Proto-Uralic/distribution

Missing in 0-1 branches

(73 roots)

Found in all branches
pronouns: *ku- 'who', *me- '1PP', *mi- 'what', *minä ¹ '1PS', *to 'that' basic verbs: *elä- ² 'to live', *kalə- 'to die', *kad₂a- 'to disappear', *ńalə- 'to lick', *ńälə- 'to swallow', *puna- 'to plait', *ujə- 'to swim' body parts: *künčə ³ 'nail', *mëksa 'liver', *sënə 'vein', *sülə 'bosom', *śilmä 'eye', *śɜd₁äm(ə) 'heart' other nouns: *ëla 'low', *nimə 'name', *ńëlə 'arrow', *ńërə 'moist/wet', *pälä ⁴ 'half', *pesä 'nest', *purkə ⁵ 'smoke/blizzard', #wäśkä 'metal' etc: *kuma- 'overturned', #kɜk/ttA '2', #wittə '5'	Ms. *äm, Hu. én questionable Mo. *eŕa- irregular Smy. *kəčä irregular S. *pealē irregular Hu. forr 'to boil' questionable
Found everywhere except Samoyedic
numerals: #kormɜ '3', #kuwtə '6', *neljä '4', *śëta '100' others: *jäŋə 'ice', *jećə ¹ 'soul', *kälä- 'to wade', *kätə 'hand', *keččä ² 'ring', *kerə 'bark', #kuwlə- 'to hear', *tälwä 'winter', *sükśə 'autumn', *śarw/pə ³ 'horn', *wajə 'butter', *wäkə 'power', *werə 'blood', *wɜd₁ɜm 'marrow'	¹ K. ać unclear ² Mo. či 'sun' unclear ³ Ms/Kh 'elk' unclear
Found everywhere except Khanty
*lämə 'broth', *wetə ¹ 'water'	¹ S. *vëcë 'newly fallen snow' questionable
Found everywhere except Hungarian
#kowsə 'spruce', *kärə- 'to wrap', *d₂ëmə 'bird cherry', *poŋə 'bosom', *porə- 'to bite', *wü/ilɜ 'upper'
Found everywhere except Permic
*joŋsə 'bow', *kala 'fish', *konta 'group', *muna 'egg', *śinśä ¹ 'inside'	¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
Found everywhere except Mari
*pelə- 'to fear', *tulka ¹ 'feather', *tu/üd₂kA 'prod'	¹ F. *sulka?!
Found everywhere except Mordvinic
*kunśə(-) '(to) pee', *menə- 'to go', *pončə 'tail', #sɜja 'sleeve'¹, *śälə- 'to cut'	¹ F. hija unclear
Found everywhere except Finnic
*ipsə/ä- '(to) smell', #sejə 'pus'	¹ Mo. unclear
Found everywhere except Samic
*küńä 'elbow', *piŋə ¹ 'tooth', *walə- 'to be'	¹ Smy. *pəj 'flint' unclear

Totals

S	F	Mo	Ma	P	H	Ms	Kh	Smy
70	70	67	69	67	66	72	71	54

Missing in 2 branches

(65 roots)

	Finnic	Mordvinic	Mari	Permic	Hungarian	Mansi	Khanty	Samoyedic
Samic	*kuńa- 'to blink'	*täwd₁ə 'full' (Ma. irreg.)	*sewə- 'to eat'	*kompa 'wave'	*lowə 'bone' *pAnə- 'to put' *śača- 'to grow'			*kiwə 'stone' *sula- 'to melt'
Finnic			*ëńa 'aunt' *soŋə- 'to go thru'	*këččə 'bitter' *ńërə 'cartilage' (if not = 'moist')		*oŋə 'mouth' (?)		*mälkə 'breast' *peljä 'ear'
Mordv.			*mińä 'dtr-in-law' *pura 'bore' *pušə- 'to blow'	*ëppə 'pa-in-law' *śojə(-) '(to) sound' *śowə 'mouth'	*suxə- 'to row' *sɜnśɜ- 'to stand'		*jɜxə- 'to drink'	*puća- 'to squeeze' (Ma. irreg.) *särä 'root'
Mari				*nüd₁ə 'handle' (H. irreg.) *pala 'bit'	*enä 'big' (P. irreg.) *jëka- 'to divide' *karə 'crust' *kälə 'tongue' *mexə- 'to sell' #näjə 'girl, woman'	*kulkə- 'to go'		*ćäŋkə- 'to cut' (Mo. irreg.) #kiśkä- 'to rip' *kulə- 'to run out' *näkə- 'to see' *omtə 'cavity' *śëlka 'pole' *ü/ejə 'night'
Permic					*kanta- 'to carry' *sala- 'to steal' *śüdₓə 'coal'	#wiŋü 'son-in-law' (messy!)		*pućka 'shit' (F. irreg.) *wëlka- 'to leave'
Hung.						*ëkta- 'to put'	#kośkə 'dry' *śečä 'uncle'	*śepä 'neck' *śëmə 'scales' *śod₁(ka) 'goldeneye' *śülkə 'spit'
Mansi							*kajwa- 'to dig' (S. irreg.) *lomə 'snow' (H. q:ble) *te- '2PP' *tinä '2PS' *wod₂ə 'new'	*kota 'house' *pilwə 'cloud' *śalə 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
Khanty								*miŋä 'behind'

Total missing

S	F	Mo	Ma	P	H	Ms	Kh	Smy
9	8	12	22	14	21	12	9	23

Correlations

	F	Mo	Ma	P	H	Ms	Kh	Smy
S	1	1	1	1	3	0	0	2
F		0	2	2	0	1	0	2
Mo			3	3	2	0	1	2
Ma				2	6	1	0	7
P					3	1	0	2
H						1	2	4
Ms							5	3
Kh								1

Missing in 3 branches

(69 roots)

*ad₁əma 'sleep' (S F Smy) *kojəra 'male animal', *sälɜ- 'to load', *warə 'mountain' (S Mo Ma) *pata 'pot' (S Mo P) *kütkə- 'to tie' (S Mo Kh) *kama 'crust' (messy!), *üćä 'small' (S Mo Kh) *täjə 'louse' (?S Mo Smy) *šiŋərə 'mouse' (S Ma Smy) *ń/nükə- 'to pull', *totkə 'tench' (S P Kh) *aśkəl 'step' (S H Kh) *käjä 'moth', *pićlä ~ *pećrä 'rowan', *śawə 'clay' (S H Smy) #küjə(wä) 'adder', *mośkə- 'to wash' (S Ms Kh) *jorə- 'to go round' (F Mo Ma; H. q:ble) *ńëkćəm 'gills', *wanča- 'to go carefully' (F Mo H) #läpd₁ä 'spleen' (F Mo Ms) *soskə- 'to chew', *ulkə 'pole' (F Ma H) *küjə- 'to follow' (F Ma Smy) *čaŋa- 'to hit', *këččɜ 'rotten' (F P H) *närə 'nose' (F H Ms) *panča- 'to open' (F H Smy) *ćappa- 'to hit' (F Kh Smy) #kïra- 'to curse', *woča 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P) *käwd₁ə 'rope', *parwə 'raft' (Mo Ma H) *kixə- 'to rut', *(ń)imə- 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms) *wolka 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh) *kod₁(wa) 'while', *kolɜ 'hole', *lewlə 'soul', #wïča- 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy) *ëptə 'hair' (Mo P H) #lïntɜ 'bird' (Mo P Smy) *pud₂a- 'to break', *siwə 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.) *läppä 'cover', *śänä ~ *śenä 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy) #üwä 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh) *kurɜ 'cleft' (Mo Ms Smy) *mu- 'other' (Mo Kh Smy) *toxə- 'to bring' (Ma P H) *tekə- 'to do' (Ma P Smy) *kälü 'sis-in-law', *šarəwa 'dry' (Ma H Ms) *kačka- 'to bite', *laśkɜ- 'to let go', *tarkə- 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy) *säppä 'gall', *päŋə 'head', *waja- 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy) *marja 'berry' (P H Smy) *ićä 'father; big' (P Kh Smy) *no- 'those', *ora 'squirrel', *pečä 'pine', tulə 'fire' (H Ms Kh) *läktə- 'to depart', *oksənta- 'to vomit' (H ?Kh Smy) *loŋə- 'to throw' (messy!), *penä 'dog' (Ms Kh Smy)

Total missing S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy 18 13 32 29 13 32 17 25 31 Correlations F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy S 1 8 4 3 4 2 8 6 F 4 4 2 8 2 1 4 Mo 15 5 9 5 8 10 Ma 4 10 4 4 13 P 5 0 3 4 H 8 8 12 Ms 9 4 Kh 9