Proto-Uralic/distribution: Difference between revisions

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==Missing in 0-1 branches==
==Missing in 0-1 branches==
(72 roots)
(73 roots)


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 22: Line 22:
|-
|-
|
|
* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' '3', '''#kuwtə''' '6', '''*ńeljä''' '4', '''*śëta''' '100'
* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' '3', '''#kuwtə''' '6', '''*neljä''' '4', '''*śëta''' '100'
* others: '''*jäŋə''' 'ice', '''*jećə''' ¹ 'soul', '''*kälä-''' 'to wade', '''*kätə''' 'hand', '''*keččä''' ² 'ring', '''*kerə''' 'bark', '''#kuwlə-''' 'to hear', '''*tälwə''' 'winter', '''*sükśə''' 'autumn', '''*śarw/pə''' 'horn', '''*wajə''' 'butter', '''*wäkə''' 'power', '''*werə''' 'blood', '''*wɜd₁ɜm''' 'marrow'
* others: '''*jäŋə''' 'ice', '''*jećə''' ¹ 'soul', '''*kälä-''' 'to wade', '''*kätə''' 'hand', '''*keččä''' ² 'ring', '''*kerə''' 'bark', '''#kuwlə-''' 'to hear', '''*tälwä''' 'winter', '''*sükśə''' 'autumn', '''*śarw/pə''' ³ 'horn', '''*wajə''' 'butter', '''*wäkə''' 'power', '''*werə''' 'blood', '''*wɜd₁ɜm''' 'marrow'
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
² Mo. ''či'' 'sun' unclear
² Mo. ''či'' 'sun' unclear
³ Ms/Kh 'elk' unclear
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Khanty
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Khanty
|-
|-
| '''*lämə''' 'broth'
| '''*lämə''' 'broth', '''*wetə''' ¹ 'water'
| ¹ S. ''*vëcë'' 'newly fallen snow' questionable
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
Line 66: Line 68:
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
|-
| 69 || 70 || 67 || 69 || 67 || 66 || 72 || 71 || 54
| 70 || 70 || 67 || 69 || 67 || 66 || 72 || 71 || 54
|}
|}


Line 78: Line 80:
! Samic
! Samic
| '''*kuńa-''' 'to blink' || '''*täwd₁ə''' 'full' (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' 'to eat' || '''*kompa''' 'wave'
| '''*kuńa-''' 'to blink' || '''*täwd₁ə''' 'full' (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' 'to eat' || '''*kompa''' 'wave'
| '''*lowə''' 'bone'<br/>'''*pAnə-''' 'to put'<br/>'''*śača-''' 'to grow' || || '''*wetə''' 'water'
| '''*lowə''' 'bone'<br/>'''*pAnə-''' 'to put'<br/>'''*śača-''' 'to grow' || ||
| '''*kiwə''' 'stone'<br/>'''*sula-''' 'to melt'
| '''*kiwə''' 'stone'<br/>'''*sula-''' 'to melt'
|-
|-
Line 110: Line 112:
! Mansi
! Mansi
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kajwa-''' 'to dig' (S. irreg.)<br/>'''*lomə''' 'snow' (H. q:ble)<br/>'''*te-''' '2PP'<br/>'''*tinä''' '2PS'
| '''*kajwa-''' 'to dig' (S. irreg.)<br/>'''*lomə''' 'snow' (H. q:ble)<br/>'''*te-''' '2PP'<br/>'''*tinä''' '2PS'<br/>'''*wod₂ə''' 'new'
| '''*kota''' 'house'<br/>'''*pilwə''' 'cloud'<br/>'''*śalə''' 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
| '''*kota''' 'house'<br/>'''*pilwə''' 'cloud'<br/>'''*śalə''' 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
|-
|-
Line 123: Line 125:
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
|-
| 10 || 8 || 12 || 22 || 14 || 21 || 11 || 9 || 23
| 9 || 8 || 12 || 22 || 14 || 21 || 12 || 9 || 23
|}
|}


Line 132: Line 134:
|-
|-
! S
! S
| 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2
| 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
|-
! F
! F
Line 156: Line 158:
! Ms
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 4 || 3
| 5 || 3
|-
|-
! Kh
! Kh
Line 164: Line 166:


==Missing in 3 branches==
==Missing in 3 branches==
(65 roots)
(69 roots)


{|
{|
Line 172: Line 174:
* '''*kojəra''' 'male animal', '''*sälɜ-''' 'to load', '''*warə''' 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
* '''*kojəra''' 'male animal', '''*sälɜ-''' 'to load', '''*warə''' 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
* '''*pata''' 'pot' (S Mo P)
* '''*pata''' 'pot' (S Mo P)
* '''*kütkə-''' 'to tie' (S Mo H)
* '''*kütkə-''' 'to tie' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*kama''' 'crust' (messy!), '''*üćä''' 'small' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*kama''' 'crust' (messy!), '''*üćä''' 'small' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*täjə''' 'louse' (S Mo Smy)
* '''*täjə''' 'louse' (?S Mo Smy)
* '''*šiŋərə''' 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
* '''*šiŋərə''' 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
* '''*totkə''' 'tench' (S P Kh)
* '''*ń/nükə-''' 'to pull', '''*totkə''' 'tench' (S P Kh)
* '''*aśkəl''' 'step' (S H Kh)
* '''*aśkəl''' 'step' (S H Kh)
* '''*käjä''' 'moth', '''*pićlä''' ~ '''*pećrä''' 'rowan', '''*śawə''' 'clay' (S H Smy)
* '''*käjä''' 'moth', '''*pićlä''' ~ '''*pećrä''' 'rowan', '''*śawə''' 'clay' (S H Smy)
* '''#küjə''' 'adder', '''*mośkə-''' 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
* '''#küjə(wä)''' 'adder', '''*mośkə-''' 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
* '''*ńälmä''' 'tongue' (F Mo P)
* '''*jorə-''' 'to go round' (F Mo Ma; H. q:ble)
* '''*ńëkćəm''' 'gills', '''*wanča-''' 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
* '''*ńëkćəm''' 'gills', '''*wanča-''' 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
* '''#läpd₁ä''' 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
* '''#läpd₁ä''' 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
* '''*soskə-''' 'to chew', '''*ulkə''' 'pole' (F Ma H)
* '''*soskə-''' 'to chew', '''*ulkə''' 'pole' (F Ma H)
* '''*küjə-''' 'to follow' (F Ma Smy)
* '''*čaŋa-''' 'to hit', '''*këččɜ''' 'rotten' (F P H)
* '''*čaŋa-''' 'to hit', '''*këččɜ''' 'rotten' (F P H)
* '''*närə''' 'nose' (F H Ms)
* '''*närə''' 'nose' (F H Ms)
Line 192: Line 195:
* '''*kixə-''' 'to rut', '''*(ń)imə-''' 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
* '''*kixə-''' 'to rut', '''*(ń)imə-''' 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
* '''*wolka''' 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
* '''*wolka''' 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
* '''*kolɜ''' 'hole', '''*lewlə''' 'soul', '''#wïča-''' 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
* '''*kod₁(wa)''' 'while', '''*kolɜ''' 'hole', '''*lewlə''' 'soul', '''#wïča-''' 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
* '''*ëptə''' 'hair' (Mo P H)
* '''*ëptə''' 'hair' (Mo P H)
* '''#lïntɜ''' 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
* '''#lïntɜ''' 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
Line 198: Line 201:
* '''*läppä''' 'cover', '''*śänä''' ~ '''*śenä''' 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
* '''*läppä''' 'cover', '''*śänä''' ~ '''*śenä''' 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
* '''#üwä''' 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
* '''#üwä''' 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
* '''*kurɜ''' 'cleft' (Mo Ms Smy)
* '''*mu-''' 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
* '''*mu-''' 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
* '''*toxə-''' 'to bring' (Ma P H)
* '''*toxə-''' 'to bring' (Ma P H)
Line 207: Line 211:
* '''*ićä''' 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
* '''*ićä''' 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
* '''*no-''' 'those', '''*ora''' 'squirrel', '''*pečä''' 'pine', '''tulə''' 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
* '''*no-''' 'those', '''*ora''' 'squirrel', '''*pečä''' 'pine', '''tulə''' 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
* '''*läktə-''' 'to depart' (H Ms Smy)
* '''*läktə-''' 'to depart', '''*oksənta-''' 'to vomit' (H ?Kh Smy)
* '''*loŋə-''' 'to throw' (messy!), '''*penä''' 'dog', '''*wod₂ə''' 'new' (Ms Kh Smy)
* '''*loŋə-''' 'to throw' (messy!), '''*penä''' 'dog' (Ms Kh Smy)
| width="15"|
| width="15"|
| valign="top"|
| valign="top"|
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! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
|-
| 17 || 12 || 30 || 26 || 13 || 32 || 17 || 23 || 28
| 18 || 13 || 32 || 29 || 13 || 32 || 17 || 25 || 31
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! S
! S
| 1 || 8 || 4 || 2 || 5 || 2 || 6 || 6
| 1 || 8 || 4 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 6
|-
|-
! F
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 4 || 2 || 3 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 3
| 4 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 4
|-
|-
! Mo
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 13 || 6 || 10 || 4 || 7 || 8
| 15 || 5 || 9 || 5 || 8 || 10
|-
|-
! Ma
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 4 || 10 || 4 || 4 || 11
| 4 || 10 || 4 || 4 || 13
|-
|-
! P
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 5 || 0 || 2 || 4
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 4
|-
|-
! H
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 8 || 7 || 11
| 8 || 8 || 12
|-
|-
! Ms
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 10 || 4
| 9 || 4
|-
|-
! Kh
! Kh

Latest revision as of 13:07, 1 February 2019

Missing in 0-1 branches

(73 roots)

Found in all branches
  • pronouns: *ku- 'who', *me- '1PP', *mi- 'what', *minä ¹ '1PS', *to 'that'
  • basic verbs: *elä- ² 'to live', *kalə- 'to die', *kad₂a- 'to disappear', *ńalə- 'to lick', *ńälə- 'to swallow', *puna- 'to plait', *ujə- 'to swim'
  • body parts: *künčə ³ 'nail', *mëksa 'liver', *sënə 'vein', *sülə 'bosom', *śilmä 'eye', *śɜd₁äm(ə) 'heart'
  • other nouns: *ëla 'low', *nimə 'name', *ńëlə 'arrow', *ńërə 'moist/wet', *pälä ⁴ 'half', *pesä 'nest', *purkə ⁵ 'smoke/blizzard', #wäśkä 'metal'
  • etc: *kuma- 'overturned', #kɜk/ttA '2', #wittə '5'
  1. Ms. *äm, Hu. én questionable
  2. Mo. *eŕa- irregular
  3. Smy. *kəčä irregular
  4. S. *pealē irregular
  5. Hu. forr 'to boil' questionable
Found everywhere except Samoyedic
  • numerals: #kormɜ '3', #kuwtə '6', *neljä '4', *śëta '100'
  • others: *jäŋə 'ice', *jećə ¹ 'soul', *kälä- 'to wade', *kätə 'hand', *keččä ² 'ring', *kerə 'bark', #kuwlə- 'to hear', *tälwä 'winter', *sükśə 'autumn', *śarw/pə ³ 'horn', *wajə 'butter', *wäkə 'power', *werə 'blood', *wɜd₁ɜm 'marrow'
 ¹ K. ać unclear

² Mo. či 'sun' unclear ³ Ms/Kh 'elk' unclear

Found everywhere except Khanty
*lämə 'broth', *wetə ¹ 'water' ¹ S. *vëcë 'newly fallen snow' questionable
Found everywhere except Hungarian
#kowsə 'spruce', *kärə- 'to wrap', *d₂ëmə 'bird cherry', *poŋə 'bosom', *porə- 'to bite', *wü/ilɜ 'upper'
Found everywhere except Permic
*joŋsə 'bow', *kala 'fish', *konta 'group', *muna 'egg', *śinśä ¹ 'inside' ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
Found everywhere except Mari
*pelə- 'to fear', *tulka ¹ 'feather', *tu/üd₂kA 'prod' ¹ F. *sulka?!
Found everywhere except Mordvinic
*kunśə(-) '(to) pee', *menə- 'to go', *pončə 'tail', #sɜja 'sleeve'¹, *śälə- 'to cut' ¹ F. hija unclear
Found everywhere except Finnic
*ipsə/ä- '(to) smell', #sejə 'pus' ¹ Mo. unclear
Found everywhere except Samic
*küńä 'elbow', *piŋə ¹ 'tooth', *walə- 'to be' ¹ Smy. *pəj 'flint' unclear
Totals
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
70 70 67 69 67 66 72 71 54

Missing in 2 branches

(65 roots)

Finnic Mordvinic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic
Samic *kuńa- 'to blink' *täwd₁ə 'full' (Ma. irreg.) *sewə- 'to eat' *kompa 'wave' *lowə 'bone'
*pAnə- 'to put'
*śača- 'to grow'		 *kiwə 'stone'
*sula- 'to melt'
Finnic *ëńa 'aunt'
*soŋə- 'to go thru'		 *këččə 'bitter'
*ńërə 'cartilage'
(if not = 'moist')		 *oŋə 'mouth' (?) *mälkə 'breast'
*peljä 'ear'
Mordv. *mińä 'dtr-in-law'
*pura 'bore'
*pušə- 'to blow' 		*ëppə 'pa-in-law'
*śojə(-) '(to) sound'
*śowə 'mouth'		 *suxə- 'to row'
*sɜnśɜ- 'to stand'		 *jɜxə- 'to drink' *puća- 'to squeeze' (Ma. irreg.)
*särä 'root'
Mari *nüd₁ə 'handle' (H. irreg.)
*pala 'bit' 		*enä 'big' (P. irreg.)
*jëka- 'to divide'
*karə 'crust'
*kälə 'tongue'
*mexə- 'to sell'
#näjə 'girl, woman' 		*kulkə- 'to go' *ćäŋkə- 'to cut' (Mo. irreg.)
#kiśkä- 'to rip'
*kulə- 'to run out'
*näkə- 'to see'
*omtə 'cavity'
*śëlka 'pole'
*ü/ejə 'night'
Permic *kanta- 'to carry'
*sala- 'to steal'
*śüdₓə 'coal'		 #wiŋü 'son-in-law' (messy!) *pućka 'shit' (F. irreg.)
*wëlka- 'to leave'
Hung. *ëkta- 'to put' #kośkə 'dry'
*śečä 'uncle' 		*śepä 'neck'
*śëmə 'scales'
*śod₁(ka) 'goldeneye'
*śülkə 'spit'
Mansi *kajwa- 'to dig' (S. irreg.)
*lomə 'snow' (H. q:ble)
*te- '2PP'
*tinä '2PS'
*wod₂ə 'new' 		*kota 'house'
*pilwə 'cloud'
*śalə 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
Khanty *miŋä 'behind'
Total missing
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
9 8 12 22 14 21 12 9 23
Correlations
F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
S 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 2
F 0 2 2 0 1 0 2
Mo 3 3 2 0 1 2
Ma 2 6 1 0 7
P 3 1 0 2
H 1 2 4
Ms 5 3
Kh 1

Missing in 3 branches

(69 roots)

  • *ad₁əma 'sleep' (S F Smy)
  • *kojəra 'male animal', *sälɜ- 'to load', *warə 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
  • *pata 'pot' (S Mo P)
  • *kütkə- 'to tie' (S Mo Kh)
  • *kama 'crust' (messy!), *üćä 'small' (S Mo Kh)
  • *täjə 'louse' (?S Mo Smy)
  • *šiŋərə 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
  • *ń/nükə- 'to pull', *totkə 'tench' (S P Kh)
  • *aśkəl 'step' (S H Kh)
  • *käjä 'moth', *pićlä ~ *pećrä 'rowan', *śawə 'clay' (S H Smy)
  • #küjə(wä) 'adder', *mośkə- 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
  • *jorə- 'to go round' (F Mo Ma; H. q:ble)
  • *ńëkćəm 'gills', *wanča- 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
  • #läpd₁ä 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
  • *soskə- 'to chew', *ulkə 'pole' (F Ma H)
  • *küjə- 'to follow' (F Ma Smy)
  • *čaŋa- 'to hit', *këččɜ 'rotten' (F P H)
  • *närə 'nose' (F H Ms)
  • *panča- 'to open' (F H Smy)
  • *ćappa- 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
  • #kïra- 'to curse', *woča 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
  • *käwd₁ə 'rope', *parwə 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
  • *kixə- 'to rut', *(ń)imə- 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
  • *wolka 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
  • *kod₁(wa) 'while', *kolɜ 'hole', *lewlə 'soul', #wïča- 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
  • *ëptə 'hair' (Mo P H)
  • #lïntɜ 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
  • *pud₂a- 'to break', *siwə 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
  • *läppä 'cover', *śänä ~ *śenä 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
  • #üwä 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
  • *kurɜ 'cleft' (Mo Ms Smy)
  • *mu- 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
  • *toxə- 'to bring' (Ma P H)
  • *tekə- 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
  • *kälü 'sis-in-law', *šarəwa 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
  • *kačka- 'to bite', *laśkɜ- 'to let go', *tarkə- 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
  • *säppä 'gall', *päŋə 'head', *waja- 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
  • *marja 'berry' (P H Smy)
  • *ićä 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
  • *no- 'those', *ora 'squirrel', *pečä 'pine', tulə 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
  • *läktə- 'to depart', *oksənta- 'to vomit' (H ?Kh Smy)
  • *loŋə- 'to throw' (messy!), *penä 'dog' (Ms Kh Smy)
Total missing
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
18 13 32 29 13 32 17 25 31
Correlations
F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
S 1 8 4 3 4 2 8 6
F 4 4 2 8 2 1 4
Mo 15 5 9 5 8 10
Ma 4 10 4 4 13
P 5 0 3 4
H 8 8 12
Ms 9 4
Kh 9
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