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Nodrostæ
Nodrostaj


= Phonology & Orthography =
= Phonology & Orthography =
== Alphabet ==


== Consonants ==
== Consonants ==


{| class="wikitable" border=1
{| class="wikitable" border=1
! || Bilabial || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Glottal
! || Bilabial || Labiodental || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Glottal
|-
!Nasal
| /m/ ''m'' || /n/ ''n'' || || || || /ŋ/ ''ņ'' || ||
|-
|-
!Plosive
!Plosive
| /p/ ''p'' || /t/ ''t'' || || || || /k/ ''k'' || /q/ ''q'' || /ʔ/ ''x''
| /p b/ ''p b'' || || /t d/ ''t d'' || || || || /k g/ ''c g'' || /q ɢ/ ''c g'' || /ʔ/ ''x''
|-
|-
!Affricative
!Affricate
| || || /ts/ ''c'' || /tʃ/ ''ç'' || || || ||
| || || || /ts/ ''z'' || /tʃ/ ''ż'' || || || ||
|-
|-
!Fricative
!Nasal
| /ɸ β/ ''f b'' || /θ ð/ ''þ d'' || /s z/ ''s z'' || /ʃ ʒ/ ''ş z̧'' || || /x ɣ/ ''h g'' || ||
| /m/ ''m'' || || /n/ ''n'' || || || || /ŋ/ ''ng'' || /ɴ/ ''ng'' ||
|-
|-
!Trill
!Trill
| || /r/ ''r'' || || || || || ||
| || || /r/ ''r'' || || || || || ||
|-
!Fricative
| || /f/ ''f'' || /θ/ ''ð'' || /s/ ''s'' || /ʃ/ ''ṡ'' || || /x/ ''k'' || /χ/ ''k'' || /h/ ''h''
|-
|-
!Lateral Fricative
!Lateral Fricative
| || /ɬ/ ''l'' || || || || || ||
| || || /ɮ/ ''l'' || || || || || ||
|-
|-
!Approximant
!Approximant
| || || || || /j/ ''j'' || /w/ ''v'' || ||
| || /ʋ/ ''v'' || || || || /j/ ''j'' || || ||
|-
|-
|}
|}


* p t k q are pronounced as /p̚ t̚ k̚ q̚/ at the end of a word
* /p t k q/ are realized as [p̚ t̚ k̚ q̚] word finally
* r is pronounced as /ð/ at the end of a word
* /b d g ɢ/ are realized as [β ð ɣ ʁ] after a vowel and before another vowel, a sibilant, or a liquid
* a dot accent can be added on ''c g k l n s z'' to show palatalization
* /k ɡ ŋ x/ and /q ɢ ɴ χ/ are in complementary distribution with the former occurring in a syllable containing front vowels and the latter occurring in a syllable containing back vowels
* when before a vowel, a consonant with a dot accent replaces the accent mark with ''i''
* /hm hn hŋ hɴ hr hɮ/ are realized as [m̥ n̥ ŋ̥ ɴ̥ r̥ ɬ]
* doubling a consonant makes its sound longer
* /r ɮ/ are realized as [r̥ ɬ] word finally
* when a voiced and voiceless consonant are next to each other, they both take the first letter's voicing
* geminated consonants are represented by doubling the consonants


== Vowels ==
== Vowels ==
Line 44: Line 46:
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
| /iː/ ''i'' || || /uː/ ''w''
| /iː yː/ ''í ý'' || || /uː/ ''ú''
|-
!Near-close
| /ɪ ʏ/ ''i y'' || || /ʊ/ ''u''
|-
!Close-mid
| /eː øː/ ''é ő'' || || /oː/ ''ó''
|-
|-
!Close-Mid
!Open-mid
| /e ø/ ''e u'' || || /ɤ o/ ''y o''
| /ɛ œ/ ''e ö'' || /ɜː/ ''á'' || /ɔ/ ''o''
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
| || /a ɒ/ ''a å'' ||
| || /a/ ''a'' ||
|-
|-
|}
|}
* when unstressed, vowels become slightly more central
* /a/ and /ɜː/ is realized as [ɑ] and [ʌː], respectively, when before or after a uvular consonant
== Vowel Harmony ==
The vowel harmony of Nodrostic is based on front/back harmony.


{| class="wikitable" border=1
{| class="wikitable" border=1
! || Front || Central || Back
|-
|-
!Close-Mid
!Front
|/øʏ/ ''ᵫ'' || || /oɪ/ ''œ''
| ''e'' || ''é'' || ''ö'' || ''ő'' || ''y'' || ''ý''
|-
!Back
| ''a'' || ''á'' || ''o'' || ''ó'' || ''u'' || ''ú''
|-
!Neutral
|colspan=6| ''i í''
|-
|}
 
* a word whose vowels are only ''i'' or ''í'' would take the front variants' affixing
 
==Syllable Structure & Phonotactics==
 
=Morphology=
 
==Nouns==
 
==Noun Classes==
 
There are 5 noun classes in Nodrostic. The meaning of the noun influences which noun class it belongs to. They are broken down into two catgeories: animate and inanimate. Within the animate category, there is human (1) and non-human (2). In the inanimate category, there is places (3), things (4), and ideas (5).
 
==Number==
 
There are three number in Nodrostic: singular, dual, and plural. The plural is expressed as a suffix added to a noun. The suffixes differ depending on noun class. Singular is the base form and has no endings.
 
Dual:
 
NC1: -t<br>
NC2: -t<br>
NC3: -í<br>
NC4: -í<br>
NC5: -í<br>
 
Plural:
 
NC1: -ik<br>
NC2: -ik<br>
NC3: -ö/o<br>
NC4: -ö/o<br>
NC5: -ö/o<br>
 
==Articles==
 
There are two articles in Nodrostic: the definite article and the partitive article. The indefinite article is assumed from the base noun. Both the definite and partitive articles are expressed are suffixes. They change based on noun class, but not on case or number. It is always the last suffix on a noun.
 
Definite:
 
NC1: -ör/or<br>
NC2: -öl/ol<br>
NC3: -in<br>
NC4: -im<br>
NC5: -ing<br>
 
Partitive:
 
NC1: -d<br>
NC2: -d<br>
NC3: -d<br>
NC4: -d<br>
NC5: -d<br>
 
===Case===
 
Case is added as a suffix to nouns. It connects directly to the noun stem. Case does not have to agree with noun class.
 
====Absolutive Case====
 
The absolute case is used only with the meaning of the argument of an intransitive verb or the object of a transitive verb. This case is unmarked and part of the noun's base form.
 
====Ergative Case====
 
The ergative case is used only to mean the agent of a transitive verb. The ergative ending is ''-t''.
 
====Genitive Case====
 
====Dative Case====
 
====Locative Case====
 
====Instrumental Case=====
 
====Vocative Case====
 
==Verbs==
 
===Intransitive===
 
The argument of an intransitive verb is realized through suffixes added to a verb stem.
 
{| class="wikitable" border=1
! || SG || DL || PL
|-
!1
| -ös/os || -ösel/osal || -ösené/osaná
|-
!2
| -d || -del/dal || -dené/daná
|-
|-
!Open
!3
| || /aɪ/ ''æ'' ||  
| -eset/asat || -esetel/asatal || -esetené/asataná
|-
|-
|}
|}


* ''a å e o u y'' are slightly raises to /ɐ̜ ɐ̹ ɪ ʊ̹ ʏ ʊ̜/ in unstressed position
===Transitive===
* doubling a vowel raises it (/a ɒ e o ø ɤ/ → /ɜ ɞ i u y ɯ/), lengthens its sound, and puts stress on its syllable
 
The agent and object of a transitive verb is realized through suffixes added to a verb stem.
 
''(row = agent, column = object)''
 
{| class="wikitable" border=1
! || 1.SG || 2.SG || 3.SG || 1.DU || 2.DU || 3.DU || 1.PL || 2.PL || 3.PL
|-
!1.SG
| -ösipen/osipan || -den/dan || -eseten/asatan || -öselen/osalan || -delen/dalan || - esetelen/asatalan || -ösenéven/osanájan || -denéven/danájan || -esetenéven/asatanájan
|-
!2.SG
| -ösyge/osuga || -dipyge/dipuga || -esetyge/asatuga || -öselyge/osaluga || -delyge/daluga || -esetelyge/asataluga || -ösenévyge/osanájuga || -denévyge/danájuga || -esetenévyge/asatanájuga
|-
!3.SG
| -ösöc/osoc || -döc/doc || -esetipöc/asatipoc || -öselöc/osaloc || -delöc/daloc || -esetelöc/asataloc || -ösenévöc/osanájoc || -denévöc/danájoc || -esetenévöc/asatanájoc
|-
!1.DU
| -ösenel/osanal || -denel/danal || -esetenel/asatanal || -öselipenel/osalipanal || -delenel/dalanal || - esetelenel/asatalanal || -ösenévenel/osanájanal || -denévenel/danájanal || -esetenévenel/asatanájanal
|-
!2.DU
| -ösygevel/osugajal || -dygevel/dugajal || -esetygevel/asatugajal || -öselygevel/osalugajal || -delipygevel/dalipugajal || -esetelygevel/asatalugajal || -ösenévygevel/osanájugajal || -denévygevel/danájugajal || -esetenévygevel/asatanájugajal
|-
!3.DU
| -ösöcel/osocal || -döcel/docal || -esetöcel/asatocal || -öselöcel/osalocal || -delöcel/dalocal || -esetelipöcel/asatalipocal || -ösenévöcel/osanájocal || -denévöcel/danájocal || -esetenévöcel/asatanájocal
|-
!1.PL
| -ösenené/osananá || -denené/dananá || -esetenené/asatananá || -öselenené/osalananá || -delenené/dalananá || - esetelenené/asatalananá || -ösenévipenené/osanájipananá || -denévenené/danájananá || -esetenévenené/asatanájananá
|-
!2.PL
| -ösygevené/osugajaná || -dygevené/dugajaná || -esetygevené/asatugajaná || -öselygevené/osalugajaná || -delygevené/dalugajaná || -esetelygevené/asatalugajaná || -ösenévygevené/osanájugajaná || -denévipygevené/danájipugajaná || -esetenévygevená/asatanájugajaná
|-
!3.PL
| -ösöcené/osocaná || -döcené/docaná || -esetöcené/asatocaná || -öselöcené/osalocaná || -delöcené/dalocaná || -esetelöcené/asatalocaná || -ösenévöcené/osanájocaná || -denévöcené/danájocaná || -esetenévipöcené/asatanájipocaná
|-
|}


== Stress ==
=Syntax=


Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. However, there is irregular stress. This is denoted by an acute accent on that specific syllable's vowel to show the irregularity.
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 20:22, 11 May 2014

Nodrostaj

Phonology & Orthography

Alphabet

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Plosive /p b/ p b /t d/ t d /k g/ c g /q ɢ/ c g /ʔ/ x
Affricate /ts/ z /tʃ/ ż
Nasal /m/ m /n/ n /ŋ/ ng /ɴ/ ng
Trill /r/ r
Fricative /f/ f /θ/ ð /s/ s /ʃ/ ṡ /x/ k /χ/ k /h/ h
Lateral Fricative /ɮ/ l
Approximant /ʋ/ v /j/ j
  • /p t k q/ are realized as [p̚ t̚ k̚ q̚] word finally
  • /b d g ɢ/ are realized as [β ð ɣ ʁ] after a vowel and before another vowel, a sibilant, or a liquid
  • /k ɡ ŋ x/ and /q ɢ ɴ χ/ are in complementary distribution with the former occurring in a syllable containing front vowels and the latter occurring in a syllable containing back vowels
  • /hm hn hŋ hɴ hr hɮ/ are realized as [m̥ n̥ ŋ̥ ɴ̥ r̥ ɬ]
  • /r ɮ/ are realized as [r̥ ɬ] word finally
  • geminated consonants are represented by doubling the consonants

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close /iː yː/ í ý /uː/ ú
Near-close /ɪ ʏ/ i y /ʊ/ u
Close-mid /eː øː/ é ő /oː/ ó
Open-mid /ɛ œ/ e ö /ɜː/ á /ɔ/ o
Open /a/ a
  • when unstressed, vowels become slightly more central
  • /a/ and /ɜː/ is realized as [ɑ] and [ʌː], respectively, when before or after a uvular consonant

Vowel Harmony

The vowel harmony of Nodrostic is based on front/back harmony.

Front e é ö ő y ý
Back a á o ó u ú
Neutral i í
  • a word whose vowels are only i or í would take the front variants' affixing

Syllable Structure & Phonotactics

Morphology

Nouns

Noun Classes

There are 5 noun classes in Nodrostic. The meaning of the noun influences which noun class it belongs to. They are broken down into two catgeories: animate and inanimate. Within the animate category, there is human (1) and non-human (2). In the inanimate category, there is places (3), things (4), and ideas (5).

Number

There are three number in Nodrostic: singular, dual, and plural. The plural is expressed as a suffix added to a noun. The suffixes differ depending on noun class. Singular is the base form and has no endings.

Dual:

NC1: -t
NC2: -t
NC3: -í
NC4: -í
NC5: -í

Plural:

NC1: -ik
NC2: -ik
NC3: -ö/o
NC4: -ö/o
NC5: -ö/o

Articles

There are two articles in Nodrostic: the definite article and the partitive article. The indefinite article is assumed from the base noun. Both the definite and partitive articles are expressed are suffixes. They change based on noun class, but not on case or number. It is always the last suffix on a noun.

Definite:

NC1: -ör/or
NC2: -öl/ol
NC3: -in
NC4: -im
NC5: -ing

Partitive:

NC1: -d
NC2: -d
NC3: -d
NC4: -d
NC5: -d

Case

Case is added as a suffix to nouns. It connects directly to the noun stem. Case does not have to agree with noun class.

Absolutive Case

The absolute case is used only with the meaning of the argument of an intransitive verb or the object of a transitive verb. This case is unmarked and part of the noun's base form.

Ergative Case

The ergative case is used only to mean the agent of a transitive verb. The ergative ending is -t.

Genitive Case

Dative Case

Locative Case

Instrumental Case=

Vocative Case

Verbs

Intransitive

The argument of an intransitive verb is realized through suffixes added to a verb stem.

SG DL PL
1 -ös/os -ösel/osal -ösené/osaná
2 -d -del/dal -dené/daná
3 -eset/asat -esetel/asatal -esetené/asataná

Transitive

The agent and object of a transitive verb is realized through suffixes added to a verb stem.

(row = agent, column = object)

1.SG 2.SG 3.SG 1.DU 2.DU 3.DU 1.PL 2.PL 3.PL
1.SG -ösipen/osipan -den/dan -eseten/asatan -öselen/osalan -delen/dalan - esetelen/asatalan -ösenéven/osanájan -denéven/danájan -esetenéven/asatanájan
2.SG -ösyge/osuga -dipyge/dipuga -esetyge/asatuga -öselyge/osaluga -delyge/daluga -esetelyge/asataluga -ösenévyge/osanájuga -denévyge/danájuga -esetenévyge/asatanájuga
3.SG -ösöc/osoc -döc/doc -esetipöc/asatipoc -öselöc/osaloc -delöc/daloc -esetelöc/asataloc -ösenévöc/osanájoc -denévöc/danájoc -esetenévöc/asatanájoc
1.DU -ösenel/osanal -denel/danal -esetenel/asatanal -öselipenel/osalipanal -delenel/dalanal - esetelenel/asatalanal -ösenévenel/osanájanal -denévenel/danájanal -esetenévenel/asatanájanal
2.DU -ösygevel/osugajal -dygevel/dugajal -esetygevel/asatugajal -öselygevel/osalugajal -delipygevel/dalipugajal -esetelygevel/asatalugajal -ösenévygevel/osanájugajal -denévygevel/danájugajal -esetenévygevel/asatanájugajal
3.DU -ösöcel/osocal -döcel/docal -esetöcel/asatocal -öselöcel/osalocal -delöcel/dalocal -esetelipöcel/asatalipocal -ösenévöcel/osanájocal -denévöcel/danájocal -esetenévöcel/asatanájocal
1.PL -ösenené/osananá -denené/dananá -esetenené/asatananá -öselenené/osalananá -delenené/dalananá - esetelenené/asatalananá -ösenévipenené/osanájipananá -denévenené/danájananá -esetenévenené/asatanájananá
2.PL -ösygevené/osugajaná -dygevené/dugajaná -esetygevené/asatugajaná -öselygevené/osalugajaná -delygevené/dalugajaná -esetelygevené/asatalugajaná -ösenévygevené/osanájugajaná -denévipygevené/danájipugajaná -esetenévygevená/asatanájugajaná
3.PL -ösöcené/osocaná -döcené/docaná -esetöcené/asatocaná -öselöcené/osalocaná -delöcené/dalocaná -esetelöcené/asatalocaná -ösenévöcené/osanájocaná -denévöcené/danájocaná -esetenévipöcené/asatanájipocaná

Syntax

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