Nodrostic: Difference between revisions
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= Phonology & Orthography = | = Phonology & Orthography = | ||
== Alphabet == | |||
== Consonants == | == Consonants == | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Affricate | !Affricate | ||
| || || || /ts/ '' | | || || || /ts/ ''z'' || /tʃ/ ''ż'' || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Nasal | !Nasal | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Fricative | !Fricative | ||
| || /f/ ''f'' || /θ/ '' | | || /f/ ''f'' || /θ/ ''ð'' || /s/ ''s'' || /ʃ/ ''ṡ'' || || /x/ ''k'' || /χ/ ''k'' || /h/ ''h'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Lateral Fricative | !Lateral Fricative | ||
| Line 33: | Line 35: | ||
* /p t k q/ are realized as [p̚ t̚ k̚ q̚] word finally | * /p t k q/ are realized as [p̚ t̚ k̚ q̚] word finally | ||
* /b d g ɢ/ are realized as [β ð ɣ ʁ] after a vowel and before another vowel, a sibilant, or a liquid | * /b d g ɢ/ are realized as [β ð ɣ ʁ] after a vowel and before another vowel, a sibilant, or a liquid | ||
* /k ɡ ŋ x/ and /q ɢ ɴ χ/ are in complementary distribution with the former occurring in a syllable containing front vowels and the | * /k ɡ ŋ x/ and /q ɢ ɴ χ/ are in complementary distribution with the former occurring in a syllable containing front vowels and the latter occurring in a syllable containing back vowels | ||
* /hm hn hŋ hɴ hr hɮ/ are realized as [m̥ n̥ ŋ̥ ɴ̥ r̥ ɬ] | * /hm hn hŋ hɴ hr hɮ/ are realized as [m̥ n̥ ŋ̥ ɴ̥ r̥ ɬ] | ||
* /r ɮ/ are realized as [r̥ ɬ] word finally | * /r ɮ/ are realized as [r̥ ɬ] word finally | ||
* geminated consonants are represented by doubling the consonants | |||
== Vowels == | == Vowels == | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Close | !Close | ||
| / | | /iː yː/ ''í ý'' || || /uː/ ''ú'' | ||
|- | |||
!Near-close | |||
| /ɪ ʏ/ ''i y'' || || /ʊ/ ''u'' | |||
|- | |||
!Close-mid | |||
| /eː øː/ ''é ő'' || || /oː/ ''ó'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Open-mid | ||
| / | | /ɛ œ/ ''e ö'' || /ɜː/ ''á'' || /ɔ/ ''o'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Open | !Open | ||
| Line 53: | Line 62: | ||
|} | |} | ||
* when unstressed, vowels | * when unstressed, vowels become slightly more central | ||
* | * /a/ and /ɜː/ is realized as [ɑ] and [ʌː], respectively, when before or after a uvular consonant | ||
== Vowel Harmony == | == Vowel Harmony == | ||
The vowel harmony of Nodrostic is based on front/back harmony. | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | {| class="wikitable" border=1 | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Front | !Front | ||
| ''e'' || '' | | ''e'' || ''é'' || ''ö'' || ''ő'' || ''y'' || ''ý'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Back | !Back | ||
| ''a'' || ''o'' || ''u'' | | ''a'' || ''á'' || ''o'' || ''ó'' || ''u'' || ''ú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Neutral | !Neutral | ||
|colspan= | |colspan=6| ''i í'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
* a word whose vowels are only ''i'' or ''í'' would take the front variants' affixing | |||
==Syllable Structure & Phonotactics== | ==Syllable Structure & Phonotactics== | ||
| Line 80: | Line 89: | ||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
==Noun Classes== | |||
There are 5 noun classes in Nodrostic. The meaning of the noun influences which noun class it belongs to. They are broken down into two catgeories: animate and inanimate. Within the animate category, there is human (1) and non-human (2). In the inanimate category, there is places (3), things (4), and ideas (5). | |||
==Number== | |||
There are three number in Nodrostic: singular, dual, and plural. The plural is expressed as a suffix added to a noun. The suffixes differ depending on noun class. Singular is the base form and has no endings. | |||
Dual: | |||
NC1: -t<br> | |||
NC2: -t<br> | |||
NC3: -í<br> | |||
NC4: -í<br> | |||
NC5: -í<br> | |||
Plural: | |||
NC1: -ik<br> | |||
NC2: -ik<br> | |||
NC3: -ö/o<br> | |||
NC4: -ö/o<br> | |||
NC5: -ö/o<br> | |||
==Articles== | |||
There are two articles in Nodrostic: the definite article and the partitive article. The indefinite article is assumed from the base noun. Both the definite and partitive articles are expressed are suffixes. They change based on noun class, but not on case or number. It is always the last suffix on a noun. | |||
Definite: | |||
NC1: -ör/or<br> | |||
NC2: -öl/ol<br> | |||
NC3: -in<br> | |||
NC4: -im<br> | |||
NC5: -ing<br> | |||
Partitive: | |||
NC1: -d<br> | |||
NC2: -d<br> | |||
NC3: -d<br> | |||
NC4: -d<br> | |||
NC5: -d<br> | |||
===Case=== | |||
Case is added as a suffix to nouns. It connects directly to the noun stem. Case does not have to agree with noun class. | |||
====Absolutive Case==== | |||
The absolute case is used only with the meaning of the argument of an intransitive verb or the object of a transitive verb. This case is unmarked and part of the noun's base form. | |||
====Ergative Case==== | |||
The ergative case is used only to mean the agent of a transitive verb. The ergative ending is ''-t''. | |||
====Genitive Case==== | |||
====Dative Case==== | |||
====Locative Case==== | |||
====Instrumental Case===== | |||
====Vocative Case==== | |||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
===Intransitive=== | ===Intransitive=== | ||
The argument of an intransitive verb is realized through suffixes added to a verb stem. | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | {| class="wikitable" border=1 | ||
! || | ! || SG || DL || PL | ||
|- | |||
!1 | |||
| -ös/os || -ösel/osal || -ösené/osaná | |||
|- | |||
!2 | |||
| -d || -del/dal || -dené/daná | |||
|- | |||
!3 | |||
| -eset/asat || -esetel/asatal || -esetené/asataná | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Transitive=== | |||
The agent and object of a transitive verb is realized through suffixes added to a verb stem. | |||
''(row = agent, column = object)'' | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! || 1.SG || 2.SG || 3.SG || 1.DU || 2.DU || 3.DU || 1.PL || 2.PL || 3.PL | |||
|- | |||
!1.SG | |||
| -ösipen/osipan || -den/dan || -eseten/asatan || -öselen/osalan || -delen/dalan || - esetelen/asatalan || -ösenéven/osanájan || -denéven/danájan || -esetenéven/asatanájan | |||
|- | |||
!2.SG | |||
| -ösyge/osuga || -dipyge/dipuga || -esetyge/asatuga || -öselyge/osaluga || -delyge/daluga || -esetelyge/asataluga || -ösenévyge/osanájuga || -denévyge/danájuga || -esetenévyge/asatanájuga | |||
|- | |||
!3.SG | |||
| -ösöc/osoc || -döc/doc || -esetipöc/asatipoc || -öselöc/osaloc || -delöc/daloc || -esetelöc/asataloc || -ösenévöc/osanájoc || -denévöc/danájoc || -esetenévöc/asatanájoc | |||
|- | |||
!1.DU | |||
| -ösenel/osanal || -denel/danal || -esetenel/asatanal || -öselipenel/osalipanal || -delenel/dalanal || - esetelenel/asatalanal || -ösenévenel/osanájanal || -denévenel/danájanal || -esetenévenel/asatanájanal | |||
|- | |||
!2.DU | |||
| -ösygevel/osugajal || -dygevel/dugajal || -esetygevel/asatugajal || -öselygevel/osalugajal || -delipygevel/dalipugajal || -esetelygevel/asatalugajal || -ösenévygevel/osanájugajal || -denévygevel/danájugajal || -esetenévygevel/asatanájugajal | |||
|- | |||
!3.DU | |||
| -ösöcel/osocal || -döcel/docal || -esetöcel/asatocal || -öselöcel/osalocal || -delöcel/dalocal || -esetelipöcel/asatalipocal || -ösenévöcel/osanájocal || -denévöcel/danájocal || -esetenévöcel/asatanájocal | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !1.PL | ||
| - | | -ösenené/osananá || -denené/dananá || -esetenené/asatananá || -öselenené/osalananá || -delenené/dalananá || - esetelenené/asatalananá || -ösenévipenené/osanájipananá || -denévenené/danájananá || -esetenévenené/asatanájananá | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !2.PL | ||
| - | | -ösygevené/osugajaná || -dygevené/dugajaná || -esetygevené/asatugajaná || -öselygevené/osalugajaná || -delygevené/dalugajaná || -esetelygevené/asatalugajaná || -ösenévygevené/osanájugajaná || -denévipygevené/danájipugajaná || -esetenévygevená/asatanájugajaná | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !3.PL | ||
| - | | -ösöcené/osocaná || -döcené/docaná || -esetöcené/asatocaná || -öselöcené/osalocaná || -delöcené/dalocaná || -esetelöcené/asatalocaná || -ösenévöcené/osanájocaná || -denévöcené/danájocaná || -esetenévipöcené/asatanájipocaná | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 19:22, 11 May 2014
Nodrostaj
Phonology & Orthography
Alphabet
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | /p b/ p b | /t d/ t d | /k g/ c g | /q ɢ/ c g | /ʔ/ x | ||||
| Affricate | /ts/ z | /tʃ/ ż | |||||||
| Nasal | /m/ m | /n/ n | /ŋ/ ng | /ɴ/ ng | |||||
| Trill | /r/ r | ||||||||
| Fricative | /f/ f | /θ/ ð | /s/ s | /ʃ/ ṡ | /x/ k | /χ/ k | /h/ h | ||
| Lateral Fricative | /ɮ/ l | ||||||||
| Approximant | /ʋ/ v | /j/ j |
- /p t k q/ are realized as [p̚ t̚ k̚ q̚] word finally
- /b d g ɢ/ are realized as [β ð ɣ ʁ] after a vowel and before another vowel, a sibilant, or a liquid
- /k ɡ ŋ x/ and /q ɢ ɴ χ/ are in complementary distribution with the former occurring in a syllable containing front vowels and the latter occurring in a syllable containing back vowels
- /hm hn hŋ hɴ hr hɮ/ are realized as [m̥ n̥ ŋ̥ ɴ̥ r̥ ɬ]
- /r ɮ/ are realized as [r̥ ɬ] word finally
- geminated consonants are represented by doubling the consonants
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /iː yː/ í ý | /uː/ ú | |
| Near-close | /ɪ ʏ/ i y | /ʊ/ u | |
| Close-mid | /eː øː/ é ő | /oː/ ó | |
| Open-mid | /ɛ œ/ e ö | /ɜː/ á | /ɔ/ o |
| Open | /a/ a |
- when unstressed, vowels become slightly more central
- /a/ and /ɜː/ is realized as [ɑ] and [ʌː], respectively, when before or after a uvular consonant
Vowel Harmony
The vowel harmony of Nodrostic is based on front/back harmony.
| Front | e | é | ö | ő | y | ý |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Back | a | á | o | ó | u | ú |
| Neutral | i í | |||||
- a word whose vowels are only i or í would take the front variants' affixing
Syllable Structure & Phonotactics
Morphology
Nouns
Noun Classes
There are 5 noun classes in Nodrostic. The meaning of the noun influences which noun class it belongs to. They are broken down into two catgeories: animate and inanimate. Within the animate category, there is human (1) and non-human (2). In the inanimate category, there is places (3), things (4), and ideas (5).
Number
There are three number in Nodrostic: singular, dual, and plural. The plural is expressed as a suffix added to a noun. The suffixes differ depending on noun class. Singular is the base form and has no endings.
Dual:
NC1: -t
NC2: -t
NC3: -í
NC4: -í
NC5: -í
Plural:
NC1: -ik
NC2: -ik
NC3: -ö/o
NC4: -ö/o
NC5: -ö/o
Articles
There are two articles in Nodrostic: the definite article and the partitive article. The indefinite article is assumed from the base noun. Both the definite and partitive articles are expressed are suffixes. They change based on noun class, but not on case or number. It is always the last suffix on a noun.
Definite:
NC1: -ör/or
NC2: -öl/ol
NC3: -in
NC4: -im
NC5: -ing
Partitive:
NC1: -d
NC2: -d
NC3: -d
NC4: -d
NC5: -d
Case
Case is added as a suffix to nouns. It connects directly to the noun stem. Case does not have to agree with noun class.
Absolutive Case
The absolute case is used only with the meaning of the argument of an intransitive verb or the object of a transitive verb. This case is unmarked and part of the noun's base form.
Ergative Case
The ergative case is used only to mean the agent of a transitive verb. The ergative ending is -t.
Genitive Case
Dative Case
Locative Case
Instrumental Case=
Vocative Case
Verbs
Intransitive
The argument of an intransitive verb is realized through suffixes added to a verb stem.
| SG | DL | PL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | -ös/os | -ösel/osal | -ösené/osaná |
| 2 | -d | -del/dal | -dené/daná |
| 3 | -eset/asat | -esetel/asatal | -esetené/asataná |
Transitive
The agent and object of a transitive verb is realized through suffixes added to a verb stem.
(row = agent, column = object)
| 1.SG | 2.SG | 3.SG | 1.DU | 2.DU | 3.DU | 1.PL | 2.PL | 3.PL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.SG | -ösipen/osipan | -den/dan | -eseten/asatan | -öselen/osalan | -delen/dalan | - esetelen/asatalan | -ösenéven/osanájan | -denéven/danájan | -esetenéven/asatanájan |
| 2.SG | -ösyge/osuga | -dipyge/dipuga | -esetyge/asatuga | -öselyge/osaluga | -delyge/daluga | -esetelyge/asataluga | -ösenévyge/osanájuga | -denévyge/danájuga | -esetenévyge/asatanájuga |
| 3.SG | -ösöc/osoc | -döc/doc | -esetipöc/asatipoc | -öselöc/osaloc | -delöc/daloc | -esetelöc/asataloc | -ösenévöc/osanájoc | -denévöc/danájoc | -esetenévöc/asatanájoc |
| 1.DU | -ösenel/osanal | -denel/danal | -esetenel/asatanal | -öselipenel/osalipanal | -delenel/dalanal | - esetelenel/asatalanal | -ösenévenel/osanájanal | -denévenel/danájanal | -esetenévenel/asatanájanal |
| 2.DU | -ösygevel/osugajal | -dygevel/dugajal | -esetygevel/asatugajal | -öselygevel/osalugajal | -delipygevel/dalipugajal | -esetelygevel/asatalugajal | -ösenévygevel/osanájugajal | -denévygevel/danájugajal | -esetenévygevel/asatanájugajal |
| 3.DU | -ösöcel/osocal | -döcel/docal | -esetöcel/asatocal | -öselöcel/osalocal | -delöcel/dalocal | -esetelipöcel/asatalipocal | -ösenévöcel/osanájocal | -denévöcel/danájocal | -esetenévöcel/asatanájocal |
| 1.PL | -ösenené/osananá | -denené/dananá | -esetenené/asatananá | -öselenené/osalananá | -delenené/dalananá | - esetelenené/asatalananá | -ösenévipenené/osanájipananá | -denévenené/danájananá | -esetenévenené/asatanájananá |
| 2.PL | -ösygevené/osugajaná | -dygevené/dugajaná | -esetygevené/asatugajaná | -öselygevené/osalugajaná | -delygevené/dalugajaná | -esetelygevené/asatalugajaná | -ösenévygevené/osanájugajaná | -denévipygevené/danájipugajaná | -esetenévygevená/asatanájugajaná |
| 3.PL | -ösöcené/osocaná | -döcené/docaná | -esetöcené/asatocaná | -öselöcené/osalocaná | -delöcené/dalocaná | -esetelöcené/asatalocaná | -ösenévöcené/osanájocaná | -denévöcené/danájocaná | -esetenévipöcené/asatanájipocaná |
