User:Masako/pataka: Difference between revisions
m (→phonology) |
|||
| Line 72: | Line 72: | ||
== syllable structure == | == syllable structure == | ||
'''Kala''' words are typically made up of [[ | |||
'''Kala''' words are typically made up of [[wp:Syllable#Open_and_closed|open syllables]] of the type CV (consonant-vowel) with most words having syllables exclusively of this type. There is a limited set of syllables allowed by '''Kala''' phonotactics, similar to Japanese or Chinese. They are listed here: [[:File:Kalasyl.png|syllable chart]], or [[Kala/syllables|here]]. | |||
* /l/ cannot occur word initially (except in loan words and toponyms). | * /l/ cannot occur word initially (except in loan words and toponyms). | ||
== stress == | |||
[[wp:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]] generally falls on the penultimate syllable, which means that stress is ''de facto'' initial in most lemma given that stems are most often (CVCV). | |||
= orthography = | = orthography = | ||
Revision as of 06:35, 31 August 2016
introduction
terminology
language variation
glossing
phonology
consonants
- Where ~ appears, it indicates free variation between phonemes.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | |||||
| Nasal | m (m) | n (n) | ɲ (ny) | |||
| Plosive | p~b (p) | t~d (t) | k~g (k) | ʔ (`) | ||
| Affricate | ts (ts) | t͡ɬ~tl (tl) | t͡ʃ (ts) | |||
| Continuant | s (s) | l~ɾ (l) | ʃ (s) | h~ɦ (h) | ||
| Semivowel | j (y) | w (u) | ||||
- Prenasalized: /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk/
- Labialized:/pʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ ʃʷ hʷ t͡ʃʷ/
- Palatalized: /pʲ kʲ mʲ hʲ/
Note: Because of its small phoneme inventory, Kala allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s l h/ as [ʃ ɾ ɦ], and /t͡s t͡ɬ/ as [t͡ʃ t͡l]; also, vowels may be either long or short.
vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i~ɪ (i) | u~u: (u) | |
| Mid | e~ɛ (e) | o~o: (o) | |
| Open | a~a: (a) |
Kala has five vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/ and /u/. Each occurs in both stressed and unstressed syllables. Phonetic nasalization occurs for vowels occurring between nasal consonants or when preceding a syllable-final nasal, e.g. tsunka [ˈt͡ʃũᵑka] ('bug').
diphthongs
Phonetically, Kala has only two diphthongs, both falling; [aɪ̯] and [aʊ̯], but there are five syllables that can be analyzed as rising diphthongs; [wa], [we], [ja], [je], and [jo]. The two triphthongs [waɪ̯] and [jaʊ̯] are very rare but should be noted as possible.
syllable structure
Kala words are typically made up of open syllables of the type CV (consonant-vowel) with most words having syllables exclusively of this type. There is a limited set of syllables allowed by Kala phonotactics, similar to Japanese or Chinese. They are listed here: syllable chart, or here.
- /l/ cannot occur word initially (except in loan words and toponyms).
stress
Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable, which means that stress is de facto initial in most lemma given that stems are most often (CVCV).
