | jamächtu | japolu | |||||||
tü | ja- | -ešt | japljanešt | jabytešt | jažùdžešt | jakwalešt | jamächtešt | japolešt | |||||||
žoj | ja- | -oj | japljanoj | jabytoj | jažùdžoj | jakwaloj | jamächtoj | japoloj | |||||||
žaj | ja- | -aj | japljanaj | jabytaj | jažùdžaj | jakwalaj | jamächtaj | japolaj | |||||||
žej | ja- | -ej | japljanej | jabytej | jažùdžej | jakwalej | jamächtej | japolej | |||||||
il | ja- | -my | japljanmy | jabytmy | jažùdžmy | jakwalmy | jamächtmy | japolmy | |||||||
yl | ja- | -li | japljanli | jabytli | jažùdžli | jakwali | jamächtli | japoli | |||||||
jätś | ja- | -é | japljané | jabyté | jažùdžé | jakwalé | jamächté | japolé | |||||||
fën | ja- | -ju | japljanju | jabytju | jažùdžju | jakwalju | jamächtju | japolju | |||||||
fè | ja- | -jut | japljanjut | jabytjut | jažùdžjut | jakwaljut | jamächtjut | japoljut |
Prospective Aspect
The prospective aspect implies to the listener that the action has not yet been started; however, the speaker has intentions of finishing the action.
Class 1 Verbs
Class 1, Prospective Aspect | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ending | póchat'j | ytyt'j | wlùbot'j | źlut’j | gànśët’j | títant'j | |||||||||
yś | da- | -u | dapóchu | dagytu | dawlùbu | daźlu | dagànśu | datítanu | |||||||
tü | da- | -ešt | dapóchešt | dagytešt | dawlùbešt | daźlešt | dagànśešt | datítanešt | |||||||
žoj | da- | -oj | dapóchoj | dagytoj | dawlùboj | daźloj | dagànśoj | datítanoj | |||||||
žaj | da- | -aj | dapóchaj | dagytaj | dawlùbaj | daźlaj | dagànśaj | datítanaj | |||||||
žej | da- | -ej | dapóchej | dagytej | dawlùbej | daźlej | dagànśej | datítanej | |||||||
il | da- | -my | dapóchmy | dagytmy | dawlùbmy | daźlmy | dagànśmy | datítanmy | |||||||
yl | da- | -li | dapóchli | dagytli | dawlùbli | daźli | dagànśli | datítanli | |||||||
jätś | da- | -é | dapóché | dagyté | dawlùbé | daźlé | dagànśé | datítané | |||||||
fën | da- | -ju | dapóchju | dagytju | dawlùbju | daźlju | dagànśju | datítanju | |||||||
fè | da- | -jut | dapóchjut | dagytjut | dawlùbjut | daźljut | dagànśjut | datítanjut |
Class 2 Verbs
Class 2, Prospective Aspect | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ending | pljanet'j | bytit'j | žùdžyt'j | kwalüt’j | mächtät’j | polöt'j | |||||||||
yś | da- | -ju | dapljanju | dabytju | dažùdžju | dakwalju | damächtju | dapolju | |||||||
tü | da- | -iš | dapljaniš | dabytiš | dažùdžiš | dakwališ | damächtiš | dapoliš | |||||||
žoj | da- | -joj | dapljanjoj | dabytjoj | dažùdžjoj | dakwaljoj | damächtjoj | dapoljoj | |||||||
žaj | da- | -jaj | dapljanjaj | dabytjaj | dažùdžjaj | dakwaljaj | damächtjaj | dapoljaj | |||||||
žej | da- | -jej | dapljanjej | dabytjej | dažùdžjej | dakwaljej | damächtjej | dapoljej | |||||||
il | da- | -ymi | dapljanymi | dabytymi | dažùdžymi | dakwalymi | damächtymi | dapolymi | |||||||
yl | da- | -yli | dapljanyli | dabytyli | dažùdžyli | dakwalyli | damächtyli | dapolyli | |||||||
jätś | da- | -je | dapljanje | dabytje | dažùdžje | dakwalje | damächtje | dapolje | |||||||
fën | da- | -ja | dapljanja | dabytja | dažùdžja | dakwalja | damächtja | dapolja | |||||||
fè | da- | -jat | dapljanjat | dabytjat | dažùdžjat | dakwaljat | damächtjat | dapoljat |
Progressive/Imperfect Aspect
This aspect of the Gyatalin verb has no grammatical name. It implies that the action has not yet started, and the speaker has no intention of ever completing the action.
Class 1 Verbs
Class 1 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ending | póchat'j | ytyt'j | wlùbot'j | źlut’j | gànśët’j | títant'j | |||||||||
yś | da- | -um | dapóchum | dagytum | dawlùbum | daźlum | dagànśmu | datítanum | |||||||
tü | da- | -et | dapóchet | dagytet | dawlùbet | daźlet | dagànśet | datítanet | |||||||
žoj | da- | -o | dapócho | dagyto | dawlùbo | daźlo | dagànśo | datítano | |||||||
žaj | da- | -a | dapócha | dagyta | dawlùba | daźla | dagànśa | datítana | |||||||
žej | da- | -e | dapóche | dagyte | dawlùbe | daźle | dagànśe | datítane | |||||||
il | da- | -ym | dapóchym | dagytym | dawlùbym | daźlym | dagànśym | datítanym | |||||||
yl | da- | -il | dapóchil | dagytil | dawlùbil | daźlil | dagànśil | datítanil | |||||||
jätś | da- | -è | dapóchè | dagytè | dawlùbè | daźlè | dagànśè | datítanè | |||||||
fën | da- | -uj | dapóchuj | dagytuj | dawlùbuj | daźluj | dagànśuj | datítanuj | |||||||
fè | da- | -ujt | dapóchujt | dagytujt | dawlùbujt | daźlujt | dagànśujt | datítanujt |
Class 2 Verbs
Class 2 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ending | pljanet'j | bytit'j | žùdžyt'j | kwalüt’j | mächtät’j | polöt'j | |||||||||
yś | da- | -u | dapljanu | dabytu | dažùdžu | dakwalu | damächtu | dapolu | |||||||
tü | da- | -ešt | dapljanešt | dabytešt | dažùdžešt | dakwalešt | damächtešt | dapolešt | |||||||
žoj | da- | -oj | dapljanoj | dabytoj | dažùdžoj | dakwaloj | damächtoj | dapoloj | |||||||
žaj | da- | -aj | dapljanaj | dabytaj | dažùdžaj | dakwalaj | damächtaj | dapolaj | |||||||
žej | da- | -ej | dapljanej | dabytej | dažùdžej | dakwalej | damächtej | dapolej | |||||||
il | da- | -my | dapljanmy | dabytmy | dažùdžmy | dakwalmy | damächtmy | dapolmy | |||||||
yl | da- | -li | dapljanli | dabytli | dažùdžli | dakwali | damächtli | dapoli | |||||||
jätś | da- | -é | dapljané | dabyté | dažùdžé | dakwalé | damächté | dapolé | |||||||
fën | da- | -ju | dapljanju | dabytju | dažùdžju | dakwalju | damächtju | dapolju | |||||||
fè | da- | -jut | dapljanjut | dabytjut | dažùdžjut | dakwaljut | damächtjut | dapoljut |
Nominal Morphology
Nouns in Gyatalin have a somewhat mixed system of noun classificaton. It's half-gender, half-animate.
There are 3 genders in Gyatalin: masculine, feminine, and neuter. In addition, both the masculine and feminine genders can be broken into animate or inanimate classes, for a total of 5 distinct groups.
The gender of a noun is apparent upon inspection: masculine nouns either end in consonant, o, u, all +j. Feminine nouns end in either a or i, each +j. And neuter nouns all end in e or ej. No nouns ever end in a long vowel, y, yj, or a diaresis vowel (ä, ë, ö, ü, +j).
The Article
Nouns in Gyatalin are only marked if they are indefinite (i.e. the English equivalent of a, an, some). If a noun is unmarked, that means that it is definite (i.e. the English equivalent of the). The article (a, an) declines according to gender as well as case.
The Article | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine Anim. | Masculine Inanim. | Feminine Anim. | Feminine Inanim. | Neuter | ||||||
Nominative | źje | źje | źja | źja | źjo | |||||
Accusative | źjë | źje | źjy | źja | źjo | |||||
Dative | źju | źjë | źjä | źjy | źju | |||||
Genitive | źja | źju | źji | źjä | źje | |||||
Locative | źjü | źjü | źjö | źjö | źjy | |||||
Vocative | źjë | źje | źjy | źja | źjy |
Masculine Gender
Declension 1
Declension 2
Declension 3
Feminine Gender
Declension 1
Declension 2
Declension 3
Neuter Gender
Prepositions
Prepositions don't work in the same way they do in English. There are only a handful of prepositions (numbering less than 10) in the whole Gyatalin language, compared to the 50 or so in English.
Each preposition takes a certain case to mean a certain thing. One preposition can mean up to 4 different things, taking either the accusative, dative, genitive, or locative case. Therefore, 2 sentences that look similar could mean completely different things because of the case.
These are the prepositions used (semantic meaning will be covered in the following sections, broken up into case): k’ölź, lẃant, dùch, gdom, chwodj, hnýs, bjël, škof, kjüp’
The Accusative Form
When a succeeding noun is put in the accusative case, the prepositions carry the following meanings:
k’ölź - for
lẃant - in
dùch - around
gdom - onto
chwodj - at
hnýs - together with
bjël - during
škof - about
kjüp’ - among
The Dative Form
When a succeeding noun is put in the dative case, the prepositions carry the following meanings:
k’ölź - to (a person)
lẃant - since
dùch - with
gdom - on
chwodj - after
hnýs - besides (other than)
bjël - against
škof - over
kjüp’ - until
The Genitive Form
When a succeeding noun is put in the genitive case, the prepositions carry the following meanings:
k’ölź - of
lẃant - because of
dùch - without
gdom - on top of
chwodj - despite, in spite of
hnýs - with (as a means of use)
bjël - instead of
škof - opposite, across
kjüp’ - between
The Locative Form
When a succeeding noun is put in the locative case, the prepositions carry the following meanings:
k’ölź - to (a place)
lẃant - into
dùch - through
gdom - by, near
chwodj - before
hnýs - next to
bjël - underneath
škof - behind
kjüp’ - ago
Using Prepositions
Prepositions change up the word order in a sentence, slightly. Normally, the indefinite article precedes the noun.
When using a preposition, the preposition always comes right before the noun. Therefore, if an indefinite article is in use, the article comes right before the preposition. Of course, if there is no article, then this doesn't pose a problem for learners.
k’ölźy pwotly - for the woman
hnýsü t’sëlšü - next to the island
BUT:
źjy k’ölź pwotly - for a woman
źjü hnýs t’sëlšü - next to an island