Kipin/Morphology/Nouns

Kipin Nouns

Gender and Morphsyntactic allignment

Kipin is a split-S language with 3 genders: Human, Animal and Inanimate. Human and Animal nouns have Nominative/Accusative case marking, and Inanimate nouns have Ergative/Absolutive case marking.

Paradigm

For Human and Animal nouns, the form of the noun is

{Accusative}+Root+{Deixis,Possessor}+{Plural}

For Inanimate nouns, the form is

Root+{Deixis,Possessor}+{Plural}+{Ergative}

Accusative

For Human and Animal nouns, the accusitive is marked by one of the following prefixes.

i

/i/

I weak

e, fi

/e/, /ɸi/

(prefix) Accusative singular for Human nouns

* hi

sar

/sar/

A strong

ser, sor

/ser/, /sor/

(prefix) Accusative plural for Human nouns

* sar

gnu

/ŋu/

U, weak

mi, gno

/mi/, /ŋo/

prefix Accusative singular for Animal nouns

* ŋu

gin

/gin/

I strong

gen, bin

/gen/, /bin/

prefix Accusative plural for Animal nouns

* gin

Note that plural is double-marked in the accusative of Human and Animal nouns.

Deixis and Possession

Possession is marked on the possession by means of suffixes corresponding to the person, number, and, in the third person, gender of the possessor.

sa

/sa/

A,weak

se, so

/se/, /so/

(suffix) my (1st person singular posessor)

Note Spelt ssa etc. after vowels

* sa

wur

/wur/

U, strong

uwir, wor

/uwir/, /wor/

(suffix) our (1st person singular possessor)

Note uwir does not trigger r-z mutation or z insertion. It becomes wwir after vowels.

* wur

ti

/ti/

I weak

te, twi

/te/, /twi/

(suffix) Your (2nd person singular posessor)

Note ti becomes c /t͡ʃ/ before vowels

* ti

tal

/tal/

A, strong

tel, tol

/tel/, /tol/

(suffix) Your (2nd person plural posessor)

* tal

yu

/ju/

U weak

iwi, yo

/iwi/, /jo/

(suffix) His, her (3rd person singular human posessor)

Note iwi does not trigger r-z mutation or z insertion. It is pronounced /jwi/ after vowels, although the spelling does not change if the preceding vowel is e

* ju

yun

/yun/

U strong

iwin, yon

/iwin/, /jon/

(suffix) Their (3rd person plural human posessor)

Note iwin does not trigger r-z mutation or z insertion. It is pronounced /jwi/ after vowels, although the spelling does not change if the preceding vowel is e

* jun

kun

/kun/

U strong

pin, kon

/pin/, /kon/

(suffix) his, her, its (3rd person singular animal possessor)

* kun

kungun

/kuŋgun/

U, strong

pimbin, kongon

/pimbin/, /koŋgon/

(suffix) Their (3rd person plural animal possessor)

* kungun

dar

/dar/

A, strong

der, dor

/der/, /dor/

(suffix) Its (3rd person singular inanimate possessor)

* dar

dasa

/daza/

A, strong

dese, dorfo

/deze/, /dorɸo/

(suffix) Their (3rd person plural inanimate possessor)

* darha

Nouns may also take the following deixis markers.

gufo

/guɸo/

U, weak

bye, goa

/bje/, /goa/

(suffix) This (proximal deixis)

*guha

asa

/aza/

A strong

ese, forfo

/eze/, /ɸorɸo/

(suffix) That (medial deixis)

* harha

surol

/surol/

UA strong

soral, swirel

/soral/, /swirel/

(suffix) Yon (distal deixis)

Note Spelt ssurol etc. after vowels

* sural

gnun

/ŋun/

U, strong

min, gnon

/min/, /ŋon/

(suffix) what, which

* ŋun

Deixis and possession do not co-occur on the same noun.

Plural

Plural marking follows possession or deixis, if present, and depends on the gender

ir

/ir/

I, strong

er, fir

/er/, /ɸir/

(suffix) plural marker for Human nouns

* hir

pa

/pa/

A weak

pe, po

/pe/, /po/

(suffix) plural marker for Animal nouns

* pa

kulon

/kulon/

UA, strong

kolan, pilen

/kolan/, /pilen/

suffix Plural marker for Inanimate nouns

* kulan

It should be noted that for Human and Animal nouns in the accusative, plurality is double-marked. This has been remarked upon before, but bears repeating.

Ergative

For Inanimate nouns, the ergative is marked by the suffix

yi

/ji/

I, weak

ye, iwi

/je/, /iwi/

(suffix) Ergative

Note iwi does not trigger r-z mutation or (suffix)

* ji

Examples

The following tables give full paradigms for a noun of each gender

gurfin

/gurɸin/

UI Strong

bisin, gosen

/bizin/, /gozen/

(n) Human Widow - a woman whose lawful husband has died and has not remarried or taken a lover.

* gurhin

ilhen

/iʎen/

IA strong

elean /elean/, filwifon /ɸiɫiɸon/

(n) Animal Cock - male bird, especially domestic fowl

* hilihan

kipin

/kipin/

IU strong

pikun /pikun/ kekon /kekon/

(n) Inanimate voice, language

* kikun

	Singular			Plural
Nominative	gurfin /gurɸin/			bisinzir /bizinzir/
	1	bisinse /bizinse/	bisinuwir /bizinuwir/	bisinseir /bizinsejr/	gurfimwurfir /gurɸimwurɸir/
	2	bisinti /bizinti/	bisintel /bizintel/	bisincir /bizint͡ʃir/	gosentalzer /gosentalzer/
	3H	bisiniwi /biziniwi/	bisiniwin /biziniwin/	bisinhuyir /biziɲujir/	gurfinhunzir /gurɸiɲunzir/
	3A	bisimpin /bizimpin/	gurfinkungun /gurɸiŋkuŋgun/	gurfinkunzir /gurɸiŋkunzir/	gurfinkungunzir /gurɸiŋkuŋgunzir/
	3I	bisinder /bizinder/	gosendasa /gozendaza/	gosendaser /gozendazer/	gosendasaer /gozendasaer/
	This	bisimbye /bizimbje/		bisimbyeir /bizimbjejr/
	That	gosenzasa /gozenzaza/		gosenzaser /gozenzazaer/
	Yon	bisinswirel /bizinswirel/		gosensoralzer /gozensoralzer/
	What	bisimmin /bizimmin/		gurfignnumfir /gurɸiŋŋumɸir/
Accusative	figurfin /ɸigurɸin/			serbisinzir /serbizinzir/
	1	ibisinse /ibizinse/	ibisinuwir /ibizinuwir/	serbisinseir /serbizinsejr/	sorgurfimwurfir /sorgurɸimwurɸir/
	2	ibisinti /ibizinti/	ibisintel /ibizintel/	serbisincir /serbizint͡ʃir/	sorgosentalzer /sorgosentalzer/
	3H	ibisiniwi /ibiziniwi/	ibisiniwin /ibiziniwin/	serbisinhuyir /serbiziɲujir/	sorgurfinhunzir /sorgurɸiɲunzir/
	3A	ibisimpin /ibizimpin/	figurfinkungun /ɸigurɸiŋkuŋgun/	sorgurfinkunzir /sorgurɸiŋkunzir/	sorgurfinkungunzir /sorgurɸiŋkuŋgunzir/
	3I	ibisinder /ibizinder/	egosendasa /egozendaza/	sargosendaser /sargozendazer/	sargosendasaer /sargozendasaer/
	This	ibisimbye /ibizimbje/		serbisimbyeir /serbizimbjejr/
	That	egosenzasa /gozenzaza/		sargosenzaser /gozenzazaer/
	Yon	ibisinswirel /ibizinswirel/		sargosensoralzer /sargozensoralzer/
	What	ibisimmin /ibizimmin/		sorgurfignnumfir /sorgurɸiŋŋumɸir/

	Singular			Plural
Nominative	ilhen /iʎen/			eleampa /eleampa/
	1	eleansa /eleansa/	eleamwor /eleamwor/	eleansapa /eleansapa/	filwifomwurpo /ɸiɫiɸomwurpo/
	2	eleante /eleante/	eleantal /eleantal/	eleantepa /eleantepa/	eleantalpa /eleantalpa/
	3H	eleanho /eleaɲo/	eleanhon /eleaɲon/	eleanhopa /eleaɲopa/	filwiɸonhumpo /ɸiɫiɸoɲumpo/
	3A	eleankon /eleaŋkon/	filwifonkungun /ɸiɫiɸoŋkuŋgun/	filwifonkumpo /ɸiɫiɸoŋkumpo/	filwifonkungumpo /ɸiɫiɸoŋkuŋgumpo/
	3I	eleandar /eleandar/	eleandasa /eleandaza/	eleandarpa /eleandarpa/	eleandasapa /eleandazapa/
	This	eleangoa /eleaŋgoa/		eleangoapa /eleangoapa/
	That	eleanzasa /eleanzaza/		eleanzasapa /eleanzazapa/
	Yon	eleansoral /eleansoral/		eleansoralpa /eleansoralpa/
	What	eleagnnon /eleaŋŋon/		filwifognnumpo /ɸiɫiɸoŋŋumpo/
Accusative	myilhen /mjiʎen/			genzeleampa /genzeleampa/
	1	gnoeleansa /ŋoeleansa/	gnoeleamwor /ŋoelamwor/	genzeleansapa /genzeleansapa/	bimfilwifomwurpo /bimɸiɫiɸomwurpo/
	2	gnoeleante /ŋoeleante/	gnoeleantal /ŋoeleantal/	genzeleantepa /genzeleantepa/	genzeleantalpa /genzeleantalpa/
	3H	gnoeleanho /ŋoeleaɲo/	gnoeleanhon /ŋoeleaɲon/	genzeleanhopa /genzeleaɲopa/	bimfilwifonhumpo /bimɸiɫiɸoɲompo/
	3A	gnoeleankon /ŋoeleaŋkon/	gnufilwifonkungun /ŋuɸiɫiɸoŋkuŋgun/	bimfilwifonkumpo /bimɸiɫiɸoŋkumpo/	bimfilwifonkungumpo /bimɸiɫiɸoŋkuŋgumpo/
	3I	gnoeleandar /ŋoeleandar/	gnoeleandasa /ŋoeleandaza/	genzeleandarpa /genzeleandarpa/	genzeleandasapa /genzeleandazapa/
	This	gnoeleangoa /ŋoeleaŋgoa/		genzelengoapa /genzeleangoapa/
	That	gnoeleanzasa /ŋoeleanzaza/		genzeleanzasapa /genzeleanzazapa/
	Yon	gnoeleansoral /ŋoeleansoral/		genzelealsoralpa /genzelealsoralpa/
	What	gnoeleagnnon /ŋoeleaŋŋon/		bimɸilwifognnumpo /bimɸiɫifoŋŋumpo/

	Singular			Plural
Absolutive	kipin /kipin/			pikunkulon /pikuŋkulon/
	1	pikunso /pikunso/	pikumwur /pikumwur/	pikunsokulon /pikunsokulon/	pikumwurkulon /pikumwurkulon/
	2	pikuntwi /pikuntwi/	pikuntol /pikuntol/	pikuntwikulon /pikuntwikulon/	kekontalkolan /kekontalkolan/
	3H	pikunhu /pikuɲu/	pikunhun /pikuɲun/	pikunhukulon /pikuɲukulon/	pikunhunkulon /pikuɲuŋkulon/
	3A	pikunkun /pikuŋkun/	pikunkungun /pikuŋkuŋgun/	pikunkunkulon /pikuŋkuŋkulon/	pikunkungunkulon /pikuŋkuŋguŋkulon/
	3I	pikundor /pikundor/	kekondasa /kekondaza/	kedondarkolan /kekondarkolan/	kekondasakolan /kekondazakolan/
	This	pikungufo /pikuŋguɸo/		pikungufokulon /pikuŋguɸokulan/
	That	kekonzasa /kekonzaza/		kekonzasakolan /kekonzazakolan/
	Yon	pikunsurol /pikunsurol/		kekonsoralkolan /kekonsoralkolan/
	What	pikugnnun /pikuŋŋun/		pikugnnunkulon /pikunŋŋuŋkulon/
Ergagive	pikuniwi /pikuniwi/			kekonkolanhe /kekoŋkolaɲe/
	1	pikunsoyi /pikunsoji/	pikumwuriwi /pikumwuriwi/	kekonsakolanhe /kekonsakolaɲe/	kekomworkolanhe /kekomworkolaɲe/
	2	pikuntwiywi /pikuntwiywi/	kekontalhe /pekonntaʎe/	kekontekolanhe /kekontekolaɲe/	kekontalkolanhe /kekontalkolaɲe/
	3H	pikunhuywi /pikuɲuywi/	pikunhuniwi /pikuɲuniwi/	kekonhokolanhe /kekoɲokolaɲe/	kekonhonkolanhe /kekoɲoŋolaɲe/
	3A	pikunkuniwi /pikuŋkuniwi/	pikunkunguniwi /pikuŋkuŋguniwi/	kekonkonkolanhe /kekoŋkoŋkolaɲe/	kekonkongonkolanhe /kekoŋkoŋgoŋkolaɲe/
	3I	kekondarye /kekondarje/	kekondasaye /kekondazaje/	kekondarkolanhe /kekondarkolaɲe/	kekondasakolanhe /kekondazakolaɲe/
	This	pikungofoywi /pikuŋuɸojwi/		kekongoakolanhe /kekoŋgoakolaɲe/
	That	kekonzasaye /kekonzazaje/		kekonzasakolanhe /kekonzazakolaɲe/
	Yon	kekonsoralhe /kekonsoraɫe/		kekonsoralkolanhe /kekonsoralkolaɲe/
	What	pikugnnuniwi /pikuŋŋuniwi/		kekognnonkolanhe /kekoŋŋoŋkolaɲe/