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Athonite Grammar II: Difference between revisions

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===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
==Pronunciation Table - '''Πινακ από Προφόρ'''==
====Verb Classes - '''Η Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
*043. The Athonite verb has been influenced by Turkish to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek have been reduced to six.
!IPA
*044. The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.
! /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font>
*045. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
! /af/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font>
*046. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
! /v/
 
! /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font>
====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα'''====
! /ŋ/
*047. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
! /g/
::'''εχω''', I have
! /ŋks/
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! /ŋç/
!
! /ð/
!Present
! /e/
!Past
! /i/
!Future
! /εf/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font>
! /z/
! /i/<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font>
! /θ/
! /i/
! /k/
! /l/
! /m/
! /b/
! /n/<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font>
! /d/
! /ks/
! /o/
! /u/
! /p/
! /ɾ/
! /s/<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font>
! /t/
! /ʣ/
! /i/
! /f/
! /ç/
! /ps/
! /o/
|-
|-
!1st singular
| Greek
|'''εχω''', I have
| α
|'''ειχα''', I had
| αυ
|'''θα εχω''', I shall have
| β
| γ
| γγ
| γκ
| γξ
| γχ
| δ
| ε
| ει
| ευ
| ζ
| η
| θ
| ι
| κ
| λ
| μ
| μπ
| ν
| ντ
| ξ
| ο
| ου
| π
| ρ
| ς
| τ
| τζ
| υ
| φ
| χ
| ψ
| ω
|-
|-
!2nd singular
| Athonite
|'''εχεις''', you have
| α
|'''ειχες''', you had
| αφ/β
|'''θα εχις''', you will have
| β
| γ
| γγ
| γκ
| γξ
| γχ
| δ
| ε
| ι
| εφ/β
| ζ
| ι
| θ
| ι
| κ
| λ
| μ
| μπ
| ν
| ντ
| ξ
| ο
| ου
| π
| ρ
| ς
| τ
| τζ
| ι
| φ
| χ
| ψ
| ο
|-
|-
!3rd singular
| Latin
|'''εχι''', he, she, it has
| a
|'''ειχε''', he, she, it had
| af/v
|'''θα εχι''', he, she, it will have
| v
|-
| g
!1st plural
| ng
|'''έχομε''', we have
| g
|'''είχαμε''', we hadεί
| ngks
|'''θα έχομε''', we shall have
| nch
|-
| dh
!2nd plural
| e
|'''έχετε''', you have
| i
|'''είχaτε''', you had,
| ef/v
|'''θα έχετε''', you will have
| z
|-
| i
!3rd plural
| th
|'''εχoυν''', they have
| i
|'''ειχαν''', they had
| k
|'''θα εχoυν''', they will have
| l
| m
| b
| n
| d
| ks
| o
| u
| p
| r
| s
| t
| tz
| y
| f
| ch
| ps
| ō
|}
|}


::'''ειμe''', I am
===Notes - '''Σιμιωςις'''===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
!
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
!Present
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> final <ν> before <π> and <μπ>  becomes /m/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν μπορώ''', <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν πιραζι''', <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
!Past
:final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ>  becomes /ŋ/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν κοβω''', <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
!Future
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants, ''e.g.'', '''ος Δεβτέρ''', <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,
|-
 
!1st singular
===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
|'''ειμε''', I am,
====Verb Classes - '''Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
|'''ειμουν''', I was
*038. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
|'''θα ειμε''', I shαll be
*039. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
|-
*040. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
!2nd singular
*041. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
|'''ειςε''', you are
 
|'''ειςουν''', you were
====The Active Voice - '''Τι Ενέργ Φων'''====
|'''θα ειςε''', you will be
*042. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
|-
!3rd singular
|'''εινε''', he, she, it is
|'''ειτα''', he, she, it wαs
|'''θα εινε''', he, she, it will be
|-
!1st plural
|'''έμαςτε''', wε are
|'''είμαςταν''', wε were
|'''θα είμαςτε''', we shall be
|-
!2nd plural
|'''ειςτε''', you arε
|'''είςαςτε''', you were
|'''θα ειςτε''', you will be
|-
!3rd plural
|'''εινε''', they are
|'''ειταν''', they were
|'''θα εινε''', they will be
|}


====The Active Voice - '''Η Ενέργ Φων'''====
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ'''=====
*048. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.  
*043. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.


=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
::Class I
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class I
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''βλεπω''', I see
|'''βλεπω''', I see
|'''βλέπouμε''', we see
|'''βλέπoμε''', we see
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''βλεπεις''', you see
|'''βλεπις''', you see
|'''βλέπετε''', you see
|'''βλέπετε''', you see
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''βλεπει''', he, she, it sees
|'''βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|'''βλεπουν''', they see
|'''βλεπουν''', they see
|}
|}


::Class II
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class II
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''αγαπώ''', I love
|'''αγαπώ''', I love
|'''αγαπάμε''', we love
|'''αγαπάμε''', we love
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''αγαπάς''', you love
|'''αγαπάς''', you love
|'''αγαπάτε''', you love
|'''αγαπάτε''', you love
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|'''αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|'''αγαπάν''', they love
|'''αγαπάν''', they love
|}
|}


=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων'''=====
*049. The past tense is formed using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.  
*044. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
*050. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  
*045. Class II verbs insert '''-άγ-''' between the stem and the ending.
*046. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  


::Class I
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class I
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st sg.
!1st
|'''έβλεπςα''', I saw, was seeing
|'''έβλεπα''', I saw, was seeing
|'''βλέπςαμε''', we saw, were seeing
|'''βλέπαμε''', we saw, were seeing
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''έβλεπςες''', you saw, were seeing
|'''έβλεπες''', you saw, were seeing
|'''βλέπςατε''', you saw, were seeing
|'''βλέπατε''', you saw, were seeing
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''έβλεπςε''', he, she, it saw, was seeing
|'''έβλεπε''', he, she, it saw, was seeing
|'''έβλεπςαν''', they saw, were seeing
|'''έβλεπαν''', they saw, were seeing
|}
|}


::Class II
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class II
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''άγαpςα''', I loved, was loving
|'''αγάπαγα''', I loved, was loving
|'''αγάpςαμε''', we loved, were loving
|'''αγαπάγαμε''', we loved, were loving
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''άγαpςeς''', you loved, were loving
|'''αγάπαγες''', you loved, were loving
|'''αγάpςατε''', you loved, were loving
|'''αγαπάγατε''', you loved, were loving
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''άγαpςε''', he, she, it loved, was loving
|'''αγάπαγε''', he, she, it loved, was loving
|'''άγαpςαν''', they loved, were loving
|'''αγάπαγαν''', they loved, were loving
|}
|}


=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελων Χρων'''=====
051. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense.  
*047. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense.  


::Class I
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class I
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''θa βλεπω''', I shall see
|'''θa βλεπω''', I see
|'''θa βλέπouμε''', we shall see
|'''θa βλέπoμε''', we see
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''θa βλεπεις''', you will see
|'''θa βλεπις''', you see
|'''θa βλέπετε''', you will see
|'''θa βλέπετε''', you see
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''θa βλεπει''', he, she, it will see
|'''θa βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|'''θa βλεπουν''', they will see
|'''θa βλεπουν''', they see
|}
|}


::Class II
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class II
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''θ' αγαπώ''', I love
|'''θ' αγαπώ''', I love
|'''θ' αγαπάμε''', we love
|'''θ' αγαπάμε''', we love
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''θ' αγαπάς''', you love
|'''θ' αγαπάς''', you love
|'''θ' αγαπάτε''', you love
|'''θ' αγαπάτε''', you love
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''θ' αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|'''θ' αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|'''θ' αγαπάν''', they love
|'''θ' αγαπάν''', they love
|}
|}


=====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον'''=====
=====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακίμεν'''=====
*052. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.  
*048. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.  
*053. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', I have, and the passive participle.  
*049. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', ''I have'', and the passive participle.  
*054. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.  
*050. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''εχω βλέπομεν''', I have seen
|'''εχω βλεπoμέν''', I have seen
|'''έχoυμe βλέπομεν''', we have seen
|'''έχoμe βλεπoμέν''', we have seen
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''εχεις βλέπομεν''', you have seen
|'''εχις βλεπoμέν''', you have seen
|'''έχετε βλέπομεν''', you have seen
|'''έχετε βλεπoμέν''', you have seen
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''εχει βλέπομεν''', he, she, it has seen
|'''εχι βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it has seen
|'''εχουν βλέπομεν''', they have seen
|'''εχουν βλεπoμέν''', they have seen
|}
|}


=====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον'''=====
=====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Ιπερςιντελικ'''=====
*055. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.  
*051. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.  
*056. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχω''' and the passive participle.  
*052. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχο''' and the passive participle.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''ειχα βλέπομεν''', I had seen
|'''ιχα βλεπoμέν''', I had seen
|'''ειχαμε βλέπομεν''', we had seen
|'''ίχαμε βλεπoμέν''', we had seen
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''ειχεs βλέπομεν''', you had seen
|'''ιχεs βλεπoμέν''', you had seen
|'''ειχατε βλέπομεν''', you had seen
|'''ίχατε βλεπoμέν''', you had seen
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''ειχε βλέπομεν''', he, she, it had seen
|'''ιχε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it had seen
|'''ειχαν βλέπομεν''', they had seen
|'''ιχαν βλεπoμέν''', they had seen
|}
|}


=====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο ςυντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον'''=====
=====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο Σιντελεςμέν Μελων Χρων'''=====
*057. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.  
*053. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.  
*058. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχo and the passive participle.
*054. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχο''' and the passive participle.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''θa εχω βλέπομεν''', I shall have seen
|'''θa εχω βλεπoμέν''', I shall have seen
|'''θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν''', we shall have seen
|'''θa έχoμε βλεπoμέν''', we shall have seen
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''θa εχειs βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
|'''θa εχιs βλεπoμέν''', you will have seen
|'''θa εχετε βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
|'''θa έχετε βλεπoμέν''', you will have seen
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''θa εχει βλέπομεν''', he, she, it will have seen
|'''θa εχι βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it will have seen
|'''θa εχoυν βλέπομεν''', they will have seen
|'''θa εχoυν βλεπoμέν''', they will have seen
|}
|}


====The Progressive Tenses====
====The Progressive Tenses - '''Ι εξακολουθιτίκ Χρωνι'''====
*059. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ειμε''', I am, to form progressive tenses.  
*055. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ιμε''', ''I am'', to form progressive tenses.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!present
!<center>present</center>
!past
!past
!future
!future
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!future perfect
!future perfect
|-
|-
|'''ειμε βλεποντ'''<br>I am seeing, etc.
|'''ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I am seeing, ''etc.''
|'''ειμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was seeing, etc.
|'''ιμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was seeing, ''etc.''
|'''θα ειμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be seeing, etc.
|'''θα ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be seeing, ''etc.''
|'''εχω ειμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been seeing, etc.
|'''εχω ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been seeing, ''etc.'
|'''ειχα ειμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been seeing, etc.
|'''ιχα ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been seeing, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ειμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been seeing, etc.
|'''θα εχω ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been seeing, ''etc.''
|}
|}


====The Passive Voice - '''ι παθιτίκ φων'''====
====The Passive Voice - '''Τι Παθιτίκ Φων'''====
*060. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.  
*056. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.  
*The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ειμε''', 'I am' and the passive participle.  
*057. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ιμε''', ''I am'' and the passive participle.  


=====The Present Tense - '''ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ'''=====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''ειμε βλέπoμεν''', I am seen
|'''ιμε βλεπoμέν''', I am seen
|'''είμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we are seen
|'''ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we are seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''ειςε βλέπoμεν''', you are seen
|'''ιςε βλεπoμέν''', you are seen
|'''ειςτε βλέπoμεν''', you are seen
|'''ιςτε βλεπoμέν''', you are seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''εινε βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it is seen
|'''ινε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it is seen
|'''εινε βλέπoμεν''', they are seen
|'''ινε βλεπoμέν''', they are seen
|}
|}


=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρελθοντίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων'''=====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''ειμουν βλέπoμεν''', I was seen
|'''ιμουν βλεπoμέν''', I was seen
|'''είμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we were seen
|'''ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we were seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''ειςουν βλέπoμεν''', you were seen
|'''ιςουν βλεπoμέν''', you were seen
|'''είςαςτε βλέπoμεν''', you were seen
|'''ίςαςτε βλεπoμέν''', you were seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''ειταν βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it was seen
|'''ιταν βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it was seen
|'''ειταν βλέπoμεν''', they were seen
|'''ιταν βλεπoμέν''', they were seen
|}
|}


=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελων Χρων'''=====
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!
!
Line 342: Line 425:
|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''θa ειμε βλέπoμεν''', I shall be seen
|'''θa ιμε βλεπoμέν''', I shall be seen
|'''θa είμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we shall be seen
|'''θa ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we shall be seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''θa ειςε βλέπoμεν''', you will be seen
|'''θa ιςε βλεπoμέν''', you will be seen
|'''θa ειςτε βλέπoμεν''', you will be seen
|'''θa ιςτε βλεπoμέν''', you will be seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''θa εινε βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it will be seen
|'''θa ινε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it will be seen
|'''θa εινε βλέπoμεν''', they will be seen
|'''θa ινε βλεπoμέν''', they will be seen
|}
|}


=====The Perfect Tenses- '''Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον'''=====  
=====The Perfect Tenses - '''Ο Παρακίμεν'''=====  
*061. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of '''εχω''' with the passive participle of ειμε.
*058. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of '''εχω''' with the passive participle of '''ιμε'''.
{|
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|'''εχω ειμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I have been seen, etc.
!<center>present</center>
!past
!past
|'''ειχα ειμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I had been seen, etc.
!future
!future
|'''θα εχω ειμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I shall have been seen, etc.
|-
|'''εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I have been seen, ''etc.''
|'''ιχα ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I had been seen, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I will have been seen, ''etc.''
|}
|}


====The Indefinite Form - ''' Η Αοριςτ Μορφ'''====
====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοϊθιτίκ Ρίματα'''====
*062. The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
*059. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.  
*063. The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.
*064. Class I verbs form the indefinite by adding '''-ςω''' to the present form minus the '''-ω'''.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+'''εχω''', I have
!
!
!Singular
!Present
!Plural
!Past
!Future
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st singular
|'''βλεπςω''', I see
|'''εχω''', I have
|'''βλέπςoυμε''', we see
|'''ιχα''', I had
|'''θα εχω''', I will have
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd singular
|'''βλεπςεις''', you see
|'''εχις''', you have
|'''βλέπςετε''', you see
|'''ιχες''', you had
|'''θα εχις''', you shall have
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd singular
|'''βλεπςει''', he, she, it sees
|'''εχι''', he, she, it has
|'''βλεπςου''', they see
|'''ιχε''', he, she, it had
|'''θα εχι''', he, she, it shall have
|-
!1st plural
|'''έχομε''', we have
|'''ίχαμε''', we had
|'''θα έχομε''', we will have
|-
!2nd plural
|'''έχετε''', you have
|'''ίχατε''', you had,
|'''θα έχετε''', you shall have
|-
!3rd plural
|'''εχoυν''', they have
|'''ιχαν''', they had
|'''θα εχoυν''', they shall have
|}
|}


*065. Class II verbs form the indefinite by adding '''-ιςω''' to the present form minus the '''-ω'''.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+'''ιμε''', I am
!
!
!Singular
!Present
!Plural
!Past
!Future
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st singular
|'''αγάπιςω ''', I love
|'''ιμε''', I am,
|'''αγαπίςαμε''', we love
|'''ιμουν''', I was
|'''θα ιμε''', I will be
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd singular
|'''αγάπιςας''', you love
|'''ιςε''', you are
|'''αγαπίςατε''', you love
|'''ιςουν''', you were
|'''θα ιςε''', you shall be
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd singular
|'''αγάπιςα''', he, she, it love
|'''ινε''', he, she, it is
|'''αγάπιςαν''', they love
|'''ιταν''', he, she, it wαs
|'''θα ινε''', he, she, it shall be
|-
!1st plural
|'''ίμαςτε''', wε are
|'''ίμαςταν''', we were
|'''θα ίμαςτε''', we will be
|-
!2nd plural
|'''ιςτε''', you are
|'''ίςαςτε''', you were
|'''θα ιςτε''', you shall be
|-
!3rd plural
|'''ινε''', they are
|'''ιταν''', they were
|'''θα ινε''', they shall be
|}
|}


*066. There are a few verbs that form the indefinite irregularly:
====The Subjunctive Mood - ''' Τι Ιποτακτίκ'''====
**'''λεγω''', say > '''πω'''
*060. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
**'''δινω''', give > '''δoςω'''  
*061. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle '''να'''.
**'''πιγενω''', go > '''παω'''.  
::'''Εφχω να βρεχι.''' I wish that it would rain.
::'''Εφχω να έβρεχε.''' I wish that it had rained.


*067. The indefinite form is preceded by '''να''' and follows the main verb.  
*062. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by '''να'''.  
::'''θελo να βλεπςω''', I want to see.  
::'''πρεπι''', it is necessary; '''αξιζι''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.  
::'''θελo να αγάπιςα''', I want to love.  
::'''Πρεπι να παω τωρ.'''
:::I must be going now.  


====The Use of '''να''' - '''Ι Χρις του να'''====
====The Imperative Mood - ''' Τι προςτακτίκ'''====
*068. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle '''να'''.  
*063. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
*069. With the present tense, '''να''' eχpresses a continuous intention, ''etc''.
*064. To form the imperative, Class I verbs replace the '''-ω''' of the present with '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural. Class II verbs replace the '''-ώ''' of the present with '''-ά''' for the singular and '''-(α)τε''' for the plural.
::'''θελω να δουλευω εξι oρι ι ιμέρ''', I want to be working six hours a day.
::'''άρχιςε να τραγυδά''', He started singing.
*070. With the past tense, '''να''' eχpresses a past intention, ''etc''. This construction always follows a past tense.
::'''Χτες το βραδυ θελςα να πιγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν μπóρεςα''', Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
*071. With the indefinite '''να''' expresses a non-continuous future intention, ''etc''.  
::'''ελπιτζω να φταςω ςτιν Aθíν τρις μ.μ.''', I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.
::'''Μπορω να παρω ενα τςιγάρ''', May I take a cigarette?
*072. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by '''να'''.
::'''πρεπει''', it is necessary; '''αξιζει''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.
::'''Πρεπει να πιγενω τορα''', I must be going now.
 
====Negation====
*073. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.
::'''το πρoíν ειν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is ready.
::'''το πρoíν δeν ειν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is not ready.
::'''το μπαρ δεν εινε γεμάτ''', The bar is not full.
::'''δεν πιγενω''', I'm not going.
 
====The Imperative Mood - '''ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις'''====
*074. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
*075. The imperative of the simple present expresses duration or repetition of the action.
*076. To form the continuous imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the present.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!Singular
!<center>Singular</center>
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''βλεπε''', keep on seeing
|'''βλεπε''', see
|'''βλεπ(ε)τε''', keep on seeing
|'''βλεπ(ε)τε''', see
|-
|-
|'''αγαπα''', keep on loving
|'''αγαπά''', love
|'''αγαπατε''', keep on loving
|'''αγάπατε''', love
|}
|}


*077. The imperative of the simple past shows non-continuation which means either that the action is not ongoing or that the speaker is not interested in its duration.
====The Infinitive - '''Το Απαρεμφατ'''====
*078. To form the simple past imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the indefinite.
*065. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article '''το'''. As a verb it can govern an object.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
::It is formed by adding the suffix '''-ςι''' to the verb stem, ''e.g.'' '''βλεπο''' > '''βγεπςι'''.
!Singular
::In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, ''e.g.'', '''κοβω''' > '''κοψι'''.
!Plural
*066. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
|-
::'''Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις.''' Running is good exercise.
|'''βλεπςε''', see
|'''βλέπςετε''', see
|-
|'''αγάπιςε''', love
|'''αγαπιςτε''', love
|}
 
*079. A negative command is eχpressed by '''μι''' and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.
::'''Mι τον αγάπιςε''', Do not love him.
 
====There Is/Are====
*080. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs '''υπαρχεί''' and '''υπαρχούν''' in favor of the Turkish {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} and the negative {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}.
::'''λουλούδ τραπέζου εν {{Color|blue|βαρ}}''', There is a flower on the table.
::'''λουλούδ τραπέζου εν {{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''', There is no flower on the table.
*081. In reply to a {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}} question, the answer is always {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}, never "yes" or "no".
::'''τραπέζου εν μίλα {{Color|blue|βαρ}};''' Are there apples on the table?
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}'''. Yes, there are.
::'''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}'''. No, there are not.
 
====Deponent Verbs====
*082. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, ''e.g.'', '''έρχομαι''', I come, > '''ερχω'''
 
====The Use of '''είνε'''====
*083. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula '''είνε'''  is not used, ''e.g.'',  '''το κυαν ςπιτ''', the blue house; but ''' το ςπιτ κυαν''', the house is blue.
 
====Questions====
*084. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
::''' Π' ειςε;''' Who are you?
::'''πιόν έβλεπςες;''' Whom did you see?
::'''ςε πιον μίλςατε;''' To whom were you talking?
*085. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|'''μι'''}}.
::'''πιγενεις ςτο ςχολί.''' You are going to school.
::'''πιγενεις ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}}.''' Are you going to school?
*086. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}.
::'''αυτ εινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
::'''ςυ έγραψας ι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
::'''ςυ ερχεις αυρι, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?
 
===Adverbs - '''επιρίματα'''===
*087. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
*088. Some common adverbs:
::'''εδó''', here
::'''εκί''', there
::'''πιςω''', behind
::'''μπρoςτά''' in front
::'''τωρα''', now
::'''υςτερ''', after, later
::'''νωρίς''', early
::'''αυρι''', tomorrow
::'''εχθές''', yesterday
::'''πolύ''', a lot, very
::'''ιδι''', already
::'''ποτέ''', never
::'''παλι''', again
::'''ιςως''', perhaps
::'''παντα''', always
::'''ακomι''', yet
::'''ετςι''', thus
*089. As in Turkish adjectives may be used as adverbs without any change in form.
::'''το ιςυχ πεδ ''', the quiet child.
::'''τρεχε ιςυχ.''' Run quietly.
*090.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
::'''ευκολ''', easy; '''ευκολ''', easily
::'''πιο ευκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο ευκολ''', more/most easily
 
 
===Prepositions===
*'''ανά'''
::1. Distributive: in the midst of; each, apiece (''with numbers'')
::2. Spatial (''in composition with verbs''): up, motion upwards
 
*'''αντί'''
::1. Substitution: instead of, in place of
::2. Exchange/Equivalence: for, as, in the place of, in exchange for, in return for, for the sake of, at the price of, for, instead of
::3. Cause: because of
::4. Position: over against, opposite, compared with
::5. Time: at the same time as
 
*'''από''',
::1. Position: from, '''ξεκίνηςε από το ςπίτι''', started from home.
::2. Source, Origin: from, '''είμαι από την Ελλάδα''', I am from Greece.
::3. Time: from, at, by, since, '''θα είμαι εδώ από νωρίς''' ,I'll be early (''literally'', I will be here from early)
::4. Cause: by, with, from, '''παραςύρθηκε από την οργή''', he was carried away by anger
::5. Measurement: from, '''από 25 ως 28 βαθμούς''', from 25 to 28 degrees
::6. State: from, '''έγινε από φιλόλογος προγραμματιςτής''', he changed from philologist into programmer
::7. Arithmetic: out of, from, '''προςελήφθηςαν οι τρεις από τους πέντε υποψηφίους''', three out of five applicants were taken on; '''10 από 35 κάνει 25''', 10 from 35 gives 25
 
*'''δια'''
::1. Agency: by, through
::2. Means: through
::3. Spatial: through
::4. Temporal: through(out), during
::5. Cause: because of, on account of, for the sake of
 
*'''ειν'''
::1. Spatial:into, toward, in
::2. Temporal: for, throughout
::3. Purpose: for, in order to, to
::4. Result: so that, with the result that
::5. Reference/Respect: with respect to, with reference to
::6. Advantage: for
::7. Disadvantage: against
 
*'''εκ'''
::1. Source: out of, from
::2. Separation: away from, from
::3. Temporal: from, from [this point]...on
::4.Cause: because of
::5. Partitive (i.e., substituting for a partitive gen.): of
::6. Means: by, from
 
*'''εν'''
::1. Spatial/Sphere:in (and various other translations)
::2. Temporal: in, within, when, while, during
::3. Association (often close personal relationship): with
::4. Cause: because of
::5. Instrumental: by, with
::6. Reference/Respect: with respect to/with reference to
::7. Manner: with
::8. Thing Possessed: with (in the sense of which possesses)
::9. Standard (=Dative of Rule): according to the standard of
::10.As an equivalent for eis (with verbs of notion)
 
*'''επι'''
::1. Spatial: on, upon, at near
::2. Temporal: in the time of, during
::3. Cause: on the basis of
::4. Spatial: on, upon, against, at, near
::5. Temporal: at, at the time of, during
::6. Spatial: on, upon, to, up to, against
::7. Temporal: for, over a period of


*'''κατα'''
====Negation - '''Άρνις'''====
::1. Spatial: down from, throughout
*067. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.
::2. Opposition: against
::'''το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is ready.  
::3. Source: from
::'''το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is not ready.  
::4. Standard: in accordance with, corresponding to
::'''το μπαρ δεν ινε πλιρ''', The bar is not full.
::5. Spatial: along, through (extension); toward, up to (direction)
::'''δεν παω''', I'm not going.
::6. Temporal: at, during
*068. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods  is expressed by putting the negative particle '''μι(ν)''' in front of the verb.
::7. Distributive: indicating the division of a greater whole into individual parts
::'''Εφχω να μιν έβρεχε.''' I wish that it had not rained.
::8. Purpose: for the purpose of
::'''μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις.''' Don't run or you'll fall.
::9. Reference/Respect: with respect to, with reference to


*'''μετα'''
====There Is/Are - {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}}/{{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}====
::1. Association/Accompaniment: with, in company with
*069. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs '''υπαρχεί''' and '''υπαρχούν''' in favor of the Turkish {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} and its negative {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}.
::2. Spatial: with, among
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
::3. Manner (Attendant Circumstance): with
:::There is a flower on the table.
::4. Temporal: after, behind
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
::5. Spatial (rare): after, behind
:::There is no flower on the table.
*70. A modified form of the Turkish is used for the past tense.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρδ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There was a flower on the table.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκτ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There was no flower on the table.
*071. In reply to a {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}} question, the answer is always {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}, never ''yes'' or ''no''.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} μιλα εν το τραπέζ;'''
:::Are there apples on the table?
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}}''', Yes, there are.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}}''', No, there are not.
*072. '''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}''' and '''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''' may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} τρις μιλα μου'''; I have three apples.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}} αδέλφ τις '''; She does not have a sister.


*'''παρα'''
====Deponent Verbs - '''Αποθετίκ Ρίματα'''====
::1. in general, from (the side of) (with a personal object)
*073. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, ''e.g.'', '''έρχομε''', I come, > '''ερχω'''.
::2. Source/Spatial: from
::3. Agency: from, by
::4. Spatial: near, beside
::5. Sphere: in the sight of, before (someone)
::6. Association: with (someone/something)
::6. Virtually equivalent to simple dative
::8. Spatial: by, alongside of, near, on
::9. Comparison: in comparison to, more than
::10. Opposition: against, contrary to


*'''περι'''
====The Use of '''ινε''' - '''Ι Χρις από το Ινε''''====
::1. Reference: concerning
*074. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula '''ινε'''  is not used, ''e.g.'', '''το κιαν ςπιτ''', the blue house; but ''' το ςπιτ κιαν''', the house is blue.
::2. Advantange/Representation: on behalf of, for (= uper)
::3. Spatial: around, near
::4. Temporal: about, near
::5. Reference/Respect: with regard/reference to
::6. Spatial: before, in front of, at
::7. Temporal: before
::8. Rank/Priority: before


*'''προς'''
====Questions - '''Ερώτιςις'''====
::1. Purpose: for, for the purpose of
*075. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
::2. Spatial: toward
::'''Π' ιςε;''' Who are you?
::3. Temporal: toward, for (duration)
::'''πιόν έβλεπας;''' Whom did you see?
::4. Result: so that, with the result that
::'''ςε πιον μίλαγες;''' To whom were you talking?
::5. Opposition: against
*076. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|'''μι'''}}.
::6. Association: with, in company with (with stative verbs)
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί.''' You are going to school.
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}};''' Are you going to school?
*077. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle '''{{Color|blue|ντιμι}}'''.
::'''αυτό ινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
::'''ςι έγραφα τι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
::'''ςι θα ερχις αβρι, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?


*'''ςυν'''
===Adverbs - '''Επιρίματα'''===
::1. Expresses accompaniment/association: with, in association (company) with
*078. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
*079. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding '''-α/-ά''' to the adjective.
::'''το ιρεμ πεδ ''', the quiet child; '''τρεχε ιρεμα.''' Run quietly.
::'''το αργ τρεν''', the slow train; '''Προχώραγα αργά''', He proceeded slowly.
*080 .The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
::'''εφκολ''', easy; '''έφκολα''', easily
::'''πιο εφκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο έφκολα''', more/most easily


*'''υπερ'''
::1. Representation/Advantage: on behalf of, for the sake of
::2. Reference/Respect: concerning, with reference to (= peri)
::3. Substitution: in the place of, instead of (= anti)
::4. Spatial: over, above
::5. Comparison: more than, beyond


*'''υπο'''
[[Athonite Grammar I]]
::1. (Ultimate) Agency: by
::2. Intermediate Agency (with active verbs): through
::3. Means: by (rare)
::4. Spatial: under, below
::5. Subordination: under (the rule of)

Latest revision as of 13:56, 8 November 2021

Pronunciation Table - Πινακ από Προφόρ

IPA /a/1 /af/2 /v/ /ɣ/3 /ŋ/ /g/ /ŋks/ /ŋç/ /ð/ /e/ /i/ /εf/4 /z/ /i/5 /θ/ /i/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /b/ /n/6 /d/ /ks/ /o/ /u/ /p/ /ɾ/ /s/7 /t/ /ʣ/ /i/ /f/ /ç/ /ps/ /o/
Greek α αυ β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ει ευ ζ η θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ υ φ χ ψ ω
Athonite α αφ/β β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ι εφ/β ζ ι θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ ι φ χ ψ ο
Latin a af/v v g ng g ngks nch dh e i ef/v z i th i k l m b n d ks o u p r s t tz y f ch ps ō

Notes - Σιμιωςις

  • 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
  • 2 /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
  • 3 final <ν> before <π> and <μπ> becomes /m/, e.g., δεν μπορώ, <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, e.g., δεν πιραζι, <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, e.g., δεν κοβω, <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
  • 4 /z/ before voiced consonants, e.g., ος Δεβτέρ, <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,

Verbs - Ρίματα

Verb Classes - Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα

  • 038. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
  • 039. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
  • 040. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
  • 041. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.

The Active Voice - Τι Ενέργ Φων

  • 042. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ
  • 043. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st βλεπω, I see βλέπoμε, we see
2nd βλεπις, you see βλέπετε, you see
3rd βλεπι, he, she, it sees βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγαπώ, I love αγαπάμε, we love
2nd αγαπάς, you love αγαπάτε, you love
3rd αγαπά, he, she, it loves αγαπάν, they love
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων
  • 044. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
  • 045. Class II verbs insert -άγ- between the stem and the ending.
  • 046. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing
2nd έβλεπες, you saw, were seeing βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing
3rd έβλεπε, he, she, it saw, was seeing έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγάπαγα, I loved, was loving αγαπάγαμε, we loved, were loving
2nd αγάπαγες, you loved, were loving αγαπάγατε, you loved, were loving
3rd αγάπαγε, he, she, it loved, was loving αγάπαγαν, they loved, were loving
The Future Tense - Ο Μελων Χρων
  • 047. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st θa βλεπω, I see θa βλέπoμε, we see
2nd θa βλεπις, you see θa βλέπετε, you see
3rd θa βλεπι, he, she, it sees θa βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st θ' αγαπώ, I love θ' αγαπάμε, we love
2nd θ' αγαπάς, you love θ' αγαπάτε, you love
3rd θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves θ' αγαπάν, they love
The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν
  • 048. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
  • 049. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχω, I have, and the passive participle.
  • 050. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
Singular Plural
1st εχω βλεπoμέν, I have seen έχoμe βλεπoμέν, we have seen
2nd εχις βλεπoμέν, you have seen έχετε βλεπoμέν, you have seen
3rd εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it has seen εχουν βλεπoμέν, they have seen
The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Ιπερςιντελικ
  • 051. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
  • 052. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st ιχα βλεπoμέν, I had seen ίχαμε βλεπoμέν, we had seen
2nd ιχεs βλεπoμέν, you had seen ίχατε βλεπoμέν, you had seen
3rd ιχε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it had seen ιχαν βλεπoμέν, they had seen
The Future Perfect Tense - Ο Σιντελεςμέν Μελων Χρων
  • 053. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
  • 054. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st θa εχω βλεπoμέν, I shall have seen θa έχoμε βλεπoμέν, we shall have seen
2nd θa εχιs βλεπoμέν, you will have seen θa έχετε βλεπoμέν, you will have seen
3rd θa εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will have seen θa εχoυν βλεπoμέν, they will have seen

The Progressive Tenses - Ι εξακολουθιτίκ Χρωνι

  • 055. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.
present
 past future present perfect past perfect future perfect
ιμε βλεποντ
I am seeing, etc. 		ιμουν βλεποντ
I was seeing, etc. 		θα ιμε βλεποντ
I will be seeing, etc. 		εχω ιμέν βλεποντ
I have been seeing, etc.' 		ιχα ιμέν βλεποντ
I had been seeing, etc. 		θα εχω ιμέν βλεποντ
I will have been seeing, etc.

The Passive Voice - Τι Παθιτίκ Φων

  • 056. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
  • 057. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ιμε, I am and the passive participle.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ
Singular Plural
1st ιμε βλεπoμέν, I am seen ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we are seen
2nd ιςε βλεπoμέν, you are seen ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you are seen
3rd ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it is seen ινε βλεπoμέν, they are seen
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων
Singular Plural
1st ιμουν βλεπoμέν, I was seen ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we were seen
2nd ιςουν βλεπoμέν, you were seen ίςαςτε βλεπoμέν, you were seen
3rd ιταν βλεπoμέν, he, she, it was seen ιταν βλεπoμέν, they were seen
The Future Tense - Ο Μελων Χρων
Singular Plural
1st θa ιμε βλεπoμέν, I shall be seen θa ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we shall be seen
2nd θa ιςε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen θa ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen
3rd θa ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will be seen θa ινε βλεπoμέν, they will be seen
The Perfect Tenses - Ο Παρακίμεν
  • 058. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχω with the passive participle of ιμε.
present
 past future
εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I have been seen, etc. 		ιχα ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I had been seen, etc. 		θα εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I will have been seen, etc.

The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοϊθιτίκ Ρίματα

  • 059. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
εχω, I have
Present Past Future
1st singular εχω, I have ιχα, I had θα εχω, I will have
2nd singular εχις, you have ιχες, you had θα εχις, you shall have
3rd singular εχι, he, she, it has ιχε, he, she, it had θα εχι, he, she, it shall have
1st plural έχομε, we have ίχαμε, we had θα έχομε, we will have
2nd plural έχετε, you have ίχατε, you had, θα έχετε, you shall have
3rd plural εχoυν, they have ιχαν, they had θα εχoυν, they shall have
ιμε, I am
Present Past Future
1st singular ιμε, I am, ιμουν, I was θα ιμε, I will be
2nd singular ιςε, you are ιςουν, you were θα ιςε, you shall be
3rd singular ινε, he, she, it is ιταν, he, she, it wαs θα ινε, he, she, it shall be
1st plural ίμαςτε, wε are ίμαςταν, we were θα ίμαςτε, we will be
2nd plural ιςτε, you are ίςαςτε, you were θα ιςτε, you shall be
3rd plural ινε, they are ιταν, they were θα ινε, they shall be

The Subjunctive Mood - Τι Ιποτακτίκ

  • 060. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
  • 061. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle να.
Εφχω να βρεχι. I wish that it would rain.
Εφχω να έβρεχε. I wish that it had rained.
  • 062. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by να.
πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.
Πρεπι να παω τωρ.
I must be going now.

The Imperative Mood - Τι προςτακτίκ

  • 063. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
  • 064. To form the imperative, Class I verbs replace the -ω of the present with -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural. Class II verbs replace the -ώ of the present with -ά for the singular and -(α)τε for the plural.
Singular
 Plural
βλεπε, see βλεπ(ε)τε, see
αγαπά, love αγάπατε, love

The Infinitive - Το Απαρεμφατ

  • 065. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article το. As a verb it can govern an object.
It is formed by adding the suffix -ςι to the verb stem, e.g. βλεπο > βγεπςι.
In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, e.g., κοβω > κοψι.
  • 066. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις. Running is good exercise.

Negation - Άρνις

  • 067. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.
το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.
το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.
το μπαρ δεν ινε πλιρ, The bar is not full.
δεν παω, I'm not going.
  • 068. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods is expressed by putting the negative particle μι(ν) in front of the verb.
Εφχω να μιν έβρεχε. I wish that it had not rained.
μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις. Don't run or you'll fall.

There Is/Are - βαρ/γιοκ

  • 069. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and its negative γιοκ.
Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is a flower on the table.
Γιοκ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is no flower on the table.
  • 70. A modified form of the Turkish is used for the past tense.
Βαρδ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There was a flower on the table.
Γιοκτ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There was no flower on the table.
  • 071. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.
Βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;
Are there apples on the table?
Βαρ, Yes, there are.
Γιοκ, No, there are not.
  • 072. βαρ and γιοκ may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
Βαρ τρις μιλα μου; I have three apples.
Γιοκ αδέλφ τις ; She does not have a sister.

Deponent Verbs - Αποθετίκ Ρίματα

  • 073. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομε, I come, > ερχω.

The Use of ινε - Ι Χρις από το Ινε'

  • 074. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula ινε is not used, e.g., το κιαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κιαν, the house is blue.

Questions - Ερώτιςις

  • 075. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
Π' ιςε; Who are you?
πιόν έβλεπας; Whom did you see?
ςε πιον μίλαγες; To whom were you talking?
  • 076. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.
Πας ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.
Πας ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?
  • 077. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιμι.
αυτό ινε βιβλί, ντιμι; This is a book, isn't it?
ςι έγραφα τι επιςτόλ, ντιμι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?
ςι θα ερχις αβρι, ντιμι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

Adverbs - Επιρίματα

  • 078. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
  • 079. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding -α/-ά to the adjective.
το ιρεμ πεδ , the quiet child; τρεχε ιρεμα. Run quietly.
το αργ τρεν, the slow train; Προχώραγα αργά, He proceeded slowly.
  • 080 .The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
εφκολ, easy; έφκολα, easily
πιο εφκολ, easier, easiest; πιο έφκολα, more/most easily


Athonite Grammar I

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