Proto-Uralic/O

PU *a_ə

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
*a_ə type 1: F. *a_i, S. *oa_ē (!), Mo. *u(CCə), Ma. *u, P. *uu, Ms. *aaC/aCC, Kh. *a (~ *oo), Smy. *å(CCə)										default
"to be"	*olë-	-	*uĺə-	*ŭla-	*vɤɤl(ɨ)-	vol-, val-	*aal-	E *waL- ~ W *ooL-	*åə-	P. *wa- > *wo-, F. unstressed shortening?
"gadfly"	(*parma)	*poarō	*purəmə	(*parmə)	-	-	-	(O. puurəm)	-	*parə, *parma; cf. "sleep". F. paarma (_rN?)
"to tremble"	*tarkënë- "to stay warm"	*toarkēstē-	*turgəďə-	-	K. tural-	-	N. toorɣ-	*ta(a)rəɣ-	-	No metathesis in OU??
"raft"	*parvi	*poarē(vē)	-	-	*puurj	-	*paara	*parə	*pårV	Smy ← OU?
"flock"	*parvi	-	-	-	-	-	-	*parə	-	Same root as prev.?
"clay"	*savi	-	*śovəń	*šun	K. śun	-	*suwĺ	*saɣɯɯ	-
"cold weather"	-	*joasō	-	*juž	U. juz	-	-	-	*jat	Smy > *a / Ć_. Cf. also SS juoskos ~ joåskos "cold"
"group"	*ko/unta	*kontē	Mk. końďä	-	-	had(a-)	*kaant	*kantəɣ	*kåntə	WU contam. with Gmc *hundra?
"willow"	*paju	*poajōi	-	-	*baď	faɟal(o-)	-	-	*päwə	S. *oa per -o? Not to be conflated with *pojə "aspen"
"horn"	*sarvi	*čoarvē	*śurə	*šur	*śuur	sarv(a-)	*saarəp	*ćärpə	-	← II, Ug. separately?
"bend"	-	NS moagge	-	-	*mög	-	*muuɣəl	*makəL	-	*maŋkə-la > *ma(ŋ)kla in pre-Ms?
"soft"	-	*loančē	-	"lënzë-"	-	laaɟ	*lanćəŋ	*ɭoonćə(ɣ)	-	NB no palzn. in S.
"to scrape"	-	-	-	-	*vuušt-	vaaš-	*ašɣ-	*woočəɣ-	-
"to want"	*hapi--	-	-	-	-	-	*taŋk-	*ɬaŋkaa-	-	*šaŋə- with F. analogical *v > p?? F. *soo- "to grant" ← *suwa- ← II.
"stomach"	Fi. vatsa	-	-	-	-	-	N. vaś	-	-	Weak. Fi. → S. *vāttē. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad
"lid"	*kanci	*koamtē	*kundə	*komdəš	K. kudj	-	-	-	-
"oak"	*tammi	-	*tumə	*tumə	*tu	-	-	-	-
"maple"	*vahtëra	-	*ukštər	*waštar	-	-	-	-	-	Ma. *a / w_
*a_ə type 2: similar but S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *a, P. *oo, Smy. *a / _Ć										palatalization
"butter"	*voi	*vōjɤ	*vaj	*ü	U. vɤj ~ K vɨj	vaj(a-)	*waaj	*wooj	-	~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ? F. via *voojə
"to step"	*askël, *as-tu-	-	Er. aśkiĺa-	*aškəl-	*ooćkVl-	-	*uusəl	-	*asəl
"to receive"	*saa-	NW *sākɤ-	Mk. sajə-	*šo-	K. su-	-	-	-	*tåj-	*saxə. Note assim. only in S/Mo. Hi. u per hiatus
"grass, awn"	-	*kōjɤ	-	-	*kɨ	haj(a-)	*kaaj	-	Sk. *quu < *kåə
"spirit"	*vaimo	*vōjŋɤ	*vajmə	-	-	-	-	-	*wajŋə	F. & Mo. < *vajŋ-ma-. Cf. S. *vājmō "heart"?
"to spread, bed"	-	*vōðō "bottom layer"	-	-	*wååĺ-	aaɟ(a-)	*aaĺ	-	-	P. per class 4, F. vuode < vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Miš.
"river bend"	-	-	-	-	K. voĺ	völɟ(ä-)	CMs *wooĺ	*wakəĹ	Ne. wäej	NB *ĺ?!
"penis"	-	*pōčɤ	-	-	-	fas	-	-	-	or H. ← German
*a_ə type 3: similar but F. *oo / _Rə (= std. PU *oo/*ox), Ma. *o										"long" cases
"to lick"	*noolë-	*noalō-	*nola-	*nŭle-	*ńuul-	ńal-	*ńal-amt-	*ńaLaa-	*ńåə-	F. also cf. *nola "slime". Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"?
"to die"	*koolë-	*koalō- "freeze"	*kulə-	*kole-	*kuul-	hal-	*kaal-	*kaLaa-	*kåə-	S. may be ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death".
"intestine"	*sooli	*čoalē	*śulə/a	*šolə	*śuulj	saal(a-) "thread"	-	*sooL	-	← II *ćālā
"to sleep"	*voodë-k "bed"	*oaðē-	*udə-	-	-	al-	*aal-	*aLaa-	-	or F. < *voota "hide"? *ad₂ə "bed" predicts *ota
"mountain"	*voori	-	-	-	*vɤɤr	orr(o-)	*waar	*woor	Km. boor	~ II *aras — but *w- ? P. *wa- > *wo-. Also cf. *wara
"crust"	*koori	*koarē	*kaŕ	-	K. kɨrś	-	*kur-	W *karə, *kuurəp	*kar	For Se. ker- cf. *kêri
"to whittle, to plane"	*voolë-	*oalō-	-	-	*vɤl-	-	*walt-	*waLt-	-	S. *vōlɤ- ← F.
"ash; heat; flame"	-	-	-	*lom(p)ɤž	*luum-	laaŋg(o-)	-	-	-
*a_ə type 4: similar but F. *o_a, P. *wåå / #_ (bled by prev. two exception classes!)
"sleep"	-	-	*udəmə	*omə	*uunm	aalom(o-)	*uuləm	*aaLəm, *wuuLəm "dream"	-	*aðəma; > *alma in P+Ug? cf. "to sleep"
"shoulder"	*o/õlka	*oalkē	-	-	K. volɨs	vaall(a-)	*waaɣləp	-	*wajk	Cf. BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. "shoulderband". NB Smy palzn
"awl"	*ora	*oarē	*urə	-	-	aar(a-)	-	-	-	← II *ārā (Vo õra)
"slave"	*orja	*oarjē "south"	*uŕɜ	-	U. war ~ K. ver	-	-	-	-	← II *ārya. S. "south"
"to shine"	-	-	-	-	*vååĺ(k)	-	*waĺɣ-	N. *waĹə-	-	*w- ?? Cf. *wïlkə "light"!
"early"	-	-	-	*ažno	*wåådź	-	-	-	-

Std. PU *o_ə

F. *o_i/e-, S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. u(CCə)

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
*o_ə type 1a > Ma. *a/*o, P. *(kʷ/w)ɤɤ, Ms. *aaNC/*aCC, Kh *oo, Smy. *å)										all EU cases with medial clusters?
"hollow, cavity"	*o/õnci	*vōmtɤ	*undə	-	U. udur	odur	*aantər	*oontər	-	*omtə(-rV)
"opening, mouth"	*o/õvvi	W *vōŋɤs	*oŋ-kst	*äŋ	*wɤɤm	aj "lip"	-	*ooŋ	*aŋ	*owŋə? F. aukko ← *aŋa- "to open". Mo. *oŋ → oŋ.
"to chew"	-	*sōskɤ-	*suskə-	-	*sɤɤsk-	-	*taɣt-	*ɬookəL-	#tutə-
"bow"	*jo/?uci	*jōksɤ	*joŋs	*jaŋež	-	iij(a-)	*jaaGt	*jookəL	*jïntə	*-ŋs-. Mo. *oŋ → oŋ
"tail"	*poč(ka)	*poac(kē)	-	*pač	*bɤɤž	far(o-)	*paanš	*pooč	*pånčə	*-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin"
"thick; many"	-	-	-	*čaka(-ta)	K. čɤk	šok	*šaaw	-	-	Cf. Turkic *čok
"net needle"	-	*čōpsēmē	-	*šapš	-	-	*taas	*soopəs	-
"millet; oat"	-	-	*surə	-	*zɤɤr	-	-	-	-	no cluster?
"lung; gills"	-	-	-	*šoðɤ	K. šɤĺ	-	-	-	-	no cluster?
"to dare"	*tohtVj-	*tōstɤ-	-	*tošta-	-	-	-	-	-
""
*o_ə type 1b: similar except F. *uu (= PU *ow_ə?)										coronal or zero-ish medials
"spruce"	*kuusi	*kōsɤ	*kuz	*kož	*kʷɤɤz	-	*kaɣt	*kooL	*kåət	*kowsə?
"root, base"	*juuri	-	*jur	-	*jur	-	-	-	*jår	*jowrə? Smy not ~ F. jaaru
"drape"	*uudim	-	-	-	*wɤɤn(m-)	-	*aaməl	*ooLəp	-	*owðəmə? NB no *ð → ∅ in P. Possibly PMs *aalma > CMs *aaməl
"other"	*muu	*mū-	-	*molə	*mɤɤd *muuket	maaš	*maat; S+E *mɤɤt		-	*mow-?!
*o_ə type 1c: similar except Ma. *u, P. *⁽ʷ⁾ɤ (U+KP /ɤ/, Zyrian /o/)
"to vomit"	*oksënta-	SS vuoksedi-	*uksəndə-	*ukšənća-	*wɤskɨ-	-	-	-	-	Core S *vōksē--, backformation? Or F. *a → *ə / T_T?
"to touch"	NF *koske-	*kōskɤ-	-	*kuške-	K. kos-	-	-	-	-	K from P. *kʷɤɤs-?
"(to) patch"	-	W *tōŋɤ- ~ E *tōvŋɤ-	-	*tuməš	K. *dɤɤm-	-	-	-	-	ŋ/m? Ma. per *a-stem?
"belly, abdomen"	*ko/õktu	-	-	-	*kʷɤt	-	-	-	-
"dry"	-	-	-	*kukšə	*kʷɤs	-	-	-	-	cf. *kôśkə?
"to spend a night"	-	-	-	-	*kʷɤl	haal-	*kuul-	*kaaL-	-
"worm"	-	*sōksɤ	*suks	*šukš	-	-	-	-	-
*o_ə type 1d: indistinct/unclear
"to wash"	*mo/õskë-	-	*muśkə-	*mŭška-	*mɨśk-	moš-	-	-	*måsə-	MaP *u, / m_?
"hole"	*oŋk-	*vōŋkō	-	-	-	-	*waaŋka	*wooŋk	*wåŋkə	F. onkalo cf. varsi : vartalo
"to scorch"	*ko/õrpët-	*kōrpɤ-	*kurva-	-	-	-	-	-	*kårpə-
"knee"	*po/õlvi	*pōlvɤ	*pul-	*pŭl	-	-	-	-	*puəj	Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"thin"	*o/õhut	-	-	-	-	-	*waɣta	*wookəL	-	*wokšə (AA13)
"netstring"	-	*cōncɤ	-	-	-	-	-	*čoončəɣ	-
"hole in wood"	-	*vōwtɤ	-	-	-	-	-	*ooŋət	-	*oŋtə, cf. *omtə
"(to) knot"	*so/õlmi	*čōlmɤ	*śulma	-	-	čomoo	-	-	-
"snot"	*no/õlki	*snōlkɤ	*nolgə	-	-	ńaal(a-)	-	-	-	S. affected by Gmc *snuut?
"spear"	-	-	-	*umdə	-	-	*aaGta	*ooŋtəw	*aŋtə	Tv awtā ← *-ɣt- , WMs *owta/NMs *oowta ← *wt = Ms *-ŋt-? F. *ota better < *woča
"woods"	-	-	-	-	-	vad(a-)	-	*woont	-	S. *vōvtē ← Gmc
"to pin; to sew"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*saalt-	-	*såjtə-
"to oppose"	*to/õrju-	*toarjō-	*tuŕə-	-	-	-	-	-	-	S. "to support". Cf. *tora
*o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u), Smy *o										open syllables with a dorsal medial
"male"	-	*kōjɤ	-	-	*koom	hiim	CMs *kuj, *kum	*kuu₂j	-	*kojə(-ma). Ms. *uuj → *uj?
"to sound"	*so/õi-	*čōjɤ-	-	*ša-kte-	-	†saj-	*suj-	*söj-	*so-	Ms. *uuj → *uj? East *u?
"to find; riddle"	-	-	*mujə-	*moa-	*mååď	mu(u)t	-	*muuj--	-	F. mu/o/õista- "to remember" ← R. мысл- "to think"
"to bring"	*too-	*tōkɤ-	*tujə-	-	-	-	*tuul-	*tuu₂-~ *tuu₁ɣ-	*tå- / *tə-	H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc
"to go thru"	-	*sōŋɤ-	Er. sova- ~ Mo. suva-	-	U. zum- ~ K. sun-	av-	*tuu-	*ɬaŋ-	*tüj-	Mo. *oŋ → oŋ
"bosom"	*po/õvvi	*pōŋɤ	Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov	Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš	*pi	-	*puut	E puuɣəL ~ N poxəL	*påŋə	*powŋə? Mo. *oŋ → *oŋ. Smy ment'd in AA13, reflexes??
"to pursue"	*no/õu-ta-	-	-	-	-	-	*ńɤɤwl-	*ńuu₂/ååkəL-	*ńo-	V -uu-, Vj -ɔɔ-. Ms. cheshirization? Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nŭmala- "carry"
"to experience"	*koke-	I. kuoha-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*ko-
"berry"	Võ pala	-		-	K. pul	boĺoo, boɟoo ?	*pul	-	Sk. *pəl-	Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum"
"steam, fog"	-	-	-	-	*ruu	-	-	*ruu₂	-
"to say"	*hoke-	-	-	-	*šuu-	-	-	-	-
"barley"	-	-	*čuž	*šož	*čuužj	-	-	-	-	substratal? note *-š-
*o_ə type 3: as per *u in WU+P, H. uu, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy *o										open syllables with an anterior medial
"sno"	*lumi	*lomɤ	*loŋ	*lŭm	*lɨmɨ	lom	-	-	*jom-	Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"to bite"	*pure-	*porɤ-	*poŕə-	*pŭra-	*puur(ɨ)-	-	*pur-	*por-	*por-	Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"to blo"	*puhu- *puhalta-	*posō-	-	-	K. puškɨ-	fuu-	*put-	*poLaa-	Sk. puttu?	K. ~ Fi. puhku-?
"bone"	*luu	-	*lovaža	*lu	*lɨ	-	*luw	*loɣ	*lɤ	Mari CV ⇒ long
"mouth"	*suu	*čovɤ, *čontɤk	-	*šu	-	saa-j	*sunt, *suup, *saw?	*so₂ɣaa	*so	*śowə. Mari CV ⇒ long. Check Kh
"new"	*uuci	*oðɤ	*od	*u	*vɨĺ	uuj(a-)	-	-	-	Mari CV ⇒ long. F. length from *wu-?
"(to) coff"	-	*kosɤ(-)	*koz(ə-)	-	*kɨz(ɨ)-	-	-	*kooL(-)	*kot(-)
"to pass by"	-	*molɤ-	*moĺə-	-	-	muul-	Tv mal- ~ CMs *mul-	-	-
"to come"	*tule-	*tolɤ-	-	*tola-	-	talaal-	-	-	*toj-	Ma/H. cf. F. *talla- "tread"?
"cover"	-	NS goaran	-	-	-	-	N. xuri	*kor	-
"lake"	-	-	-	-	*tɨ	√tav-	Tv. too	*toɣ	*to	*towə, not *toxə. PMs *tow? SKh tew
"side"	-	-	-	-	K vɨj	-	*wujəl	-	-	Tv wɤjəl
"hut"	-	-	-	-	U. tɨlɨs	-	*tul	-	-	Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi ← Baltic *tala-
"steep"	-	-	-	-	*ńɨl-	-	*ńultəŋ	-	-
"sleep"	*uni	-	on	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE *oner
Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
demonstrativ stem	*jo-	*jō-	E. ju-	*ju-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE?
""
"to be sick"	*po/õte-	*pōcɤ-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"true"	*to/õci	*tōtɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
""
"to cut"	-	-	-	-	-	farag	*paar	-	*pərå-	Smy. "to scrape", may not belong
"to dry"	-	-	-	-	-	asoo	*taaš	*soos
with Ms. *ɤɤ
"cheek"	*po/õski	-	-	-	-	-	*pɤɤjət	E puuɣLəm ~ W *poxLəm	*påtə
"tusk"	-	-	-	-	*wåådźer	aɟar(a-)	*ɤɤńćər	*eńćər	-
"ghost"	-	-	*čo(v)	-	K. šɤn	-	*tɤɤw	*ɬuu₂ŋk	-	Mo. *oŋ → *oŋ, or *av → ov? Ms. cheshirization? F. huu better ← Gmc
"minor river"	*jo/õki	*jokɤ	Er. jov	-	*juu	joo	*jɤɤ	*jååkəɳ, *jɯɯkɯɯ	-	*jëkV, with S *ë → *u, Er. av → ov? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink/flow?" Ma. *joɣe- "to flow" ← Chuv. jox- "id."
"major river"	*juka	-	-					*jååkəɳ	*jəka	for comparision
*ô_ə (F. *o, Mo. *o, Ma. *a?)
"to dry; rapids"	*koski	*koškɤ-	*kośkə-	*kaške(-)	*kʷååś-/k	-	*kaš (?)	-	*kåsə-	F. → S. *kōškɤ "rapids"
"stick"	*po/?nci	-	Mk. ponda	*pandə	*pood	-	-	-	-	P. also *böd "staff"
"vessel"	-	-	*očkə	*wačkɤ	U. vɨčkɨ	-	-	-	-
"bent"	-	-	Mk. nokəl(a)	-	*ńuuk	-	-	-	-
"grain"	-	-	*norəv	-	K nur(j-)	-	-	-	-
"straw"	*o/õlki	-	*olgə	-	-	-	-	-	-
"corner; to hide"	*so/?ppi	-	*śopə-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"bear"	*o/?kci	-	*ovtə	-	-	-	-	-	-	Cf. late IE *arktos
"to sink"	*lo/?nteh	-	londado-	-	-	-	-	-	-
IE loans
"salt"	suola	-	sal	Hi cal ~ Me ćal	U. sɨlal ~ K. sol	-	-	-	-	← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
"to sieve"	*pohtVj-	-	ponžavto-	-	*poož-	-	-	-	-	← IE *powH-(ta-), *pewH-
"(to) hoe"	*kookka	-	-	-	*kook-	-	-	-	-	at least F ← Gmc *xōka
"group"	*jo/õukko	-	-	-	*juuk	-	-	-	-	← IE *jowkjo; H. ɟakor something else
"gap"	*lo/õvi	-	*luv	*lu	-	-	-	-	-	← Gmc. Mo/Ma better here than with F. *loma
"hook, to angle"	*o/õŋki	*vōŋkɤ *oaŋkō-	-	*oŋgə	-	-	-	-	-	← IE
"side; spouse"	*pooli	-	*pola	-	-	-	-	-	-	← Ru. пол (F may be ← *pälä?)
"protection"	suoja, hoi-va	*sōjē, šōjē	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	← II *sćaajaa
Messy stuff
"those"	*noo	*nō-	nonat	*nŭnə	K. nɨ-	-	-	-	Se. na
"that"	*too	*tō	to-	*tŭ	U. tu ~ K. tɨ	ta-, taa-	*tuu-, *tu-	*to₂--	*tå-
"3"	*kolmi	*kolmɤ	*kolmə	*kŭm	#kuuińm	haarom	*kuurəm	*kooLəm	-	*-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?!
"aspen"	-	-	*poj	-	*pi	-	-	*paaj	#pij
"to flay"	-	*ńōvɤ-	-	-	*ńij-	ńuuz-	Tv. ńooj- ~ CMs *ńuj-			*-w-/*-j-? H. *ńoWə-ta-?
"swan"	*jo/?uccen	*ńūkčɤ	*lokś--	*jükšə	*juuś(k-)	-	-	-	*jä¹ŋkɜ	*joŋćə-, Mo. *oŋ → oŋ; + ŋkC → kC? or *joŋkə-ćə per Smy?)
"pole"	-	*čōlčɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	*səlčə	Bad
"pole"	Fi. vuoli	-	-	-	-	-	*ula	N. *(w)ooɭ	-	OU here under next item?
"pole"	ulku	*holkɤ	olga	-	K. ɨl		N. aawla	N. *oxəL	*uj	for comparision
"straight"	*o/õikëda	*vōjkɤ	*vijəďɜ	*wij-	-	-	-	-	-	S. may be ← F. Mo/Ma *wejä/*weKä?
"buckle"	*so/õlki	*čūlkō-	*śulgamə	*šolkama	-	-	-	-	-	P. *śuul "ski" better ← *śëlka
"to feed"	-	-	-	*wurde-	*vördɨ-	-	-	-	-	Cf. IE *werdʰ-
"to throw"	*loo	*lū	*ĺijə-	*loŋa-	*lɤd-	loog-				WTF is this shit
"to sink"	-	-	-	-	-	rokkan-	*rowt-, N. räɣ-	*raak-	-
"dawn"	*koi	-	-	-	K. kɨa	-	-	-	-	Better *kajə? H. haj, Ms. *kuuj cf. *kaja "sun"
"a fish"	*to/õtki	-	*tutka	*tatə	-	tat	*tokt	-	Sk. tut	East *u?
"cloth"	-	-	-	*tŭɣər	*te/ɤra	-	-	-	-
"hill"	-	-	-	-	-	domb(o-)	*tåmp	-	-	clearly not PU
"birch bark"						tidoo				+ OU per *tana
"many"	*mo/õni	moanɤk	-	-	*-mɨn	*-vAn	*-mən	-	-	Probly ← IE
"to lern; to see"	*o/õppe(j)-	-	-	-	-	-	*waapl-	*waapəɣ-	-	F. → S. *oappɤ-
"to be able; to fight"	*vo/õi-	-	-	-	-	viiv-	-	-	-
"to see"	-	-	-	-	-	oov-	-	*wuu-/waa-	*wë(ra)-	how about *ë
"to reach; to spawn"	-	*joksɤ-	-	-	-	(v)iiv-	-	-	-	F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without
"to go"	-	-	-	-	-	in--	*jaam-	-	Ne. jaam-
"ski"	-	-	-	*ječe	-	-	*jašə	-	-	Bad
"weak"	-	-	-	-	K. rudź-	ross	-	-	-
"to sweep"	Fi. huosi-	-	-	-	U. čuž-	-	*šaaš-	*čaač-	Sk čuuč-← *čåəč-
""
""

Std. PU *o_a

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *uu, H. aa, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å_å
"part; flesh"	*osa	*oańčē		Me. ü/užas	-	aaɟek, ost-	*uunć	-	-	← II?
"fish trap"	*ota-	*oacē	-	-	K. vodž	-	*wuuš	*waač	*wåč	Mo. *oš "city" probably doesn't belong. Sk. *k⁽ʷ⁾ëččə a derivative?
"jaw"	-	*oalōl	*ulə	-	-	aall(a-)	*uuləć	-	-
"to conjure"	-	-	Er. al(s)ta-	*ulte-	-	aald-	-	*aaLəL-	-
"spirit"	-	-	-	-	*kuuĺj	haɟ	*kuĺ-	-	*kåjkə	*-ðʲk-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc
"raw, meat"	-	-	-	-	*uuĺ	-	-	-	*åjå
"skin"	E. kõba	-	*kuvə	*kŭwə	*kuu	-	-	-	*kopå	Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"squirrel"	*orava	*oarēvē	*ur	*ur	K. ur	-	-	-	"*årop ~ *oråp"	(Vo õrava)
"eagle"	*kotka	*koackēmē	*kućkan	*kučkəž	*kuuč	-	-	-	-
similar but P. *kʷåå, Ms. *aa
"house"	*kota	*koatē	*kudə	*kuðɤ	*kʷåå	haaz(a-)	-	*kaat	-	← II?
"ear; leaf"	*ko/õrva	*koarvē	-	-	*kʷåår	harap	-	-	*kåw
"small fly"	-	-	-	*lŭmej	U. ĺum	-	*ĺaaməj	-	-	Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
indistinct
"head"	*oiva	*oajvē	Mk. uj-	*wuj	-	-	-	-	*åjwå
"to bring"	-	*toalvō-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*tåjwå-
"wedge"	*tolva	-	*tulə	-	*tuulj	-	-	-	*tajwA	F. → ??
"hare"	-	*ńoamēlē	*numələ	-	K. ńimal	ńuul(a-)	-	-	*ńåmå	← *ńoxə-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition
"war"	*so/õta	-	*śudə-	*šuðə- "curse"	-	-	-	-	*såjə	S. *soattē ← F.
"quarrel"	*to/õra	*toarō	*tuŕə-	-	-		-	-	*tåro-	Hi. "torle-" ∄ (MZh14)
"aunt"	-	*koaskē	-	-	-	-	-	-	*kåtå
"to go"	-	-	juta-, Mk. jota-	-	-	-	-	-	*jåtA-	*jočə-ta-? Cf. OUg *jaač "path". S. *jotē- better ← B. *judē-.
"to dry"	-	-	-	-	*śuur-	saar-	-	*saar-	-	Ms. *šu(u)r(l)- ← Komi šural-?
"orphan"	*orpoj	*oarpēs	*urəs	-	-	aarva	-	E. uurwɯɯ	-	← IE
"to sew"	-	-	-	*ŭrɣe-; *wʊrɣəm "cloth"	*vuurɨ-	var-	-	-	-	Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"south; day"	*lo/õuna	-	-	-	U nun, lum ~ K lun	-	-	-	-
"to gather"	*korjat-	-	-	-	*kuurjal-	-	-	-	-	may be loan F → P (-rj-!)
"reindeer"	*poro	*poačōj	-	Hi. pučə ~ Me. püčö	U. pudžej	-	-	-	-	← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep.
"to wait"	*odotta-	*oacōttē-	*učə-	*wŭče-	-	-	-	-	-	Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"shaman"	*no/õjta	*noajtē	Er. nuď-ńe- "to divine"	-	-	-	*ńääjt	-	-
"sleigh"	-	*čoanē "last sleigh"	-	-	-	-	*šun	-	-
"hill"	-	-	-	*mŭčə	*muuč	-	-	-	-	*močča, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_?
"wave"	-	-	-	-	-	hab(o-)	*ku(m)p	*ko/uump	*kåmpå	Distinct from FP *kumpu "hill".
"cold"	-	-	-	*juž	U. juz	-	-	-	-
"bent, to bend"	*no/õtko/eda	*ńoackē	*nučka-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"time"	NF *kotva	*koaðvē	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ma. kot "year" ← Ru. год (MZh14)
""
""
West *o_a, Mari *ŭ?, East *ë (P ambiguous)
"man, male animal"	*koira(s)	-	-	-	K. kɨr	here	*kɤɤr	*kaar	*kora	*kojra ← *kojə-ra
"duck"	*so/õtka	*čoaðkē	*śulgə	*šooe	*šuul	-	*sɤɤĺ	*saaj	-	*ś-l → *ś-ĺ in Ug.
"ware"	*os-ta- "to buy"	*oasē	-	*wŭža	*vuuz	-	*wɤɤta	-	-	← IE *wosā, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_. Ms via II?
"to peel"	-	-	-	*kŭðaša-	*kuuĺ-	-	*kɤɤĺ-	-	-
"to dive"	-	-	-	*šŭŋga-	*s/zuuŋ-	-	-	-	-
"to take, to pluck"	*vo/õtta-	-	-	-	U. vɨtɨ- ~ K. vot-	-	*wɤɤt-	-	-	*wolə-kta-?
feat. P *oo
"friend"	-	-	-	-	*joort	-	-	-	#(*j)üruŋ
"dish, chest"	-	-	-	-	*dooz	-	-	*toL	-
"twig"	*oksa	*oaksē	-	*ukš	*oosɨ	-	-	-	-
"space; warm"	*hooneh	-	-	-	*šoon-	-	-	-	-	Or F. ← B. *šānas "side" → "room"
"sleigh"	-	-	*nurdə	-	*noort	-	-	-	-
"narrow; to worry"	-	-	-	-	*šoog	aggod- , oog-	-	-	-	Semantics bad
"to stick"	-	-	-	-	*tooj-	†toĺ-	-	-	-
"to stretch"	-	-	-	-	U nujt- ~ K ńojd-	ńuujt-	-	-	-
feat. P *åå
"cleft"	*kolo	*koalō	-	-	*kʷåål-	halok	*kal	*kååɭ	-	FS possibly ← Gmc
"pig"	*po/õrsas	-	*purćis	-	*påårś	-	-	-	-	← IE
"healthy"	-	-	-	Hi. šu	*šååń	igen	-	-	-	H. "very". Expected P -m?
"to knead"	-	-	-	*lŭɣA-	*lååj-	-	-	-	-
with F *o ~ Mo *o
"wet"	*loppa	-	*lop-aftə-	*lŭp	K lapɨd	-	-	-	-	Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_, unless *u?
"valley"	*lotma	-	ložmo	-	-	-	-	-	-	Phonotax non-Uralic
"bad; lazy"	Fi. nolo	-	Mk. nola	-	-	-	-	-	-	Better F ← S (cf AASL), Mk < *novla
TBS
"vessel"	F. purnu	*pōrnē	-	-	U. bɤrńo ~ K. burńa	-	-	-	-
"to sigh"	*hooka-	SS såagedh	-	#šootVć- "to rest"	-	-	*šëëk-	-	-	Consonants bad. F, S. better ← Gmc *swogan. F. → S. *śōkkē-
"stick"	*sompa	*soampē	-	šo/umba?	K. *zɨb	-	-	-	-	F. ← S. ← II?
"dung"	*sonta	-	-	*šandə	U. zud "mud"	-	-	-	-
"to prick"	F. tokkaa-	-	-	Hi. loɣe-	-	ɟak-	-	-	-
"shallow; to dry"	-	*coakē-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Sk. ča/ëkka-
"yellow"	-	-	*ťuža	-	U. čuž	-	-	-	-	Fairly bad
"1000"	-	-	-	-	*śuurs	-	*šåtər-	*ćorəs		← II *ǵʰasra, independantly?
"tin"	-	-	-	*wulnə	-	oon(o-)	*alən	*ooLnaa	-	better *u?
"lead"	-	-	-	-	-	oolom(o-)	*wuuləm	-	-
"to peel"	-	-	-	-	U. vɤĺɨ- ~ K. *vɔĺ-	*woĺćt-	-	-	-	S. *oalō- ← *walə-; E. *valə- ← *wala- "pour"??
"Labrador tea"	-	ES *olo-	-	-	-	-	*waĺ	*wääĺ	-	Bad. Note *ĺ.
"hole"	-	-	-	-	-	-	N. waapi	-	*wåpə	Loan from Ne. → Ms?
"harness"	-	*vōtɤ	-	-	-	-	*vo/ät	*wäät	Sk. *kuu
"to conjure"	-	-	-	-	K. vom--	†wima-	-	-	-	*wojmɜ-, cf. F. voima?? (should be H. *-w-)
"fat"	-	*jolē	-	-	-	-	-	*jaaL	-	*u ~ *ë/*a?
"good"	-	-	-	-	-	joo, jav-	*jamas	E. *jem, Ob. jiim	-	or Kh ~ F. *imeh
"to stick in"	-	-	-	-	-	ɟak-	*jɤɤkʷ-	*jooɣə-
"plane (tool)"	-	-	-	-	-	ɟal(l)u, ɟarol-	*jar(ɣə-)	-	-	H. *rl → ll?
"friend"	-	-	-	-	-	jaat	*ji/ä/at "with"	*jöt "with"	-
"rare"	*harva	*soarvē	*šurə	-	K. šur-	-	-	*ɬoorəp	#tïrå-	S. "dry tree", K. "to dry"
"go sour"	-	-	-	Me. šua-	U. šut- ~ K. šuź-	-	-	-	-	Cf. čapp
"slow"	-	*ńoacē	-	-	*ńož(jV-)	-	-	-	-
"club"	*nujja, *nuhja
"diver"	-	*ńūNēl	-	-	-	-	-	-	*ńuənä
"to press together"	-	-	-	*nŭmɤrge-	K. ńam-	ńom-	-	-	-
"slime, phloam"	*nola, *nila	-	-	*nalɤ	U. ńɤl ~ K. ńiĺ	-	*ńiĺ- "to peel"	*ńaL	Ne. nal-	Cf. *ńïla. F. also nula
"neck"	-	-	-	-	ńak	-	-	-	Sk. #nukV
"moss"	-	*ńōrɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	#når-	Cf. *ńërə
"to crawl; to grab"	-	*ńoamē-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*ńåmå-
"to crawl"	-	E *ńoallē-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ne. ńalo-	Suspicious
"to tire"	-	-	-	*noje-	-	-	-	*nooj-	-
"nettle"	-	-	-	*nuž	-	-	-	-	Ne. nāca--
"burden"	-	-	-	-	U. nɨpɨ ~ K. nop, nup	-	*nɤɤp	-	-
"piece"	-	*(s)moalō	-	-	-	-	-	-	#mAlå	Rejectable; S ← Gmc
"long"	-	-	-	*kužə	*kuuź	hoss(a-)	*kʷašə	-	Km. kunzu	Cent. *o ~ East *u?
"fat"	Fi. kuu	-	*kuja	*kaja	U. kɤj; U. kwajɨ-	haaj(a-)	-	-	-	Maybe *koxa??
"head"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*ɤɤw(t)	*ååk, *uu₂ŋkəL	#ukə
"road"	-	-	-	-	-	uut(a-)	*ɤɤKt	*ååkət	*uət
"hat"	-	-	-	*upšə	*uźɨ	-	-	-	-	Ma. *u despite _p!?
""
""