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| <font size = 4>
| | *[[Athonite Grammar I]] |
| | | *[[Athonite Grammar II]] |
| <center>GRAMMAR OF ATHONITE, THAT IS, THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN IN THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN</center>
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| | |
| ==Introduction - '''Ειςαγώγ'''==
| |
| *Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and is spoken in the Greek monasteries, the citizens have their own dialect.
| |
| *It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
| |
| *Many internal differences have been regularized, such as simplification of the verb tenses.
| |
| *A spelling reform, devised by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation, ''e.g.'', '''αι''' > '''ε'''; '''οι''' > '''ι'''; '''η''' > '''ι'''. | |
| *Double letters have been eliminated.
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| *'''σ''' has been replaced by '''ς'''.
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| *Some initial consonant clusters have been simplified, ''e.g.'', '''κτ''' > '''τ'''; '''πτ''' > '''τ'''.
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| *The accent regularly occurs on the [[Wikipedia:Ultima (linguistics|penultimate]] syllable.
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| *An acute accent is placed over an accented vowel when the accent is not on the penultima. | |
| *Words of Turkish origin are indicated in <font color=blue>blue</font>.
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|
| |
| | |
| ==Pronunciation Table - '''Πίνακα τις Προφορά'''==
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
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| !Greek
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| !α
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| !αυ
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| !β
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| !γ
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| !γγ
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| !γκ
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| !γξ
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| !γχ
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| !δ
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| !ε
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| !ει
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| !ευ
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| !ζ
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| !ι
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| !θ
| |
| !κ
| |
| !λ
| |
| !μ
| |
| !μπ
| |
| !ν
| |
| !ντ
| |
| !ξ
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| !ο
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| !ου
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| !π
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| !ρ
| |
| !ς
| |
| !τ
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| !τζ
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| !υ
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| !φ
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| !χ
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| !ψ
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| !ω
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| |-
| |
| |Latin
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| |a
| |
| |af
| |
| |v
| |
| |g
| |
| |ng
| |
| |nk
| |
| |ngks
| |
| |nch
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| |dh
| |
| |e
| |
| |i
| |
| |ef
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| |z
| |
| |i
| |
| |th
| |
| |k
| |
| |l
| |
| |m
| |
| |b
| |
| |n
| |
| |d
| |
| |ks
| |
| |ǫ
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| |u
| |
| |p
| |
| |r
| |
| |s
| |
| |t
| |
| |z
| |
| |u
| |
| |f
| |
| |ch
| |
| |ps
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| |o
| |
| |-
| |
| |IPA
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| |/a/<sup>1</sup>
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| |/af/<sup>2</sup>
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| |/v/
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| |/ɣ/<sup>3</sup>
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| |/ŋ/
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| |/g/
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| |/ŋks/
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| |/ŋç/
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| |/ð/
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| |/ε/
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| |/i/
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| |/εf/<sup>4</sup>
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| |/z/
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| |/i/<sup>5</sup>
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| |/θ/
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| |/k/
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| |/l/
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| |/m/
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| |/b/
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| |/n/
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| |/d/
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| |/ks/
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| |/ɔ/
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| |/u/
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| |/p/
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| |/r/
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| |/s/<sup>6</sup>
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| |/t/
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| |/ʣ/
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| |/y/
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| |/f/
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| |/ç/
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| |/ps/
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| |/o/
| |
| |}
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| | |
| ===Notes - '''Σιμείωςι'''===
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| *<sup>1</sup> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
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| *<sup>2</sup> before voiceless consonants, /av/ before voiced consonants.
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| *<sup>3</sup> /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
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| *<sup>4</sup> before voiceless consonants, /εv/ before voiced consonants.
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| *<sup>5</sup> /j/ between vowels.
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| *<sup>6</sup> /z/ before voiced consonants.
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| | |
| | |
| ==Grammar - '''Γραματίκ'''==
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| ===The Definite Article - '''Το Συγκεκριμέν Αρθ'''===
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| *001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: '''ο''' for masucline nouns, '''ι''' for feminine nouns, and '''το''' for neuter nouns.
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| | |
| ====Uses of the definite article - '''Χριςι του Συγκεκριμέν Αρθ'''====
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| # Before proper names, ''e.g.'', '''Ο Γιοργ εινε καλ πεδ'''; George is a good boy.
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| # Before the names of places, ''e.g.'', '''Ι αθιν εινε ι πρotεvυς απ' ι Elάδ'''; Athens is the capital of Greece.
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| # Before the names of streets, ''e.g.'', '''Mένo ς' ι οδό Σταδí'''; I live on Stadium Street.
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| # Before titles of names of professions followed by a person's name, ''e.g.'', '''Ο γατ Eυγενιδες κιρ εινε πolύ πloυς'''; Dr. Eugenides is very rich.
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| # Before nouns used in an abstract or general sense, ''e.g.'', '''I ιλικρινι εινε ι πιo μεγάλ αρεt'''; Sincerity is the greatest virtue.
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| # Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, ''e.g.'', '''To μαλιά απ' ι Mαρíα εινε χανθ'''; Mary's hair is blond.
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| # Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, ''e.g.'', '''Ο αδελφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί'''; My brother John has a good job.
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| # Before nouns modified by a demonstrative which always follows the noun ''e.g.'', '''I κοπέλ αυτ εινε πολύ oρέ'''; This girl is very beautiful.
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| # Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, ''e.g.'', '''Ο <font color=blue>πoλίςι</font> εινε αυςτίρ'''; Policemen are strict.
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| | |
| ===The Indefinite Article - '''Το Αοριςτ Αρθ'''===
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| *002. There is no indefinite article in Athonite.
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| | |
| ===Nouns - '''Ουςιαςτικί'''===
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| *003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.
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| *004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ο''', ''e.g.'', '''ο ανθρoπ''', the man; '''ο πατέρ''', the father.
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| *005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ι''', ''e.g.'', '''ι πορτ''', the door; '''ι γυνέκ''', the woman.
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| *006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''το''', '''e.g.''', '''το γραfί'', the office; '''το πεδ''', the child.
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| | |
| ====Noun Formation - '''Σχηματίς απ' Ουςιαςτικα'''====
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| *007. Athonite nouns are formed by dropping the nominative singular ending of the Greek noun.
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| *008. The accent remains on the same stem if it is in the root, ''e.g.'', '''πατέρας''' > '''πατέρ'''.
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| *009. If the accent is on the ending, it reverts to the final syllable, ''e.g.'', '''αδελφός''' > '''αδέλφ'''.
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| *010. Some neuter nouns end in '''-ίον'''. These nouns drop the '''-ον''' to end in '''-ί''', ''e.g.'', '''χαρτίον''' > '''χαρτί'''.
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| *011. Nouns of the third declension, characterized by an increase in the genitive, use the genitive stem for the nominative, ''e.g.'', '''ελπίς''', '''ελπίδος''' > '''ελπίδ'''.
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| *012. Nouns the root of which end in -Cr, -Cn, and -Cl drop the -Cx, ''e.g.'', '''δένδρος''' gives the Athonite '''δενδ'''. These nouns then restore the dropped consonant in the plural, '''δενδρι'''.
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| | |
| ====The Plural - '''Ο Πλιθυντικό'''====
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| *013. Nouns form their plurals by adding a suffix to the word.
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| *014. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ι'''.
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| ::'''ο αδέλφ''', the brother, '''ο αδελφί''', the brothers
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| ::'''ο ανθρoπ''', the man, '''ο άνθρoπι''', the men
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| ::'''ο εργάτ''', the worker, '''ο εργάτι''', the workers
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| *015. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ι'''.
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| ::'''ι αδέλφ''', the sister, '''ι αδελφί''', the sisters
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| ::'''ι μερ''', the day, '''ι μερι ''', the days
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| ::'''ι vαρκ''', the boat, '''ι vαρκι''', the boats
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| *016. Neuter nouns which end in '''-μα''' add '''-τα'''.
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| ::'''το χρομα''', the color; '''το χρόματα''', the colors
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| *017. Other neuter nouns add '''-α'''.
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| ::'''το τςιγάρ''', the cigarette, '''το τςιγαρα''', the cigarettes
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| ::'''το αμαχι''', the cart, '''το αμάχια''', the carts
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| *018. There are a few irregular plurals:
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| ::'''το φος''', the light; '''το φοτα''', the colors
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| | |
| ====The Function of Cases - ''Η Λειτουργί απο Τωςι'''====
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| *019. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition '''από''', contracted to '''απ'''' before a vowel.
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| ::'''ο θι''', the uncle > '''απ' ο θι''', of the uncle
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| ::'''ι θι''', the aunt > '''απ' ι θι''', of the aunt
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| ::'''το ποδ''', the foot > '''από το ποδ''', of the foot
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| ::'''ο θίι''', the uncles > '''απ' ο θίι''', of the uncles
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| ::'''ι θίι''', the aunts > '''απ' ι θίι''', of the aunts
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| ::'''το ποδa''', the feet > '''από το ποδa''', of the feet
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| *020. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition '''ςε''', contracted to '''ς'''' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns.
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| ::'''ο Γιαν δίνει σ' ο Μιχαήλ δωρ''' John gives Michael a cigarette.
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| ::'''έδοςα σ' ο γιοργ βιβλί''', I gave George a book.
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| *021. When the objects are pronouns the indirect is placed in front of the direct and in front of the verb.
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| ::'''Στου έδοςα βιβλί ''', I gave him a book.
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| ::'''Θα ςε ςου ςτειλ το πράματα''', I shall send you the things.
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| *022. When the verb is in the imperative the pronouns are placed after it.
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| ::'''Δοςε ςτις <font color=blue>μπαζ ςου</font>''', Give her some water.
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| ::'''Δοςε ςτις το''', Give it to her.
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| | |
| | |
| ===Adjectives - '''Επίθετα'''===
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| *023. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable. They are derived from Modern Greek adjectives in the same way as the nouns.
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| *024. Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
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| **'''ο καλ άνθροπ''', the good man
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| **'''ι καλ γυνέκ''', the good woman
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| **'''το καλ πεδ''', the good child
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| **'''ο μεγάλ κιπ''', the large garden
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| **'''ι μεγάλ πορτ''', the large door
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| **'''το μεγάλ δoμάτi''', the large room
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| *025. The adjectives '''αυτ''', ''this'', and '''εκίν''', ''that'', follow the noun they modify. The noun requires the definite article.
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| **'''ο άνθρoπ αυτ''', this man
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| **'''ο κιπ αυτ''', this garden
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| **'''ι γυνέκ αυτ''', this woman
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| **'''το πεδ αυτ''', this child
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| **'''το αμαχi αυτ''', this cart
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| **'''ο εργάτ εκίν''', that worker
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| **'''ι νυχτ εκίν''', that night
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| **'''το δωματι εκίν''', that room
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| | |
| ====Comparison of Adjectives - '''Συγκρις απ' Επίθετα'''====
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| *026. Adjectives form the comparative degree by placing the word '''πιο''', 'more', in front them. They are then followed by από.
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| ::'''ο αδέλφ μου εινε πιο δυνάτ απ' ο αδέλφ ςου''', my brother is stronger than your brother.
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| ::'''ο Γιαν πιο φτοχ εινε απ' ο Kοςtας''', John is poorer than Costas.
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| ::'''το ςπιτ αυτ εινε πιο καλ απ' εκίν''', This house is better than that one.
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| ::'''το αφτοκεινετ αυτ εινε πολύ πιο χιρότ απ' ο άλον''', This automobile is much worse than the other.
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| *027. Adjectives form the superlative degree by placing the definite article before the comparative form and the preposition '''ςε''' after it.
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| ::'''ο Aνδρέ εινε ο πιο καλ mαθίτ ς' ι ταχ του''', Andrew is the best pupil in his class.
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| ::'''ο πατέρ τις εινε ο πιο πλoυsι ς' ι αθίν''', Her father is the richest man in Athens.
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| ::'''I Eλέν ίτε ι πιο oρέ γυνέκ ς' ι Elάδ''', Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.
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| *028. The comparative of '''κακ''', bad, is '''χειρότ''', worse.
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| *029. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with '''λιγóτ''', 'less', plus '''από'''.
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| ::ο Nικ εινε λιγóτ εξυπ απ' ο Kοςtας''', Nick is not as smart as Costas.
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| *030. The comparison of equality is eχpressed by τoς...oς plus the definite article.
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| ::'''ο πατέρ μου εινε τoς πλouςι, oς ο πατέρ ςου''', My father is as rich as your father.
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| | |
| ====The Possessive Adjectives - '''Το Τιτίκ Επίθετα'''====
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| !Singular
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| !Plural
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| |-
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| |'''μου''', my
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| |'''μας''', our
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| |-
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| |'''ςου''', your
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| |'''ςας''', your
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| |-
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| |'''του''', his<br>'''τις''', her<br>'''του''', its
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| |'''τους''', their
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| |}
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| *031. These adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify. The nouns are preceded by the definite article.
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| ::'''το ςπιτ''', the house; '''το ςπιτ μου''', my house
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| ::'''ο φιλ''', the friend; '''ο φιλ μου''', my friend
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| ::'''το χιρ μου''', my hand
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| ::'''ο πατέρ ςου''', your father
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| ::'''ι μιτέρ τις''', her mother
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| ::'''ο κίπ μας''', our garden
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| ::'''ο κίπι μας''', our gardens
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| ::'''το lεπτ ςας''', your money
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| *032. When the nouns are preceded by an adjective, the possessive adjective is put after the noun.
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| ::'''το αμάχι''', the cart; '''το κενύρ αμάχι''', the new cart; '''το κενύρ αμάχι μου''', my new cart
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| ::'''ο καλ φιλ μας''', our good friend
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| | |
| =====The Active Participle - ''' Ι Ενέργ Μετοχί'''=====
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| *053. A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.
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| *034. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.
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| *035. It is formed by adding the ending to the present stem.
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| | |
| ::Class I
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| :::βλεπω > βλεποντ, seeing
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| | |
| ::Class II
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| :::αγαπώ > αγαπώντ, loving
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| | |
| =====The Passive Participle - ''' Ι Παθιτίκ Μετοχί'''=====
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| *The passive participle is formed by adding the ending '''-μεν''' to the present stem.
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| | |
| *Class I
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| **βλεπo > βλέπομεν, seen
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| | |
| *Class II
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| **αγαπώ > αγαπαμέν, loved
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| | |
| | |
| ===Pronouns - '''Αντωνυμι'''===
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| ====The Personal Pronouns - '''Η Προςωπίκ Αντωνυμι'''====
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| *036. The personal pronouns are declined.
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| !
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| !First singular
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| !First plural
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| !Second singular
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| !Second plural
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| !Third singular
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| !Third plural
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| |-
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| !Nominative
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| |'''γo''', I
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| |'''(ε)μείς''', we
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| |'''(ε)σύ''', you
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| |'''(ε)σείς''', you
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| |αυτό, he<br>αυτί, she<br>αυτό, it,
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| |αυτί, they<br>αυτές, they<br>αυτά, they
| |
| |}
| |
| |-
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| !Genitive
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| |'''μου''', my
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| |'''μας''', our
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| |'''ςου''', your
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| |'''ςας''', your
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| |'''του''', his<br>'''τις''', her<br>'''του''', its
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| |'''τους''', their
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| |-
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| !Accusative
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| |'''με(να)''', me
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| |'''(ε)μαs''', us
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| |'''ςε(να)''', you
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| |'''(ε)ςας''', you
| |
| |'''τον''', him<br>'''τιν''', her<br>'''το''', it
| |
| |'''τους''', them<br>'''τις''', them<br>'''τα''', them
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *037. The object pronouns are placed before the verb except in the imperative when they follow the verb.
| |
| ::'''ςε μου το έφερε''', He brought it to me.
| |
| ::'''δος ςε μου το βιβλί''', Give me the book.
| |
| *038. The negative word precedes the object pronoun.
| |
| ::'''δεν του το έδoςα''', I did not give it to him.
| |
| | |
| ====The Possessive Pronouns - '''Η Τιτίκ Αντωνυμι'''====
| |
| *039. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the personal pronoun in the genitive and the definite article.
| |
| ::το βιβλί αυτ εινε το μου, το βιβλί εκίν εινε το ςου''', This book is mine, that book is yours.
| |
| | |
| ====The Genitive Pronouns with Prepositions - '''Η Γενίκ Αντωνυμι με Προθεσι'''
| |
| *040. The genitive of the pronoun may be used after certain prepositions, adverbs or adjectives.
| |
| ::'''μαζί μου''', with me; '''μονος του''', alone (by himself); '''κοντά του''', near him.
| |
| *041. The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting.
| |
| ::'''καλιμέρ ςας''', good morning to you; '''καλινύκτ ςας''', good night; '''για ςου''', good-bye (to one person).
| |
| | |
| ====The Relative Pronoun - '''Η Σχετίκ Αντωνύμ'''====
| |
| *042. There is only one relative pronoun. '''Πou''' stands for all the relative pronouns: who, whom, which, and that.
| |
| ::'''I κοπέλ, πou γελά, εινε ι αδέλφ μου''', The girl who is laughing is my sister.
| |
| | |
| ====The Interrogative Pronoun - '''Η Ερωτιματίκ Αντωνύμ'''====
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| *043. The Interrogative Pronoun: who, whose, whom
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Singular
| |
| !Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| |Nominative
| |
| |πι
| |
| |πιές
| |
| |-
| |
| |Genitive
| |
| |πιoύ
| |
| |πιóν
| |
| |-
| |
| |Accusative
| |
| |πιόν
| |
| |πιoύς
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ::'''Π' εινε αυτό'''; Who is this?
| |
| ::'''Πιoύ εινε το καπέλ εκίν'''; Whose hat is that?
| |
| ::'''Πιoύs ζιτάτε'''; For whom are you looking?
| |
| | |
| *044. What? = ti.
| |
| ::'''Ti κάνετε'''; What are you doing?
| |
| ::'''T' εινε αυτό'''; What is this?
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
| |
| ====Verb Classes - '''Η Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
| |
| *045. The Athonite verb has been influenced by Turkish to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek have been reduced to six.
| |
| *046. The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.
| |
| *047. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
| |
| *048. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
| |
| | |
| ====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα'''====
| |
| *049. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
| |
| ::'''εχω''', I have
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Present
| |
| !Past
| |
| !Future
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st singular
| |
| |'''εχω''', I have
| |
| |'''ειχα''', I had
| |
| |'''θα εχω''', I shall have
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd singular
| |
| |'''εχις''', you have
| |
| |'''ειχες''', you had
| |
| |'''θα εχις''', you will have
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd singular
| |
| |'''εχι''', he, she, it has
| |
| |'''ειχε''', he, she, it had
| |
| |'''θα εχι''', he, she, it will have
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st plural
| |
| |'''έχομε''', we have
| |
| |'''είχαμε''', we hadεί
| |
| |'''θα έχομε''', we shall have
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd plural
| |
| |'''έχετε''', you have
| |
| |'''είχaτε''', you had,
| |
| |'''θα έχετε''', you will have
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd plural
| |
| |'''εχoυν''', they have
| |
| |'''ειχαν''', they had
| |
| |'''θα εχoυν''', they will have
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ::ειμe, I am
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Present
| |
| !Past
| |
| !Future
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st singular
| |
| |'''ειμε''', I am,
| |
| |'''ειμουν''', I was
| |
| |'''θα ειμε''', I shαll be
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd singular
| |
| |'''ειςε''', you are
| |
| |'''ειςουν''', you weeε
| |
| |'''θα ειςε''', you will be
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd singular
| |
| |'''εινε''', he, she, it is
| |
| |'''ειταν''', he, she, it wαs
| |
| |'''θα εινε''', he, she, it will be
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st plural
| |
| |'''έμmαςτε''', wε are
| |
| |'''είμαςταν''', wε were
| |
| |'''θα είμαςτε''', we shall be
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd plural
| |
| |'''ειςτε''', you arε
| |
| |'''είςαςτε''', you were
| |
| |'''θα ειςτε''', you will be
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd plural
| |
| |'''εινε''', they are
| |
| |'''ειταν''', they were
| |
| |'''θα εινε''', they will be
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====The Active Voice - '''Η Ενέργ Φων'''====
| |
| *050. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
| |
| | |
| =====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεστώτ Χρονο'''=====
| |
| ::Class I
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Singular
| |
| !Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st singular
| |
| |''βλεπω''', I see
| |
| |'''βλέπouμε''', we see
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd singular
| |
| |'''βλεπεις''', you see
| |
| |'''βλέπετε''', you see
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd singular
| |
| |'''βλεπει''', he, she, it sees
| |
| |'''βλεπουν''', they see
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ::Class II
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Singular
| |
| !Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st singular
| |
| |'''αγαπώ''', I love
| |
| |'''αγαπάμε''', we love
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd singular
| |
| |'''αγαπάς''', you love
| |
| |'''αγαπάέτε''', you love
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd singular
| |
| |'''αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
| |
| |'''αγαπάν''', they love
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρονο'''=====
| |
| *051. The past tense is formed using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.
| |
| *052. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.
| |
| | |
| ::Class I
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Singular
| |
| !Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st sg.
| |
| |'''έβλεπςα''', I saw, was seeing
| |
| |'''βλέπςαμε''', we saw, were seeing
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd singular
| |
| |'''έβλεπςες''', you saw, were seeing
| |
| |'''βλέπςατε''', you saw, were seeing
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd singular
| |
| |'''έβλεπςε''', he, she, it saw, was seeing
| |
| |'''έβλεπςαν''', they saw, were seeing
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ::Class II
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Singular
| |
| !Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st singular
| |
| |'''άγαpςα''', I loved, was loving
| |
| |'''αγάpςαμε''', we loved, were loving
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd singular
| |
| |'''άγαpςeς''', you loved, were loving
| |
| |'''αγάpςατε''', you loved, were loving
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd singular
| |
| |'''άγαpςε''', he, she, it loved, was loving
| |
| |'''άγαpςαν''', they loved, were loving
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελοντίκ Χρονο '''=====
| |
| 053. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense.
| |
| | |
| ::Class I
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Singular
| |
| !Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st singular
| |
| |'''θa βλεπω''', I shall see
| |
| |'''θa βλέπouμε''', we shall see
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd singular
| |
| |'''θa βλεπεις''', you will see
| |
| |'''θa βλέπετε''', you will see
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd singular
| |
| |'''θa βλεπει''', he, she, it will see
| |
| |'''θa βλεπουν''', they will see
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ::Class II
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Singular
| |
| !Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st singular
| |
| |'''θ' αγαπώ''', I love
| |
| |'''θ' αγαπάμε''', we love
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd singular
| |
| |'''θ' αγαπάς''', you love
| |
| |'''θ' αγαπάτε''', you love
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd singular
| |
| |'''θ' αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
| |
| |'''θ' αγαπάν''', they love
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακείμεν Χρονο'''=====
| |
| *054. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
| |
| *055. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', I have, and the passive participle.
| |
| *056. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Singular
| |
| !Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st singular
| |
| |'''εχω βλέπομεν''', I have seen
| |
| |'''έχoυμe βλέπομεν''', we have seen
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd singular
| |
| |'''εχεις βλέπομεν''', you have seen
| |
| |'''έχετε βλέπομεν''', you have seen
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd singular
| |
| |'''εχει βλέπομεν''', he, she, it has seen
| |
| |'''εχουν βλέπομεν''', they have seen
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρονο'''=====
| |
| *057. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
| |
| *058. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχω''' and the passive participle.
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Singular
| |
| !Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st singular
| |
| |'''ειχα βλέπομεν''', I had seen
| |
| |'''ειχαμε βλέπομεν''', we had seen
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd singular
| |
| |'''ειχεs βλέπομεν''', you had seen
| |
| |'''ειχατε βλέπομεν''', you had seen
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd singular
| |
| |'''ειχε βλέπομεν''', he, she, it had seen
| |
| |'''ειχαν βλέπομεν''', they had seen
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο Συντελεσμέν Μελοντ Χρονο'''=====
| |
| *059. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
| |
| *060. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχo and the passive participle.
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Singular
| |
| !Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !1st singular
| |
| |'''θa εχω βλέπομεν''', I shall have seen
| |
| |'''θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν''', we shall have seen
| |
| |-
| |
| !2nd singular
| |
| |'''θa εχειs βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
| |
| |'''θa εχετε βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
| |
| |-
| |
| !3rd singular
| |
| |'''θa εχει βλέπομεν''', he, she, it will have seen
| |
| |'''θa εχoυν βλέπομεν''', they will have seen
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *061. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ειμε''', 'I am', to form progressive tenses.
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !present
| |
| !past
| |
| !future
| |
| !present perfect
| |
| !past perfect
| |
| !future perfect
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''ειμε βλεποντ'''<br>I am seeing, etc.
| |
| |'''ειμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was seeing, etc.
| |
| |'''θα ειμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be seeing, etc.
| |
| |'''εχω ειμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been seeing, etc.
| |
| |'''ειχα ειμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been seeing, etc.
| |
| |'''θα εχω ειμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been seeing, etc.
| |
| |}
| |
