Waku: Difference between revisions
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|size=350px | |size=350px | ||
|name=Waku | |name=Waku | ||
|pronounce= | |pronounce=waːː | ||
|morph=analytic | |morph=analytic | ||
|ms=ergative-absolutive | |ms=ergative-absolutive (case-marking), nominative-accusative (syntax) | ||
|wo=VSO, OVS | |wo=VSO, OVS | ||
|creator=[[User:Warakemau|Xing at the CBB]]}} | |creator=[[User:Warakemau|Xing at the CBB]]}} | ||
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==Noun phrases== | ==Noun phrases== | ||
Nouns do not inflect for number, definiteness, or anything else. Nor are there any articles. | |||
Adjectives follow, and numerals precede the | Adjectives follow, and numerals precede the nouns: | ||
''Ta wara ngokko'' - a black cat | ''Ta wara ngokko'' - a black cat | ||
''Oa wara | ''Oa wara dengokko'' - two black cats | ||
In contrast to nouns, many adjectives have plural forms. | |||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
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Non-derived mono-morphemic verbs are reduplicated to indicate plural (that the subject is plural): | Non-derived mono-morphemic verbs are reduplicated to indicate plural (that the subject is plural): | ||
'Me mota | 'Me mota mwena' - "The man is sleeping." | ||
'Me momota mwena' - "The men are sleeping." | 'Me momota mwena' - "The men are sleeping." | ||
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The most neutral word order is VSO. | The most neutral word order is VSO. | ||
''Ko teke a | ''Ko teke a mwena luki.'' - "The man hit the dog." | ||
PFV hit ERG | PFV hit ERG man dog | ||
Note that the subject in a transitive clause is preceded by the ergative marker ''a''. | Note that the subject in a transitive clause is preceded by the ergative marker ''a''. | ||
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However, the word-order is often rearranged for various pragmatic effects. Often either the subject or the object is fronted, and placed before the verb. This typically involves some form of topicalisation, and usually presupposes that the fronted constituent is definite. Object fronting is very common, as is often preferred when the object is definite. | However, the word-order is often rearranged for various pragmatic effects. Often either the subject or the object is fronted, and placed before the verb. This typically involves some form of topicalisation, and usually presupposes that the fronted constituent is definite. Object fronting is very common, as is often preferred when the object is definite. | ||
'' | ''Luki ko teke a mwena.'' - "The man hit the dog", or maybe "the dog, the man hit (it)." | ||
dog PFV hit ERG man | |||
Subject fronting is also rather common, but perhaps not as common as object fronting. | Subject fronting is also rather common, but perhaps not as common as object fronting. | ||
'' | ''Mwena ko teke luki.'' - "The man hit the dog", "the man hit a dog". | ||
Not that the ergative particle ''a'' is not used when the subject comes before the verb. | Not that the ergative particle ''a'' is not used when the subject comes before the verb. | ||
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Note that if there is an adverbial phrase - such as a locative or temporal determination - before the verb, no subject or object fronting can occur. | Note that if there is an adverbial phrase - such as a locative or temporal determination - before the verb, no subject or object fronting can occur. | ||
''I | ''I nguru ko teke a mwena luki.'' – "In the night, the man hit the dog." | ||
It is as if there only is one slot before the verb - and if that slot is already taken by an adverbial phrase, no other constituent can take it. | It is as if there only is one slot before the verb - and if that slot is already taken by an adverbial phrase, no other constituent can take it. | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
[http://www.xingoxa.net/ | [http://www.xingoxa.net/waku.php The Waku Website] | ||
[http://cbb.aveneca.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=1722 The Waku thread on the CBB] | [http://cbb.aveneca.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=1722 The Waku thread on the CBB] | ||
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[http://www.incatena.org/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=42412 The Waku thread on the ZBB] | [http://www.incatena.org/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=42412 The Waku thread on the ZBB] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||
[[Category:Waku]] | [[Category:Waku]] | ||
Latest revision as of 02:25, 6 July 2018
Waku is a conlang created by Xing at the CBB.
 | |
|---|---|
| Waku | |
| Pronounced: | waːː |
| Typology | |
| Morphological type: | analytic |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | ergative-absolutive (case-marking), nominative-accusative (syntax) |
| Basic word order: | VSO, OVS |
| Credits | |
| Creator: | Xing at the CBB |
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial, palatalised | Labial, labiovelarised | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stops | pʲ | pʷ | t | k | |
| Voiced stops | bʲ | bˠ | d | g | |
| Nasals | mʲ | mˠ | n | ŋ | |
| Taps/flaps/trills | r~ɾ | ||||
| Laterals | l | ||||
| Glides | j | w |
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a~ɑ |
Phonotactics and word-structure
Most roots are bisyllabic. They can have one of three shapes:
- CVːCV
- CVCːC
- CVCVː
Noun phrases
Nouns do not inflect for number, definiteness, or anything else. Nor are there any articles.
Adjectives follow, and numerals precede the nouns:
Ta wara ngokko - a black cat
Oa wara dengokko - two black cats
In contrast to nouns, many adjectives have plural forms.
Verbs
Verbs in Waku are often preceded by a tense or aspect marker. There are two common tense/aspect markers:
- ko - indicates perfective aspect, and is used mainly to talk about events that occurred in the past.
- me – indicates imperfective aspect, and can be used to talk about events that have been occurring, or is occurring.
Non-derived mono-morphemic verbs are reduplicated to indicate plural (that the subject is plural):
'Me mota mwena' - "The man is sleeping."
'Me momota mwena' - "The men are sleeping."
Some verbs are not reduplicated. Those include:
- Verbs that are made up of more than one morpheme.
- Verbs that are derived from nouns.
Syntax
The most neutral word order is VSO.
Ko teke a mwena luki. - "The man hit the dog."
PFV hit ERG man dog
Note that the subject in a transitive clause is preceded by the ergative marker a.
However, the word-order is often rearranged for various pragmatic effects. Often either the subject or the object is fronted, and placed before the verb. This typically involves some form of topicalisation, and usually presupposes that the fronted constituent is definite. Object fronting is very common, as is often preferred when the object is definite.
Luki ko teke a mwena. - "The man hit the dog", or maybe "the dog, the man hit (it)."
dog PFV hit ERG man
Subject fronting is also rather common, but perhaps not as common as object fronting.
Mwena ko teke luki. - "The man hit the dog", "the man hit a dog".
Not that the ergative particle a is not used when the subject comes before the verb.
Note that if there is an adverbial phrase - such as a locative or temporal determination - before the verb, no subject or object fronting can occur.
I nguru ko teke a mwena luki. – "In the night, the man hit the dog."
It is as if there only is one slot before the verb - and if that slot is already taken by an adverbial phrase, no other constituent can take it.
