Kipin/Morphology/Nouns
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Kipin Nouns
Gender and Morphsyntactic allignment
Kipin is a split-S language with 3 genders: Human, Animal and Inanimate. Human and Animal nouns have Nominative/Accusative case marking, and Inanimate nouns have Ergative/Absolutive case marking.
Paradigm
For Human and Animal nouns, the form of the noun is
{Accusative}+Root+{Deixis,Possessor}+{Plural}
For Inanimate nouns, the form is
Root+{Deixis,Possessor}+{Plural}+{Ergative}
Accusative
For Human and Animal nouns, the accusitive is marked by one of the following prefixes.
- i
- /i/
- I weak
- e, fi
- /e/, /ɸi/
- (prefix) Accusative singular for Human nouns
- * hi
- sar
- /sar/
- A strong
- ser, sor
- /ser/, /sor/
- (prefix) Accusative plural for Human nouns
- * sar
- gnu
- /ŋu/
- U, weak
- mi, gno
- /mi/, /ŋo/
- prefix Accusative singular for Animal nouns
- * ŋu
- gin
- /gin/
- I strong
- gen, bin
- /gen/, /bin/
- prefix Accusative plural for Animal nouns
- * gin
Note that plural is double-marked in the accusative of Human and Animal nouns.
Deixis and Possession
Possession is marked on the possession by means of suffixes corresponding to the person, number, and, in the third person, gender of the possessor.
- sa
- /sa/
- A,weak
- se, so
- /se/, /so/
- (suffix) my (1st person singular posessor)
- Note Spelt ssa etc. after vowels
- * sa
- wur
- /wur/
- U, strong
- uwir, wor
- /uwir/, /wor/
- (suffix) our (1st person singular possessor)
- Note uwir does not trigger r-z mutation or z insertion. It becomes wwir after vowels.
- * wur
- ti
- /ti/
- I weak
- te, twi
- /te/, /twi/
- (suffix) Your (2nd person singular posessor)
- Note ti becomes c /t͡ʃ/ before vowels
- * ti
- tal
- /tal/
- A, strong
- tel, tol
- /tel/, /tol/
- (suffix) Your (2nd person plural posessor)
- * tal
- yu
- /ju/
- U weak
- iwi, yo
- /iwi/, /jo/
- (suffix) His, her (3rd person singular human posessor)
- Note iwi does not trigger r-z mutation or z insertion. It is pronounced /jwi/ after vowels, although the spelling does not change if the preceding vowel is e
- * ju
- yun
- /yun/
- U strong
- iwin, yon
- /iwin/, /jon/
- (suffix) Their (3rd person plural human posessor)
- Note iwin does not trigger r-z mutation or z insertion. It is pronounced /jwi/ after vowels, although the spelling does not change if the preceding vowel is e
- * jun
- kun
- /kun/
- U strong
- pin, kon
- /pin/, /kon/
- (suffix) his, her, its (3rd person singular animal possessor)
- * kun
- kungun
- /kuŋgun/
- U, strong
- pimbin, kongon
- /pimbin/, /koŋgon/
- (suffix) Their (3rd person plural animal possessor)
- * kungun
- dar
- /dar/
- A, strong
- der, dor
- /der/, /dor/
- (suffix) Its (3rd person singular inanimate possessor)
- * dar
- dasa
- /daza/
- A, strong
- dese, dorfo
- /deze/, /dorɸo/
- (suffix) Their (3rd person plural inanimate possessor)
- * darha
Nouns may also take the following deixis markers.
- gufo
- /guɸo/
- U, weak
- bye, goa
- /bje/, /goa/
- (suffix) This (proximal deixis)
- *guha
- asa
- /aza/
- A strong
- ese, forfo
- /eze/, /ɸorɸo/
- (suffix) That (medial deixis)
- * harha
- surol
- /surol/
- UA strong
- soral, swirel
- /soral/, /swirel/
- (suffix) Yon (distal deixis)
- Note Spelt ssurol etc. after vowels
- * sural
- gnun
- /ŋun/
- U, strong
- min, gnon
- /min/, /ŋon/
- (suffix) what, which
- * ŋun
Deixis and possession do not co-occur on the same noun.
Plural
Plural marking follows possession or deixis, if present, and depends on the gender
- ir
- /ir/
- I, strong
- er, fir
- /er/, /ɸir/
- (suffix) plural marker for Human nouns
- * hir
- pa
- /pa/
- A weak
- pe, po
- /pe/, /po/
- (suffix) plural marker for Animal nouns
- * pa
- kulon
- /kulon/
- UA, strong
- kolan, pilen
- /kolan/, /pilen/
- suffix Plural marker for Inanimate nouns
- * kulan
It should be noted that for Human and Animal nouns in the accusative, plurality is double-marked. This has been remarked upon before, but bears repeating.
Ergative
For Inanimate nouns, the ergative is marked by the suffix
- yi
- /ji/
- I, weak
- ye, iwi
- /je/, /iwi/
- (suffix) Ergative
- Note iwi does not trigger r-z mutation or (suffix)
- * ji
Examples
The following tables give full paradigms for a noun of each gender
- gurfin
- /gurɸin/
- UI Strong
- bisin, gosen
- /bizin/, /gozen/
- (n) Human Widow - a woman whose lawful husband has died and has not remarried or taken a lover.
- * gurhin
- ilhen
- /iʎen/
- IA strong
- elean /elean/, filwifon /ɸiɫiɸon/
- (n) Animal Cock - male bird, especially domestic fowl
- * hilihan
- kipin
- /kipin/
- IU strong
- pikun /pikun/ kekon /kekon/
- (n) Inanimate voice, language
- * kikun
| Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | gurfin /gurɸin/ | bisinzir /bizinzir/ | |||
| 1 | bisinse /bizinse/ | bisinuwir /bizinuwir/ | bisinseir /bizinsejr/ | gurfimwurfir /gurɸimwurɸir/ | |
| 2 | bisinti /bizinti/ | bisintel /bizintel/ | bisincir /bizint͡ʃir/ | gosentalzer /gosentalzer/ | |
| 3H | bisiniwi /biziniwi/ | bisiniwin /biziniwin/ | bisinhuyir /biziɲujir/ | gurfinhunzir /gurɸiɲunzir/ | |
| 3A | bisimpin /bizimpin/ | gurfinkungun /gurɸiŋkuŋgun/ | gurfinkunzir /gurɸiŋkunzir/ | gurfinkungunzir /gurɸiŋkuŋgunzir/ | |
| 3I | bisinder /bizinder/ | gosendasa /gozendaza/ | gosendaser /gozendazer/ | gosendasaer /gozendasaer/ | |
| This | bisimbye /bizimbje/ | bisimbyeir /bizimbjejr/ | |||
| That | gosenzasa /gozenzaza/ | gosenzaser /gozenzazaer/ | |||
| Yon | bisinswirel /bizinswirel/ | gosensoralzer /gozensoralzer/ | |||
| What | bisimmin /bizimmin/ | gurfignnumfir /gurɸiŋŋumɸir/ | |||
| Accusative | figurfin /ɸigurɸin/ | serbisinzir /serbizinzir/ | |||
| 1 | ibisinse /ibizinse/ | ibisinuwir /ibizinuwir/ | serbisinseir /serbizinsejr/ | sorgurfimwurfir /sorgurɸimwurɸir/ | |
| 2 | ibisinti /ibizinti/ | ibisintel /ibizintel/ | serbisincir /serbizint͡ʃir/ | sorgosentalzer /sorgosentalzer/ | |
| 3H | ibisiniwi /ibiziniwi/ | ibisiniwin /ibiziniwin/ | serbisinhuyir /serbiziɲujir/ | sorgurfinhunzir /sorgurɸiɲunzir/ | |
| 3A | ibisimpin /ibizimpin/ | figurfinkungun /ɸigurɸiŋkuŋgun/ | sorgurfinkunzir /sorgurɸiŋkunzir/ | sorgurfinkungunzir /sorgurɸiŋkuŋgunzir/ | |
| 3I | ibisinder /ibizinder/ | egosendasa /egozendaza/ | sargosendaser /sargozendazer/ | sargosendasaer /sargozendasaer/ | |
| This | ibisimbye /ibizimbje/ | serbisimbyeir /serbizimbjejr/ | |||
| That | egosenzasa /gozenzaza/ | sargosenzaser /gozenzazaer/ | |||
| Yon | ibisinswirel /ibizinswirel/ | sargosensoralzer /sargozensoralzer/ | |||
| What | ibisimmin /ibizimmin/ | sorgurfignnumfir /sorgurɸiŋŋumɸir/ | |||
| Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ilhen /iʎen/ | eleampa /eleampa/ | |||
| 1 | eleansa /eleansa/ | eleamwor /eleamwor/ | eleansapa /eleansapa/ | filwifomwurpo /ɸiɫiɸomwurpo/ | |
| 2 | eleante /eleante/ | eleantal /eleantal/ | eleantepa /eleantepa/ | eleantalpa /eleantalpa/ | |
| 3H | eleanho /eleaɲo/ | eleanhon /eleaɲon/ | eleanhopa /eleaɲopa/ | filwiɸonhumpo /ɸiɫiɸoɲumpo/ | |
| 3A | eleankon /eleaŋkon/ | filwifonkungun /ɸiɫiɸoŋkuŋgun/ | filwifonkumpo /ɸiɫiɸoŋkumpo/ | filwifonkungumpo /ɸiɫiɸoŋkuŋgumpo/ | |
| 3I | eleandar /eleandar/ | eleandasa /eleandaza/ | eleandarpa /eleandarpa/ | eleandasapa /eleandazapa/ | |
| This | eleangoa /eleaŋgoa/ | eleangoapa /eleangoapa/ | |||
| That | eleanzasa /eleanzaza/ | eleanzasapa /eleanzazapa/ | |||
| Yon | eleansoral /eleansoral/ | eleansoralpa /eleansoralpa/ | |||
| What | eleagnnon /eleaŋŋon/ | filwifognnumpo /ɸiɫiɸoŋŋumpo/ | |||
| Accusative | myilhen /mjiʎen/ | genzeleampa /genzeleampa/ | |||
| 1 | gnoeleansa /ŋoeleansa/ | gnoeleamwor /ŋoelamwor/ | genzeleansapa /genzeleansapa/ | bimfilwifomwurpo /bimɸiɫiɸomwurpo/ | |
| 2 | gnoeleante /ŋoeleante/ | gnoeleantal /ŋoeleantal/ | genzeleantepa /genzeleantepa/ | genzeleantalpa /genzeleantalpa/ | |
| 3H | gnoeleanho /ŋoeleaɲo/ | gnoeleanhon /ŋoeleaɲon/ | genzeleanhopa /genzeleaɲopa/ | bimfilwifonhumpo /bimɸiɫiɸoɲompo/ | |
| 3A | gnoeleankon /ŋoeleaŋkon/ | gnufilwifonkungun /ŋuɸiɫiɸoŋkuŋgun/ | bimfilwifonkumpo /bimɸiɫiɸoŋkumpo/ | bimfilwifonkungumpo /bimɸiɫiɸoŋkuŋgumpo/ | |
| 3I | gnoeleandar /ŋoeleandar/ | gnoeleandasa /ŋoeleandaza/ | genzeleandarpa /genzeleandarpa/ | genzeleandasapa /genzeleandazapa/ | |
| This | gnoeleangoa /ŋoeleaŋgoa/ | genzelengoapa /genzeleangoapa/ | |||
| That | gnoeleanzasa /ŋoeleanzaza/ | genzeleanzasapa /genzeleanzazapa/ | |||
| Yon | gnoeleansoral /ŋoeleansoral/ | genzelealsoralpa /genzelealsoralpa/ | |||
| What | gnoeleagnnon /ŋoeleaŋŋon/ | bimɸilwifognnumpo /bimɸiɫifoŋŋumpo/ | |||
| Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolutive | kipin /kipin/ | pikunkulon /pikuŋkulon/ | |||
| 1 | pikunso /pikunso/ | pikumwur /pikumwur/ | pikunsokulon /pikunsokulon/ | pikumwurkulon /pikumwurkulon/ | |
| 2 | pikuntwi /pikuntwi/ | pikuntol /pikuntol/ | pikuntwikulon /pikuntwikulon/ | kekontalkolan /kekontalkolan/ | |
| 3H | pikunhu /pikuɲu/ | pikunhun /pikuɲun/ | pikunhukulon /pikuɲukulon/ | pikunhunkulon /pikuɲuŋkulon/ | |
| 3A | pikunkun /pikuŋkun/ | pikunkungun /pikuŋkuŋgun/ | pikunkunkulon /pikuŋkuŋkulon/ | pikunkungunkulon /pikuŋkuŋguŋkulon/ | |
| 3I | pikundor /pikundor/ | kekondasa /kekondaza/ | kedondarkolan /kekondarkolan/ | kekondasakolan /kekondazakolan/ | |
| This | pikungufo /pikuŋguɸo/ | pikungufokulon /pikuŋguɸokulan/ | |||
| That | kekonzasa /kekonzaza/ | kekonzasakolan /kekonzazakolan/ | |||
| Yon | pikunsurol /pikunsurol/ | kekonsoralkolan /kekonsoralkolan/ | |||
| What | pikugnnun /pikuŋŋun/ | pikugnnunkulon /pikunŋŋuŋkulon/ | |||
| Ergagive | pikuniwi /pikuniwi/ | kekonkolanhe /kekoŋkolaɲe/ | |||
| 1 | pikunsoyi /pikunsoji/ | pikumwuriwi /pikumwuriwi/ | kekonsakolanhe /kekonsakolaɲe/ | kekomworkolanhe /kekomworkolaɲe/ | |
| 2 | pikuntwiywi /pikuntwiywi/ | kekontalhe /pekonntaʎe/ | kekontekolanhe /kekontekolaɲe/ | kekontalkolanhe /kekontalkolaɲe/ | |
| 3H | pikunhuywi /pikuɲuywi/ | pikunhuniwi /pikuɲuniwi/ | kekonhokolanhe /kekoɲokolaɲe/ | kekonhonkolanhe /kekoɲoŋolaɲe/ | |
| 3A | pikunkuniwi /pikuŋkuniwi/ | pikunkunguniwi /pikuŋkuŋguniwi/ | kekonkonkolanhe /kekoŋkoŋkolaɲe/ | kekonkongonkolanhe /kekoŋkoŋgoŋkolaɲe/ | |
| 3I | kekondarye /kekondarje/ | kekondasaye /kekondazaje/ | kekondarkolanhe /kekondarkolaɲe/ | kekondasakolanhe /kekondazakolaɲe/ | |
| This | pikungofoywi /pikuŋuɸojwi/ | kekongoakolanhe /kekoŋgoakolaɲe/ | |||
| That | kekonzasaye /kekonzazaje/ | kekonzasakolanhe /kekonzazakolaɲe/ | |||
| Yon | kekonsoralhe /kekonsoraɫe/ | kekonsoralkolanhe /kekonsoralkolaɲe/ | |||
| What | pikugnnuniwi /pikuŋŋuniwi/ | kekognnonkolanhe /kekoŋŋoŋkolaɲe/ | |||
