Nodrostic

Nodrostaj

Phonology & Orthography

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Plosive	/p b/ p b		/t d/ t d				/k g/ c g	/q ɢ/ c g	/ʔ/ x
Affricate				/ts/ ç	/tʃ/ ḉ
Nasal	/m/ m		/n/ n				/ŋ/ ng	/ɴ/ ng
Trill			/r/ r
Fricative		/f/ f	/θ/ z	/s/ s	/ʃ/ ś		/x/ k	/χ/ k	/h/ h
Lateral Fricative			/ɮ/ l
Approximant		/ʋ/ v				/j/ j

• /p t k q/ are realized as [p̚ t̚ k̚ q̚] word finally
• /b d g ɢ/ are realized as [β ð ɣ ʁ] after a vowel and before another vowel, a sibilant, or a liquid
• /k ɡ ŋ x/ and /q ɢ ɴ χ/ are in complementary distribution with the former occurring in a syllable containing front vowels and the latter occurring in a syllable containing back vowels
• /hm hn hŋ hɴ hr hɮ/ are realized as [m̥ n̥ ŋ̥ ɴ̥ r̥ ɬ]
• /r ɮ/ are realized as [r̥ ɬ] word finally
• geminated consonants are represented by doubling the consonants

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	/iː yː/ ii yy		/uː/ uu
Near-close	/ɪ ʏ/ i y		/ʊ/ u
Close-mid	/eː øː/ ee öö		/oː/ oo
Open-mid	/ɛ œ/ e ö	/ɜː/ aa	/ɔ/ o
Open		/a/ a

• when unstressed, vowels become more central
• /a/ and /ɜː/ is realized as [ɑ] and [ʌː], respectively, when before or after a uvular consonant

Vowel Harmony

The vowel harmony of Nodrostic is based on front/back harmony.

Front	e	ee	ö	öö	y	yy
Back	a	aa	o	oo	u	uu
Neutral	i ii

• a word whose vowels are only i or ii would take the front variants' affixing

Morphology

Verbs

Intransitive

	SG	DL	PL
1P	-ös/os	-ösel/osal	-ösenee/osanaa
2P	-d	-del/dal	-denee/danaa
3P	-eset/asat	-esetel/asatal	-esetenee/asatanaa

Transitive

row = agent column = object

	1P_SG	2P_SG	3P_SG	1P_DL	2P_DL	3P_DL	1P_PL	2P_PL	3P_PL
1P_SG	-ösen/osan	-den/dan	-eseten/asatan	-öselen/osalan	-delen/dalan	- esetelen/asatalan	-öseneeven/osanaajan	-deneeven/danaajan	-eseteneeven/asatanaajan
2P_SG	-ösyge/osuga	-dyge/duga	-esetyge/asatuga	-öselyge/osaluga	-delyge/daluga	-esetelyge/asataluga	-öseneevyge/osanaajuga	-deneevyge/danaajuga	-eseteneevyge/asatanaajuga
3P_SG
1P_DL
2P_DL
3P_DL
1P_PL
2P_PL
3P_PL