Amal/verbs: Difference between revisions
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The infinitive is a verbal noun. "to walk, walking" It has no inflection to indicate mood or tense. '''Amal''' has to suffixes to indicate the infinitive, '''-ek''', and '''-ra'''. | The infinitive is a verbal noun. "to walk, walking" It has no inflection to indicate mood or tense. '''Amal''' has to suffixes to indicate the infinitive, '''-ek''', and '''-ra'''. | ||
All roots can take the '''-ek''' infinitive, but only '''b, d, g, k, m, p, s, sh,''' and '''t''' can take the '''-ra''' ending. The endings do not typically indicate any notable distinction, but there are instances it can: | |||
* ''' | * '''ishra''' (''ʔiʃ'') - v - be inside, interior | ||
:: '''isha''' (''ʔiʃ'') - n - inside, interior | |||
* '''ishek''' (''ʔiʃ'') - v - drink; imbibe; quaff | |||
:: '''eqish''' (''ʔiʃ'') - n - drink | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: | = ayek = | ||
* '''ayek''' - to have [more abstract than '''yeshra'''] | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 1000px;" | |||
! | ! | ||
! ''past'' | ! ''past''<br>-esh | ||
! ''present'' | ! ''present'' | ||
! '' | ! ''obligative''<br>-id | ||
! '' | ! ''negative''<br>-la | ||
! '' | ! ''interrogative''<br>-em | ||
! ''tentative''<br>-ur | |||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 1s | ! 1s<br>-an | ||
| ''' | | '''ayeshan'''<br>I had | ||
| ''' | | '''ayan'''<br>I have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayidan'''<br>I am obliged to have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayanla'''<br>I do not have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayeman'''<br>Do I have? | ||
| '''ayuran'''<br>I may have | |||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 2s | ! 2s<br>-ti / -e | ||
| ''' | | '''ayeshti'''<br>you had | ||
| ''' | | '''aye'''<br>you have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayide'''<br>you are obliged to have | ||
| ''' | | '''ne aye'''<br>you do not have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayemti'''<br>Do you have? | ||
| '''ayure'''<br>you may have | |||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 3s | ! 3s<br>-u / -a / -il | ||
| ''' | | '''ayeshu'''<br>she/he/it had | ||
| ''' | | '''ayu'''<br>she/he/it has | ||
| ''' | | '''ayidu'''<br>she/he/it is obliged to have | ||
| ''' | | '''ne ayu'''<br>she/he/it does not have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayemu'''<br>Does she/he/it have? | ||
| '''ayuru'''<br>she/he/it may have | |||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 1p | ! 1p<br>-uk | ||
| ''' | | '''ayeshuk'''<br>we had | ||
| ''' | | '''ayuk'''<br>we have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayiduk'''<br>we are obliged to have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayukla'''<br>we do not have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayemuk'''<br>Do we have? | ||
| '''ayuruk'''<br>we may have | |||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 2p | ! 2p<br>-ut / -i | ||
| ''' | | '''ayeshut'''<br>you [all] had | ||
| ''' | | '''ayut'''<br>you [all] have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayidi'''<br>you [all] are obliged to have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayutla'''<br>you [all] do not have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayemut'''<br>Do you [all] have? | ||
| '''ayurut'''<br>you [all] may have | |||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 3p | ! 3p<br>-um | ||
| ''' | | '''ayeshum'''<br>they had | ||
| ''' | | '''ayum'''<br>they have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayidum'''<br>they are obliged to have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayumla'''<br>they do not have | ||
| ''' | | '''ayemum'''<br>Do they have? | ||
| '''ayurum'''<br>they may have | |||
|} | |} | ||
= | = dara = | ||
= hara = | |||
* ''' | * '''hara''' - to be; exist (essentially or identified as) [permanent] | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ||
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|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 1s | ! 1s | ||
| '''heshan''' | | '''heshan'''<br>I was | ||
| '''han''' | | '''han'''<br>I am | ||
| '''huran''' | | '''huran'''<br>I may (be) | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 2s | ! 2s | ||
| '''heshti''' | | '''heshti'''<br>you were | ||
| '''hati''' | | '''hati'''<br>you are | ||
| '''hure''' | | '''hure'''<br>you may be | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 3s | ! 3s | ||
| '''ilhesh''' | | '''ilhesh'''<br>she/he/it was | ||
| '''ilha''' | | '''ilha'''<br>she/he/it is | ||
| ''' | | '''ilhura'''<br>she/he/it may be | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 1p | ! 1p | ||
| '''heshuk''' | | '''heshuk'''<br>we were | ||
| '''haquk''' | | '''haquk'''<br>we are | ||
| '''huruk''' | | '''huruk'''<br>we may be | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 2p | ! 2p | ||
| '''heshut''' | | '''heshut'''<br>you [all] were | ||
| '''haqut''' | | '''haqut'''<br>you [all] are | ||
| '''hurut''' | | '''hurut'''<br>you [all] may be | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 3p | ! 3p | ||
| '''heshum''' | | '''heshum'''<br>they were | ||
| '''haqum''' | | '''haqum'''<br>they are | ||
| '''hurum''' | | '''hurum'''<br>they may be | ||
|} | |} | ||
= niyek = | = niyek = | ||
* '''niyek''' - say; tell; speak; express | * '''niyek''' - say; tell; speak; express | ||
* '''niyan''' - <small>speak-1s</small> - I speak | |||
* '''niyeshti''' - <small>speak-PST-2s</small> - You spoke | |||
* '''niyuranu''' - <small>speak-TENT-1s-3s</small> - I may speak to him | |||
* '''niyeshemilu?''' - <small>speak-PST-Q-3s-3s</small> - Did he speak to someone else? | |||
* '''niyeshbe''' - <small>speak-PP-2s</small> - You were spoken to | |||
* '''niye!''' - <small>speak-2s</small> - Speak [to me]! | |||
* '''niyedek''' - <small>speak-CAUS-INF</small> - made to speak | |||
* '''niyesheyu''' - <small>speak-PST-2s-3s</small> - You were speaking to him | |||
* '''niyegukla''' - <small>speak-REFL-3pl-NEG</small> - they are not speaking to each other | |||
* '''niyalabu''' - <small>speak-REP-DUR-3s</small> - he keeps on speaking | |||
! | |||
= xxx = | = xxx = | ||
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|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 3s | ! 3s | ||
| ''' | | '''xesha''' | ||
| ''' | | '''xa''' | ||
| ''' | | '''xura''' | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! 1p | ! 1p |
Latest revision as of 16:47, 2 November 2020
The infinitive
The infinitive is a verbal noun. "to walk, walking" It has no inflection to indicate mood or tense. Amal has to suffixes to indicate the infinitive, -ek, and -ra.
All roots can take the -ek infinitive, but only b, d, g, k, m, p, s, sh, and t can take the -ra ending. The endings do not typically indicate any notable distinction, but there are instances it can:
- ishra (ʔiʃ) - v - be inside, interior
- isha (ʔiʃ) - n - inside, interior
- ishek (ʔiʃ) - v - drink; imbibe; quaff
- eqish (ʔiʃ) - n - drink
ayek
- ayek - to have [more abstract than yeshra]
past -esh |
present | obligative -id |
negative -la |
interrogative -em |
tentative -ur | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1s -an |
ayeshan I had |
ayan I have |
ayidan I am obliged to have |
ayanla I do not have |
ayeman Do I have? |
ayuran I may have |
2s -ti / -e |
ayeshti you had |
aye you have |
ayide you are obliged to have |
ne aye you do not have |
ayemti Do you have? |
ayure you may have |
3s -u / -a / -il |
ayeshu she/he/it had |
ayu she/he/it has |
ayidu she/he/it is obliged to have |
ne ayu she/he/it does not have |
ayemu Does she/he/it have? |
ayuru she/he/it may have |
1p -uk |
ayeshuk we had |
ayuk we have |
ayiduk we are obliged to have |
ayukla we do not have |
ayemuk Do we have? |
ayuruk we may have |
2p -ut / -i |
ayeshut you [all] had |
ayut you [all] have |
ayidi you [all] are obliged to have |
ayutla you [all] do not have |
ayemut Do you [all] have? |
ayurut you [all] may have |
3p -um |
ayeshum they had |
ayum they have |
ayidum they are obliged to have |
ayumla they do not have |
ayemum Do they have? |
ayurum they may have |
dara
hara
- hara - to be; exist (essentially or identified as) [permanent]
past | present | tentative | |
---|---|---|---|
1s | heshan I was |
han I am |
huran I may (be) |
2s | heshti you were |
hati you are |
hure you may be |
3s | ilhesh she/he/it was |
ilha she/he/it is |
ilhura she/he/it may be |
1p | heshuk we were |
haquk we are |
huruk we may be |
2p | heshut you [all] were |
haqut you [all] are |
hurut you [all] may be |
3p | heshum they were |
haqum they are |
hurum they may be |
niyek
- niyek - say; tell; speak; express
- niyan - speak-1s - I speak
- niyeshti - speak-PST-2s - You spoke
- niyuranu - speak-TENT-1s-3s - I may speak to him
- niyeshemilu? - speak-PST-Q-3s-3s - Did he speak to someone else?
- niyeshbe - speak-PP-2s - You were spoken to
- niye! - speak-2s - Speak [to me]!
- niyedek - speak-CAUS-INF - made to speak
- niyesheyu - speak-PST-2s-3s - You were speaking to him
- niyegukla - speak-REFL-3pl-NEG - they are not speaking to each other
- niyalabu - speak-REP-DUR-3s - he keeps on speaking
xxx
- xxx - xxx
past | present | tentative | |
---|---|---|---|
1s | xeshan | xan | xuran |
2s | xeshti | xti | xure |
3s | xesha | xa | xura |
1p | xeshuk | xuk | xuruk |
2p | xeshut | xut | xurut |
3p | xeshum | xum | xurum |