User:Masako/pataka: Difference between revisions

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Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be labialized or palatalized. (There are a few exceptions to this, such as <b>tata</b> for the informal/familiar form of father, etc.) Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a headword.
Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be labialized or palatalized. (There are a few exceptions to this, such as <b>tata</b> for the informal/familiar form of father, etc.) Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a headword.
Much like Japanese and Chinese, Kala has a limited number of syllables.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:400px;"
|+ Syllables ('''tloko''')
!
! a !! e !! i !! o !! u !! ai !! ao
|-
! p
| '''pa''' || '''pe''' || '''pi''' || '''po''' || '''pu''' || '''pai''' || '''pao'''
|-
! t
| '''ta''' || '''te''' || '''ti''' || '''to''' || ''' ''' || '''tai''' || '''tao'''
|-
! k
| '''ka''' || '''ke''' || '''ki''' || '''ko''' || '''ku''' || '''kai''' || '''kao'''
|-
! m
| '''ma''' || '''me''' || '''mi''' || '''mo''' || '''mu''' || '''mai''' || '''mao'''
|-
! n
| '''na''' || '''ne''' || '''ni''' || '''no''' || '''nu''' || '''nai''' || '''nao'''
|-
! s
| '''sa''' || '''se''' || '''si''' || '''so''' || '''su''' || '''sai''' || '''sao'''
|-
! h
| '''ha''' || '''he''' || '''hi''' || '''ho''' || '''hu''' || '''hai''' || '''hao'''
|-
! ts
| '''tsa''' || '''tse''' || '''tsi''' || '''tso''' || '''tsu''' || '''tsai''' || '''tsao'''
|-
! tl
| '''tla''' || '''tle''' || '''tli''' || '''tlo''' || ''' ''' || '''tlai''' || '''tlao'''
|-
! l
| '''la''' || '''le''' || '''li''' || '''lo''' || ''' ''' || '''lai''' || '''lao'''
|-
! a
| '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''o''' || '''u''' || '''ai''' || '''ao'''
|-
! mp
| '''mpa''' || '''mpe''' || '''mpi''' || '''mpo''' || '''mpu''' || ''' ''' || ''' '''
|-
! nt
| '''nta''' || '''nte''' || '''nti''' || '''nto''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' '''
|-
! nk
| '''nka''' || '''nke''' || '''nki''' || '''nko''' || '''nku''' || ''' ''' || ''' '''
|-
! pu
| '''pua''' || '''pue''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''puai''' || ''' '''
|-
! ku
| '''kua''' || '''kue''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''kuai''' || ''' '''
|-
! mu
| '''mua''' || '''mue''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''muai''' || ''' '''
|-
! nu
| '''nua''' || '''nue''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''nuai''' || ''' '''
|-
! su
| '''sua''' || '''sue''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''suai''' || ''' '''
|-
! hu
| '''hua''' || '''hue''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''huai''' || ''' '''
|-
! tsu
| '''tsua''' || '''tsue''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''tsuai''' || ''' '''
|-
! u
| '''ua''' || '''ue''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''uai''' || ''' '''
|-
! py
| '''pya''' || '''pye''' || ''' ''' || '''pyo''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''pyao'''
|-
! ky
| '''kya''' || '''kye''' || ''' ''' || '''kyo''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''kyao'''
|-
! my
| '''mya''' || '''mye''' || ''' ''' || '''myo''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''myao'''
|-
! ny
| '''nya''' || '''nye''' || ''' ''' || '''nyo''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''nyao'''
|-
! hy
| '''hya''' || '''hye''' || ''' ''' || '''hyo''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''hyao'''
|-
! y
| '''ya''' || '''ye''' || ''' ''' || '''yo''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''yao'''
|}


== allophony ==
== allophony ==

Revision as of 07:24, 29 September 2015

Phonology

Consonants (hapu)
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals m (m) n (n) ɲ (ny)
Plosives p~b (p) t~d (t) k~g (k) ʔ (')
Affricates t͡ɬ~tl (tl) / t͡ʃ~ts (ts)
Continuants l~r (l) / s~ʃ (s) h~ɦ (h)
Semivowels j (y) w (u)
Vowels (musa)
Front Central Back
Close i (i) u (u)
Mid e (e) o (o)
Open a (a)

phonotactics

Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be labialized or palatalized. (There are a few exceptions to this, such as tata for the informal/familiar form of father, etc.) Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a headword.

allophony

The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Kala allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /ts/ as [dz] or [tʃ] as well as [ts], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short.

stress

In Kala stress is penultimate with the exceptions of negatives and words that end with a syllable onset palatal approximant, in which case stress is ultimate.

syllable structure

All syllables are of the form (N)(C)V(n, m, k), that is, optional prenasal + optional consonant + vowel + optional final, or V, NCV, CV, VF, CVF, NCVF. CV is the most common syllable type. Most content words are disyllabic; while function words tend to be monosyllables.

Word Classes

Words in Kala can be divided into three basic types, content words (uati), particles (peya) and interjections (nita). Ahu is unusual in completely lacking a lexical distinction between nouns and verbs.

Uati are a large class, making up the equivalents of the verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and even prepositions. Particles are a small, closed class of word which are used to order the interpretation of other parts of the sentence. Interjections are a small, mostly closed class of words which indicate isolated meanings, such as emotion.

content words

There are no distinct classes of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or prepositions in Kala. The equivalents of all of these words come in the form of content words. However, these are described here in more traditional terms.

nouns

gender

pronouns

Pronouns (nkalo)
Agent Patient Possessive Reflexive Reciprocal
1sg na ena nayo na'i
2sg ta eta tayo ta'i
3sg ha eha hayo ha'i
4sg tla etla tlayo tla'i
1pl nam enam namyo nami nanku
1pl.excl na'am ena'am na'amyo na'ami na'anku
2pl tam etam tamyo tami tanku
3pl kam ekam kamyo kami kanku
4pl tlam etlam tlamyo tlami tlanku
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