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== Writing system ==
== Writing system ==
Calcoradish is written in segmental script called '''[[Ádian]]'''. In Calcoradish, 29 letters are used.
Calcoradish is written in segmental script called '''[[Ádian]]'''. In Calcoradish, 29 letters are used.
[[File:Calcoradish sample text (Lord's prayer).jpg|500px|thumb|right|"Lord's prayer" written in Calcoradish.]]


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Noun classes(Grammatical gender)====
====Noun classes(Grammatical gender)====
Any nouns in Calcoradish are classified into two noun classes. There are "material noun" and "non-material noun" in Calcoradish.
Any nouns in Calcoradish are classified into two noun classes. There are "material noun" and "non-material noun" in Calcoradish. These distinction is needed when you use article, personal pronoun, or make plural form of noun.


*Examples of material noun: nór (a person), vór (a car), vedh (water), geth (a house)
*Examples of material noun: nór (a person), vór (a car), vedh (water), geth (a house)
*Examples of non-material noun: vønge (spirit, heart), vadúr (law), chradhem (goodness), vorde (power)
*Examples of non-material noun: vønge (spirit, heart), vadúr (law), chradhem (goodness)


====Cases====
====Cases====
Calcoradish noun has four cases, '''nominative''', '''accusative''', '''genitive''', and '''dative'''. Nominative is unmarked. The other cases are marked with '''case proposition'''. The form of genitive is [e + ''noun''], dative is [vem + ''noun''], accusative is [Ø(zero case-proposition) + ''noun'']. Actually, accusative is the same form of nominative.
Calcoradish noun has five cases, '''first-nominative''', '''second-nominative''', '''first-objective(accusative)''', '''second-objective(genitive)''', and '''third-objective(dative)'''.  


Nominative will be the subject in the sentence. Accusative, genitive, and dative will be the object in the sentence. You must remember which case will be used as object to the verb. For example, the verb "odǽl"(to eat) needs accusative object. The verb "vethnǿl"(to love) needs genitive object.
Nominative will be the subject in the sentence. Accusative, genitive, and dative will be the object in the sentence. You must remember which case will be used as object to the verb. For example, the verb "odǽl"(to eat) needs accusative object. The verb "vethnǿl"(to love) needs genitive object.


===Articles===
===Articles===
In Calcoradish, there is no distinction between definite articles and indefinite articles. Calcoradish articles are "chol" and "na". "Chol" is used in front of a material noun. "Na" is used in front of a non-material noun.
In Calcoradish, there is no distinction between definite articles and indefinite articles. Calcoradish articles are "chol", "o", and "na".
 
*chol+(material noun)
*o+(noun that indicates animal or person)
*na+(non-material noun)


*Example: chol constadum (a/the building), na cambrál (an/the accident)


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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====Tenses and Aspects====
====Tenses and Aspects====
There are two tenses, '''past tense''' and '''non-past tense'''(present tense). And there are three aspects, '''perfective''', '''non-perfective''', and '''future'''.
There are two tenses, '''past tense''' and '''non-past tense'''(present tense). And there are three aspects, '''perfective''' and '''non-perfective'''.


They are indicated by conjugation of verb.
They are indicated by conjugation of verb.
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{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Present(non-past) tense
|+ Present(non-past) tense
! !! Perfective !! Non-perfective !! Future
! !! Perfective !! Non-perfective
|-
|-
! Class I
! Class I
| -æs || -ǽr || -ǽm  
| -æs || -ǽm  
|-
|-
! Class II
! Class II
| -øis || -ǿr || -ǿm  
| -øis || -ǿm  
|-
|-
! Class III
! Class III
| -yis || -ýr || -ým  
| -yis || -ým  


|}
|}
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{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ past tense
|+ past tense
! !! Perfective !! Non-perfective !! Future
! !! Perfective !! Non-perfective
|-
|-


! Class I
! Class I
| I + -er || II + -ǽr || II + -ǽm  
| I + -er || II + -ǽm  
|-
|-


! Class II
! Class II
| I + -er || II + -ǿr || II + -ǿm  
| I + -er || II + -ǿm  
|-
|-


! Class III
! Class III
| I + -er || II + -ýr || II + -ým  
| I + -er || II + -ým  
|-
|-


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===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Many of calcoradish adjectives end with -ár, -ýr, -ol, or -el. But some adjectives has other endings.
Attributive adjectives are put after nouns. The word order is [Noun + Adjective].


Attributive adjectives are put after nouns. The word order is [Noun + Adjective]
*Example: vór adyl (means “fast car”. “vór”=”car”(noun), “adyl”=”fast”(adjective))
 
*Example: vór adýr (means “fast car”. “vór”=”car”(noun), “adýr”=”fast”(adjective))


But when the combination of noun and adjective is treated as a proper noun, adjectives precede nouns and the word order is [Adjective + Noun].
But when the combination of noun and adjective is treated as a proper noun, adjectives precede nouns and the word order is [Adjective + Noun].
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| tree || ki(木)
| tree || ki(木)
|-
|-
! destol
! deste
| table, desk || tēburu(テーブル), tsukue(机)
| table, desk || tēburu(テーブル), tsukue(机)
|-
|-
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! fys
! fys
| milk || gyūnyū(牛乳)
| milk || gyūnyū(牛乳)
|-
! galde
| castle || shiro(城)
|-
|-
! geth
! geth
| house || ie(家)
| house || ie(家)
|-
|-
! hel
! grém
| forest || mori(森)
|-
! heldo
| island || shima(島)
| island || shima(島)
|-
|-
! lanér
! lǽnodh
| sea || umi(海)
| sea || umi(海)
|-
|-
! lúr
! lúr
| way, road || michi(道)
| way, road || michi(道), dōro(道路)
|-
|-
! lýge
! lýge
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|-
|-
! vór
! vór
| car || kuruma(車)
| car || kuruma(車), jidōsha(自動車)
|-
|-
! vǿm
! vǿm
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== External link ==
== External link ==
[https://sites.google.com/site/calcoradish/](Written in Japanese)
[https://sites.google.com/site/calcoradish2/](Written in Japanese)


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Revision as of 07:35, 2 February 2015

This page is edited by a Japanese-native-speaker. Please forgive me for that there may be incorrect English use.

Calcoradish is a language which is spoken in Calcoradenadúr as its official language. This language is called "Calcoradetár[kalkoradeta:r]" in Calcoradish.

Phonology

Consonants

Calcoradish has about twenty consonants.

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Velar Glottal
Stop p [p] / b [b] t [t] / d [d] c [k] / g[g]
Affricative ts [ts]
Nasal m [m] n [n]
Fricative f [f] / v [v] th [θ] / dh [ð] s [s] / z [z] ch [x] / gh [ɣ] h [h]
Approximant r [r]
Lateral l [l]

In latin transcription, "c" is always pronounced [k], and "k" is never used.

Vowel

Calcoradish has nine vowels. The vowel length is distinctive. But /ɔ/ always appear as a long vowel. And the distinction between the long vowel /i:/ and /e:/ is not clear in many dialect.

Long vowels are spelled with acute accent(For example, the spell "á" is pronounced [a:]).

Short vowel
Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close i [i] y [y] u [u]
Close-mid e [e] o [o]
Open-mid æ [ε] ø [œ]
Open a [a]
Long vowel
Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close ( í [i:] ) ý [y:] ú [u:]
Close-mid é [e:] ó [o:]
Open-mid ǽ [ε:] ǿ [œ:] â [ɔ:]
Open á [a:]


Some combination of two vowels are pronounced as diphthong.

  • ei, ai, æi [εi]
  • øi [œi]
  • yi [ɥi]
  • oi [ɔi]
  • ui [ui]
  • ae [aε]
  • oe [ɔε]
  • ue [uε]
  • æu, ǽu [εu]
  • øu, ǿu [œu]


Writing system

Calcoradish is written in segmental script called Ádian. In Calcoradish, 29 letters are used.

Grammar

Nouns

Noun classes(Grammatical gender)

Any nouns in Calcoradish are classified into two noun classes. There are "material noun" and "non-material noun" in Calcoradish. These distinction is needed when you use article, personal pronoun, or make plural form of noun.

  • Examples of material noun: nór (a person), vór (a car), vedh (water), geth (a house)
  • Examples of non-material noun: vønge (spirit, heart), vadúr (law), chradhem (goodness)

Cases

Calcoradish noun has five cases, first-nominative, second-nominative, first-objective(accusative), second-objective(genitive), and third-objective(dative).

Nominative will be the subject in the sentence. Accusative, genitive, and dative will be the object in the sentence. You must remember which case will be used as object to the verb. For example, the verb "odǽl"(to eat) needs accusative object. The verb "vethnǿl"(to love) needs genitive object.

Articles

In Calcoradish, there is no distinction between definite articles and indefinite articles. Calcoradish articles are "chol", "o", and "na".

  • chol+(material noun)
  • o+(noun that indicates animal or person)
  • na+(non-material noun)


Verbs

Form of verbs

Infinitives of verb have ending "-ǽl", "-ǿl" or "-úl". A verb which ends with -ǽl is called "Class I verb". A verb which ends with -ǿl is called "Class II verb". A verb which ends with -úl is called "Class III verb".

Infinitive ending Examples
Class I -ǽl cadǽl (to open), stǽl (to write)
Class II -ǿl grǿl (to obtain), dragǿl (to bring)
Class III -úl gardúl (to walk), corúl (to read)

Verbs are conjugated to indicate tense, aspect, and mood. But there is no conjugation for grammatical person(like most of Indo-European languages).

Tenses and Aspects

There are two tenses, past tense and non-past tense(present tense). And there are three aspects, perfective and non-perfective.

They are indicated by conjugation of verb.

Present(non-past) tense
Perfective Non-perfective
Class I -æs -ǽm
Class II -øis -ǿm
Class III -yis -ým

When the verb is past tense, at first, you make "past stem" by changing verb's ending.

Infinitive Past Stem I Past Stem II
Class I -ǽl -ad- -ed-
Class II -ǿl -od-
Class III -úl -ud-

After making past stem, you will add suffix that indicates aspects.

past tense
Perfective Non-perfective
Class I I + -er II + -ǽm
Class II I + -er II + -ǿm
Class III I + -er II + -ým

In this table, "I" represents "past stem I", and "II" represents "past stem II".

Adjectives

Attributive adjectives are put after nouns. The word order is [Noun + Adjective].

  • Example: vór adyl (means “fast car”. “vór”=”car”(noun), “adyl”=”fast”(adjective))

But when the combination of noun and adjective is treated as a proper noun, adjectives precede nouns and the word order is [Adjective + Noun].

Word Examples

Noun

Calcoradish English Japanese
bár room heya(部屋)
cegor train ressha(列車)
chapor bread pan(パン)
cois foot ashi(足)
crǿge bridge hashi(橋)
dǽr mountain yama(山)
dém tree ki(木)
deste table, desk tēburu(テーブル), tsukue(机)
devol book hon(本)
døn hill oka(丘)
fys milk gyūnyū(牛乳)
galde castle shiro(城)
geth house ie(家)
grém forest mori(森)
heldo island shima(島)
lǽnodh sea umi(海)
lúr way, road michi(道), dōro(道路)
lýge cloud kumo(雲)
nór human, person hito(人)
pamor window mado(窓)
prǿge lake mizuumi(湖)
sáde hand te(手)
spegh door doa(ドア), tobira(扉)
tár language kotoba(言葉), gengo(言語)
vedh water mizu(水)
vór car kuruma(車), jidōsha(自動車)
vǿm river kawa(川)

External link

[1](Written in Japanese)

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