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Kala’s grammar is fairly regular and equally as simple. This is an explanation based on a story. The story is fairly simple and involves a few situations that are common to the human experience.
<h1>Nouns (noma)</h1>


<h3>John, his dog, and his friends</h3>
<h2>gender (saka)</h2>


* <b>yohano ina</b>
* <b>-ta</b> (from <b>tlaka</b>; man, male) masculine; <b>umata</b> - horse-MASC - <i>stallion</i>
: John eat
* <b>-na</b> (from <b>naka</b>; woman, female) feminine; <b>umana</b> - horse-FEM - <i>mare</i>
: <i>John eats.</i> or <i>John is eating.</i>


* This is the simplest type of phrase in Kala. It includes the subject <b>yohano</b> and the action <b>ina</b>. The important thing to recognize is that <b>ina</b> can also mean <i>food</i>. The clue to its meaning in this phrase is word order, which, in Kala, is always <b>(Subject)-(Object)-Verb</b>. Verbs can be used alone when the phrase is an interjection, simply a statement of observance, or response to a question. Note the example below:
<h2>number (uku)</h2>


* <b>pana</b>
* <b>-m</b> general plural; <b>tlakam</b> - man-PL - <i>men</i>
: rain
* <b>-lo</b> general plural (when the last syllable begins with <b>m</b>; <b>yamalo</b> - mountain-PL - <i>mountains</i>
: <i>It is raining</i> or <i>Rain!</i>
* <b>tli-</b> collective plural; <b>tlimita</b> - COL-dog - <i>a pack of dogs</i>


<h3>tense</h3>
<h2>pronouns (nkalo)</h2>


* To express the tense, simple suffixes are used:
* <b>na</b> - 1sg - <i>I, me</i>
* <b>ta</b> - 2sg - <i>you</i>
* <b>ha</b> - 3sg - <i>he, she</i>
* <b>tla</b> - 4sg - <i>it, that</i> (inanimate objects, abstract concepts)


* <b>yohano inaye</b>
* <b>na’am</b> - 1pl.EXCL - <i>we (but not you)</i>
: John eat-PST
* <b>kam</b> - 3pl - <i>they, them</i>
: <i>John ate.</i>


* <b>yohano inatli</b>
* <b>-m</b> - plural marker
: John eat-FUT
* <b>-nku</b> - reciprocal marker
: <i>John will eat.</i>
* <b>e-</b> - patient marker
* <b>-i</b> - reflexive marker
* <b>-yo</b> - possessive marker


* There are a few temporal adverbs that specify tense, they precede the verb phrase:
<h1>Verbs (uati)</h1>


* <b>ayehi yohano ina</b>
<h2>tense (eme)</h2>
: past-DIM John eat
: <i>John ate a short while ago.</i>


* <b>ayeha yohano ina</b>
* <b>-ye</b> past tense
: past-AUG John eat
: <b>na inaye</b>
: <i>John ate a long while ago.</i>
: 1sg eat-PST
: <i>I ate</i>


* <b>atlihi yohano ina</b>
* <b>-tli</b> future tense
: future-DIM John eat
: <b>na inatli</b>
: <i>John will eat in a short while.</i>
: 1sg eat-FUT
: <i>I will eat</i>


* <b>atliha yohano ina</b>
<h2>aspect (ti’a)</h2>
: future-AUG John eat
: <i>John will eat long while from now.</i>


<h3>subject vs object</h3>
* <b>-pua</b> perfective
: <b>na inapua</b>
: 1sg eat-PFV
: <i>I have eaten</i>


* <b>yohano nyoma inaye</b>
* <b>-nko</b> continuous
:John rice eat-PST
: <b>na inanko</b>
:<i>John ate the rice</i>
: 1sg eat-CONT
: <i>I am eating</i>


* In the above phrase the strict <b>SVO</b> word order indicates that the rice is the object, or patient (recipient of the action). The particle <b>ke</b> marks the patient. It also function as a nominalizer (makes it a noun). The below is an example of a phrase that lacks a subject:
* <b>-mu</b> inchoative (inceptive)
: <b>na inamu</b>
: 1sg eat-INCH
: <i>I am beginning to eat</i>


* <b>ke nyoma inaye</b>
<h2>mood (toka)</h2>
:O rice eat-PST
:<i>The rice was eaten.</i>


* <b>mita yohanoyo ke nyoma inaye</b>
* <b>-k</b> / <b>-nke</b> negative
:dog John-POSS O rice eat-PST
: <b>na inak</b>
:<i>John's dog ate the rice.</i>
: 1sg eat-NEG
: <i>I do not eat</i>
 
* <b>kya</b> imperative
: <b>kya ina</b>
: IMP eat
: <i>Eat!</i>
 
<h1>Adjectives (keyo)</h1>
 
* There are no adjectives, as such, in Kala. Those notions expressed as adjectives in English (such as big, tired) are expressed by verbs in Kala (<i>be big, be tired</i>). A verb expressing a state or quality can be used immediately following a noun to modify that noun.
 
* <b>mita tsanka</b>
: dog tire/be.tired
: <i>The dog is tired</i>
 
* <b>tsaka taha</b>
: house big/be.big
: <i>The house is big</i>
 
<h1>Adverbs (pusa)</h1>

Revision as of 07:05, 12 May 2015

Nouns (noma)

gender (saka)

  • -ta (from tlaka; man, male) masculine; umata - horse-MASC - stallion
  • -na (from naka; woman, female) feminine; umana - horse-FEM - mare

number (uku)

  • -m general plural; tlakam - man-PL - men
  • -lo general plural (when the last syllable begins with m; yamalo - mountain-PL - mountains
  • tli- collective plural; tlimita - COL-dog - a pack of dogs

pronouns (nkalo)

  • na - 1sg - I, me
  • ta - 2sg - you
  • ha - 3sg - he, she
  • tla - 4sg - it, that (inanimate objects, abstract concepts)
  • na’am - 1pl.EXCL - we (but not you)
  • kam - 3pl - they, them
  • -m - plural marker
  • -nku - reciprocal marker
  • e- - patient marker
  • -i - reflexive marker
  • -yo - possessive marker

Verbs (uati)

tense (eme)

  • -ye past tense
na inaye
1sg eat-PST
I ate
  • -tli future tense
na inatli
1sg eat-FUT
I will eat

aspect (ti’a)

  • -pua perfective
na inapua
1sg eat-PFV
I have eaten
  • -nko continuous
na inanko
1sg eat-CONT
I am eating
  • -mu inchoative (inceptive)
na inamu
1sg eat-INCH
I am beginning to eat

mood (toka)

  • -k / -nke negative
na inak
1sg eat-NEG
I do not eat
  • kya imperative
kya ina
IMP eat
Eat!

Adjectives (keyo)

  • There are no adjectives, as such, in Kala. Those notions expressed as adjectives in English (such as big, tired) are expressed by verbs in Kala (be big, be tired). A verb expressing a state or quality can be used immediately following a noun to modify that noun.
  • mita tsanka
dog tire/be.tired
The dog is tired
  • tsaka taha
house big/be.big
The house is big

Adverbs (pusa)

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