Xetlaqui: Difference between revisions
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'''Xetlaqui''' is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive. | '''Xetlaqui''' is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive. | ||
Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as ''Yeotl | Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as ''Pheyn Yeotl'' (literally "All is one"), which sees completeness and wholeness as perfection. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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!rowspan=2| | !rowspan=2| | ||
!rowspan=2|Bilabial | !rowspan=2|Bilabial | ||
!rowspan=2|Dental | !rowspan=2|Dental | ||
!colspan=2|Alveolar | !colspan=2|Alveolar | ||
Line 25: | Line 24: | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
!Nasal | !Nasal | ||
|m | |m|| ||n|| || || || || || | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
!Plosive | !Plosive | ||
|p | |p|| ||t d|| || || ||k g||kʷ||ʔ | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
!Affricate | !Affricate | ||
| || ||ʦ ʣ||tɬ||ʧ|| || || || | |||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
!Fricative | !Fricative | ||
|ɸ | |ɸ β||θ ð||s z|| ||ʃ|| || || ||h | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
!Approximant | !Approximant | ||
| || | | || || ||ɬ|| ||j|| || || | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
!Trill | !Trill | ||
| || ||r|| || || || || || | |||
|} | |} | ||
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! | ! | ||
!Front | !Front | ||
!Central | |||
!Back | !Back | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Close | !Close | ||
|i | |i | ||
| | |||
|u | |u | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Close-mid | ||
|e eº | |e eº | ||
| | |||
|o | |o | ||
|- | |||
!Mid | |||
| | |||
|ø | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Open-mid | !Open-mid | ||
|ɛ ɛº | |ɛ ɛº | ||
| | |||
|ɔ | |ɔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Open | !Open | ||
| | | | ||
|ä äº | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
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!'''Latin script''' | !'''Latin script''' | ||
!'''Pronunciation''' | !'''Pronunciation''' | ||
!'''Further | !'''Further information''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align=center| a | |align=center| a | ||
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|The stress never falls on "o". | |The stress never falls on "o". | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ch | |align=center|ch | ||
|[ʧ] | |align=center|[ʧ] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|d | |align=center|d | ||
|[d] / [ð] | |align=center|[d] / [ð] | ||
|Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe. | |Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|e | |align=center|e | ||
|[ɛ] / [e] | |align=center|[ɛ] / [e] | ||
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent. | |Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align=center| eo | |align=center|eo | ||
|align=center|[ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ] | |align=center|[ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ] | ||
| | |See above. | ||
|- | |||
|align=center|eu | |||
|align=center|[ø] | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|g | |align=center|g | ||
|[g] | |align=center|[g] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|h | |align=center|h | ||
| | |align=center|[ʔ] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i | |align=center|i | ||
|[i] | |align=center|[i] | ||
|Never pronounced as [j]. | |Never pronounced as [j]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|k | |align=center|k | ||
|[k] | |align=center|[k] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |align=center|l | ||
|align=center|[ɬ] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|[ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|m | |align=center|m | ||
|[m] | |align=center|[m] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|n | |align=center|n | ||
|[n] | |align=center|[n] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|o | |align=center|o | ||
|[ɔ] / [o] | |align=center|[ɔ] / [o] | ||
|Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent. | |Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|p | |align=center|p | ||
|[p] | |align=center|[p] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ph | |align=center|ph | ||
|[ɸ] | |align=center|[ɸ] | ||
| | |Pronounced as [pʰ] in Old Xetlaqui. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|qu | |align=center|qu | ||
|[kʷ] | |align=center|[kʷ] | ||
|Always followed by a, e, i or o. | |Always followed by a, e, i or o. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|r | |align=center|r | ||
|[r] | |align=center|[r] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|sh | |align=center|sh | ||
|[ʃ] | |align=center|[ʃ] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|t | |align=center|t | ||
|[t] | |align=center|[t] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|th | |align=center|th | ||
|[θ] | |align=center|[θ] | ||
| | |Pronounced as [tʰ] in Old Xetlaqui. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|tl | |align=center|tl | ||
|[tɬ] | |align=center|[tɬ] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|tz | |align=center|tz | ||
|[ʦ] | |align=center|[ʦ] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|u | |align=center|u | ||
|[u] | |align=center|[u] | ||
|Never pronounced as [w]. | |Never pronounced as [w]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|v | |align=center|v | ||
|[ | |align=center|[β] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|x | |align=center|x | ||
|[ʣ] | |align=center|[ʣ] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|y | |align=center|y | ||
|[j] | |align=center|[j] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|z | |align=center|z | ||
|[s] / [z] | |align=center|[s] / [z] | ||
|No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless. | |No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless. | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Grammar== | |||
Xetlaqui is an agglutinative language with declensions for names and adjectives and very few irregular verbs. Nouns and adjectives are gender neutral. | |||
===Declensions=== | |||
There are three declensions and eight cases in Xetlaqui. | |||
====First declension==== | |||
Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant ''-tli'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letters in the ending forms of this declension are ''e'' and ''o''. Words ending with a vowel followed by a ''d'', ''g'', ''m'', ''t'' and ''th'' don't have ''-tli'' in the nominative singular. Words ending in ''aotl'', ''eotl'' or ''eutl'' add a ''h'' before the other suffixes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | '''''xintli''<br />bee | |||
! colspan="2" | '''''challi''<br /> house, home | |||
! colspan="2" | '''''uzgarri''<br /> saw | |||
! colspan="2" | '''''yaotli''<br /> war | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Singular''' | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Plural''' | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Singular''' | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Plural''' | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Singular''' | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Plural''' | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Singular''' | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Plural''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Nominative''' | |||
| xin'''tli''' || xin'''ek''' || cha'''lli''' || cha'''lek''' || uzga'''rri''' || uzga'''rek''' || yao'''tli''' || yao'''hek''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Genitive''' | |||
| xin'''o''' || xin'''ok''' || cha'''lo''' || cha'''lok''' || uzga'''ro''' || uzga'''rok''' || yao'''ho''' || yao'''hok''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Dative''' | |||
| xin'''ur''' || xin'''uri''' || cha'''lur''' || cha'''luri''' || uzga'''rur''' || uzga'''ruri''' || yao'''hur''' || yao'''huri''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Accusative''' | |||
| xin'''eo''' || xin'''eok''' || cha'''leo''' || cha'''leok''' || uzga'''reo''' || uzga'''reok''' || yao'''heo''' || yao'''heok''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Predicative''' | |||
| xin'''en''' || xin'''eni''' || cha'''len''' || cha'''leni''' || uzga'''ren''' || uzga'''reni''' || yao'''hen''' || yao'''heni''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Second declension==== | |||
Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in ''atl'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | '''''voratl''<br />mouth | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Singular''' | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Plural''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Nominative''' | |||
| vor'''atl''' || vor'''ak''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Genitive''' | |||
| vor'''ea''' || vor'''eak''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Dative''' | |||
| vor'''ar''' || vor'''ari''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Accusative''' | |||
| vor'''ao''' || vor'''aok''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Predicative''' | |||
| vor'''an''' || vor'''ani''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Third declension==== | |||
Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in ''i'' in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''i''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | '''''heri''<br />sun | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Singular''' | |||
! colspan="1" | '''Plural''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Nominative''' | |||
| her'''i''' || her'''ik''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Genitive''' | |||
| her'''ia''' || her'''iak''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Dative''' | |||
| her'''ir''' || her'''iri''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Accusative''' | |||
| her'''io''' || her'''iok''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''Predicative''' | |||
| her'''in''' || her'''ini''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Lexicon== | |||
''Main article:'' [[Xetlaqui/Lexicon]] |
Latest revision as of 05:56, 1 February 2015
Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013 and currently under development. The name Xetlaqui literally means "good language". It is intended to be part of a fantasy setting, being spoken by a human race living in a vast region known as Xinchal or the Hive.
Although Xetlaqui is an a priori conlang, it has been inspired by several natural languages, mainly Nahuatl, Basque, Armenian, Irish and Korean. It is designed to reflect the philosophy of the Hive, also known as Pheyn Yeotl (literally "All is one"), which sees completeness and wholeness as perfection.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | Lateral | Plain | Labialized | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||||
Plosive | p | t d | k g | kʷ | ʔ | ||||
Affricate | ʦ ʣ | tɬ | ʧ | ||||||
Fricative | ɸ β | θ ð | s z | ʃ | h | ||||
Approximant | ɬ | j | |||||||
Trill | r |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Close-mid | e eº | o | |
Mid | ø | ||
Open-mid | ɛ ɛº | ɔ | |
Open | ä äº |
Alphabet
Xetlaqui has its own writing style (which is currently being developed), but can be transcribed using Latin characters. The alphabet has a one to one letter-sound correspondence, even if few letters can be read in two different ways.
Latin script | Pronunciation | Further information |
---|---|---|
a | [ä] | |
ao | [äᵒ] | The stress never falls on "o". |
ch | [ʧ] | |
d | [d] / [ð] | Pronounced as [ð] when ending a word or when followed by an apostrophe. |
e | [ɛ] / [e] | Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent. |
eo | [ɛᵒ] / [eᵒ] | See above. |
eu | [ø] | |
g | [g] | |
h | [ʔ] | |
i | [i] | Never pronounced as [j]. |
k | [k] | |
l | [ɬ] | |
m | [m] | |
n | [n] | |
o | [ɔ] / [o] | Generally pronounced as [ɔ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent. |
p | [p] | |
ph | [ɸ] | Pronounced as [pʰ] in Old Xetlaqui. |
qu | [kʷ] | Always followed by a, e, i or o. |
r | [r] | |
sh | [ʃ] | |
t | [t] | |
th | [θ] | Pronounced as [tʰ] in Old Xetlaqui. |
tl | [tɬ] | |
tz | [ʦ] | |
u | [u] | Never pronounced as [w]. |
v | [β] | |
x | [ʣ] | |
y | [j] | |
z | [s] / [z] | No specific rule about its use as voiced or voiceless. |
Grammar
Xetlaqui is an agglutinative language with declensions for names and adjectives and very few irregular verbs. Nouns and adjectives are gender neutral.
Declensions
There are three declensions and eight cases in Xetlaqui.
First declension
Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant -tli in the nominative singular. The predominant letters in the ending forms of this declension are e and o. Words ending with a vowel followed by a d, g, m, t and th don't have -tli in the nominative singular. Words ending in aotl, eotl or eutl add a h before the other suffixes.
xintli bee |
challi house, home |
uzgarri saw |
yaotli war | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | xintli | xinek | challi | chalek | uzgarri | uzgarek | yaotli | yaohek |
Genitive | xino | xinok | chalo | chalok | uzgaro | uzgarok | yaoho | yaohok |
Dative | xinur | xinuri | chalur | chaluri | uzgarur | uzgaruri | yaohur | yaohuri |
Accusative | xineo | xineok | chaleo | chaleok | uzgareo | uzgareok | yaoheo | yaoheok |
Predicative | xinen | xineni | chalen | chaleni | uzgaren | uzgareni | yaohen | yaoheni |
Second declension
Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in atl in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is a.
voratl mouth | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | voratl | vorak |
Genitive | vorea | voreak |
Dative | vorar | vorari |
Accusative | vorao | voraok |
Predicative | voran | vorani |
Third declension
Nouns and adjectives of this declension end in consonant in i in the nominative singular. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is i.
heri sun | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | heri | herik |
Genitive | heria | heriak |
Dative | herir | heriri |
Accusative | herio | heriok |
Predicative | herin | herini |
Lexicon
Main article: Xetlaqui/Lexicon