Záren: Difference between revisions
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'' | '''Záren''' is an a priori language, created in 2014 by [[Artaxes]]. | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
Line 150: | Line 150: | ||
* nominative-genetive alignment | * nominative-genetive alignment | ||
* 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental) | * 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental) | ||
* cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, | * cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genitive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive | ||
* number (suffixal): singular, plural | * number (suffixal): singular, plural | ||
* definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite | * definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite | ||
Noun class + Root + Root extension(s) + Case + Number + Definiteness | |||
====Noun class==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | |||
! rowspan=2 | Animate | |||
! Masculine | |||
| t- / te- | |||
| '''tamen''' | |||
| man | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| j- / je- | |||
| '''jamen''' | |||
| woman | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | Inanimate | |||
! Abstractive | |||
| ṇ- / ṇe- | |||
| '''ṇamen''' | |||
| humanity | |||
|- | |||
! Objective | |||
| - | |||
| '''qtem''' | |||
| stone | |||
|} | |||
====Declension==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;" | |||
! Nominative | |||
| - | |||
| '''tkára''' | |||
| wolf | |||
| subject of intransitive clauses, agent of transitive clauses | |||
|- | |||
! Pegative | |||
| -s / -es | |||
| '''tkáras''' | |||
| wolf | |||
| donor of a ditransitive clauses | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| -n / -en | |||
| '''tkáran''' | |||
| wolf, of wolf, to wolf | |||
| possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| -li | |||
| '''tkárali''' | |||
| by / with wolf | |||
| instrument, method, accompaniament | |||
|- | |||
! Vialis | |||
| -ema / -ma | |||
| '''tkárama''' | |||
| through wolf | |||
| way, vial direction | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| -t / -et | |||
| '''tkárat''' | |||
| from wolf | |||
| separation, starting point | |||
|- | |||
! Lative | |||
| -ví | |||
| '''tkáraví''' | |||
| to / at wolf | |||
| purposive direction | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| -uṣ / -ṣ | |||
| '''tkáraṣ''' | |||
| in / on / under wolf | |||
| spatial or temporal location | |||
|- | |||
! Benefactive | |||
| -ur / -r | |||
| '''tkárar''' | |||
| for wolf | |||
| destination, destinative recipient | |||
|} | |||
====Number==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | |||
! Singular | |||
| - | |||
| '''qtem''' | |||
| stone | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| -k / -yk | |||
| '''qtemyk''' | |||
| stones | |||
|} | |||
====Definiteness==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | |||
! Neutral | |||
| - | |||
| '''jamen''' | |||
| woman | |||
|- | |||
! Indefinite | |||
| -me | |||
| '''jamenme''' | |||
| a woman | |||
|- | |||
! Definite proper | |||
| -tsa | |||
| '''jamentsa''' | |||
| the woman | |||
|- | |||
! Definite distant | |||
| -khy | |||
| '''jamenkhy''' | |||
| yonder woman | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Line 160: | Line 284: | ||
* noun class preffixes | * noun class preffixes | ||
* tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive | * tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive | ||
* polarity ( | * polarity (phrasal clitic): affirmative, negative | ||
* subjective and objective persons | * subjective and objective persons | ||
===Adjectives=== | ''[Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Noun class + (Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Tense / Mood + Subject + Object / Theme + Polarity]'' | ||
====Aspect==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" | |||
! Imperfective | |||
| - | |||
| '''vláq''' | |||
| to speak | |||
|- | |||
! Habitual / Iterative | |||
| -ja- | |||
| '''vláqja''' | |||
| to speak many times / regularly | |||
|- | |||
! Conclusive (Durative-Perfective) | |||
| -ny- | |||
| '''vláqny''' | |||
| to say (after long time of the action) | |||
|- | |||
! Perfective (Punctual-Perfective) | |||
| -su- | |||
| '''vláqsu''' | |||
| to say (in short moment) | |||
|} | |||
====Voice==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" | |||
| | |||
! colspan=3 | Direct | |||
! colspan=3 | Causative | |||
|- | |||
! Active | |||
| - | |||
| '''ŋáv''' | |||
| to see | |||
| -ra- | |||
| '''ŋárav''' | |||
| to show | |||
|- | |||
! Middle | |||
| -sí- | |||
| '''ŋásív''' | |||
| to see self | |||
| -ḥú- | |||
| '''ŋáḥúv''' | |||
| to show self | |||
|} | |||
====Tense-moods==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" | |||
! Past visual | |||
| -ṛ- | |||
| '''át-ṛ-''' | |||
| to go (action in past, visible by subject) | |||
|- | |||
! Past non-visual | |||
| -z- | |||
| '''át-z-''' | |||
| to go (action in past, non-visible by subject and unconfirmed to him) | |||
|- | |||
! Present | |||
| - | |||
| '''át''' | |||
| to go (now) | |||
|- | |||
! Future | |||
| -mu- | |||
| '''át-mu-''' | |||
| to go (future action) | |||
|- | |||
! Conditional | |||
| -fý- | |||
| '''át-fý-''' | |||
| would to go | |||
|- | |||
! Jussive | |||
| -ḷá- | |||
| '''át-ḷá-''' | |||
| should to go | |||
|} | |||
====Person==== | |||
=====Subject===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" | |||
| | |||
! colspan=3 | Singular | |||
! colspan=3 | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1. | |||
| -al | |||
| '''qával''' | |||
| I am living | |||
| -avy | |||
| '''qávavy''' | |||
| we are living | |||
|- | |||
! 2. | |||
| -if | |||
| '''qávif''' | |||
| thou art living | |||
| -ify | |||
| '''qávify''' | |||
| you are living | |||
|- | |||
! 3. | |||
| -a | |||
| '''qáva''' | |||
| he / she / it is living | |||
| -ak | |||
| '''qávak''' | |||
| they are living | |||
|- | |||
! 4. | |||
| - | |||
| '''qáv''' | |||
| someone / something is living | |||
|} | |||
=====Object===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" | |||
| | |||
! colspan=3 | Singular | |||
! colspan=3 | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1. | |||
| -la | |||
| '''tsýlla''' | |||
| to let me | |||
| -va | |||
| '''tsýlva''' | |||
| to let us | |||
|- | |||
! 2. | |||
| -fi | |||
| '''tsýlfi''' | |||
| to let thee | |||
| -fe | |||
| '''tsýlfe''' | |||
| to let you | |||
|- | |||
! 3. | |||
| -t | |||
| '''tsýlt''' | |||
| to let him / her / it | |||
| -ta | |||
| '''tsýlta''' | |||
| to let them | |||
|- | |||
! 4. | |||
| - | |||
| '''tsýl''' | |||
| to let someone / something | |||
|} | |||
=====Theme===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" | |||
| | |||
! colspan=3 | Singular | |||
! colspan=3 | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1. | |||
| -je / -j | |||
| '''ṭṣáje''' | |||
| give to me | |||
| -ma / -m | |||
| '''ṭṣáma''' | |||
| give to us | |||
|- | |||
! 2. | |||
| -he / -h | |||
| '''ṭṣáhe''' | |||
| give to thee | |||
| -ṣa / -ṣ | |||
| '''ṭṣáṣa''' | |||
| give to you | |||
|- | |||
! 3. | |||
| -tsu | |||
| '''ṭṣátsu''' | |||
| give to him / her / it | |||
| -tsuk | |||
| '''ṭṣátsuk''' | |||
| give to them | |||
|- | |||
! 4. | |||
| -ṇi | |||
| '''ṭṣáṇi''' | |||
| give to someone / something | |||
|} | |||
====Polarity==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | |||
! Affirmative | |||
| - | |||
| '''khín''' | |||
| to know | |||
|- | |||
! Negative | |||
| -aŋ / -ŋ | |||
| '''khínaŋ''' | |||
| don't to know | |||
|} | |||
====Non-finite verbs==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | |||
! Action noun | |||
| ṇ-...-tý | |||
| '''ṇŋávtý''' | |||
| vision, seeing | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles | |||
|- | |||
! Adjectival | |||
| -tu | |||
| '''-ŋávtu''' | |||
| seeing | |||
|- | |||
! Adverbial | |||
| l(e)-...-tu | |||
| '''lŋávtu''' | |||
| seeing | |||
|} | |||
===Adjectives and adverbs=== | |||
* three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative | * three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative | ||
====Degrees of comparison==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
! colspan=3 | Positive | |||
! colspan=3 | Comparative | |||
! colspan=3 | Superlative | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=3 | - | |||
| '''-ány''' | |||
| good | |||
| rowspan=3 | -khe / -ekhe | |||
| '''-ánykhe''' | |||
| better | |||
| rowspan=3 | -rta / -erta | |||
| '''-ányrta''' | |||
| best | |||
|- | |||
| '''-pfaŋkh''' | |||
| strong | |||
| '''-pfaŋkhekhe''' | |||
| stronger | |||
| '''-pfaŋkherta''' | |||
| strongest | |||
|- | |||
| '''-ḥarpfis''' | |||
| equine | |||
| '''-ḥarpfiskhe''' | |||
| more equine | |||
| '''-ḥarpfiserta''' | |||
| most equine | |||
|} | |||
====Formation of adverbs==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" | |||
! colspan=2 | Basal adjective | |||
! colspan=3 | Derived adverb | |||
|- | |||
| '''-ány''' | |||
| good | |||
| rowspan=3 | l- / le- | |||
| '''lány''' | |||
| well | |||
|- | |||
| '''-pfaŋkh''' | |||
| strong | |||
| '''lepfaŋkh''' | |||
| strongly | |||
|- | |||
| '''-ḥarpfis''' | |||
| equine | |||
| '''leḥarpfis''' | |||
| like / as horse | |||
|} | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
====Cardinal numerals==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" | |||
! 1. | |||
| ájve | |||
|- | |||
! 2. | |||
| paṛí | |||
|- | |||
! 3. | |||
| tapat | |||
|- | |||
! 4. | |||
| dyrja | |||
|- | |||
! 5. | |||
| sopor | |||
|- | |||
! 6. | |||
| páluq | |||
|- | |||
! 7. | |||
| ptáte | |||
|- | |||
! 8. | |||
| satka | |||
|- | |||
! 9. | |||
| qlafa | |||
|- | |||
! 10. | |||
| toṛq | |||
|- | |||
! 11. | |||
| toṛqájve | |||
|- | |||
! 12. | |||
| toṛqpaṛí | |||
|- | |||
! 20. | |||
| paṛítoṛq | |||
|- | |||
! 21. | |||
| paṛítoṛqájve | |||
|- | |||
! 30 | |||
| tapattoṛq | |||
|- | |||
! 100. | |||
| nantor | |||
|- | |||
! 101. | |||
| nantorájve | |||
|- | |||
! 120. | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛq | |||
|- | |||
! 121. | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájve | |||
|- | |||
! 200. | |||
| paṛínantor | |||
|- | |||
! 1.000. | |||
| toṛqnantor | |||
|- | |||
! 10.000. | |||
| toṛqtoṛqnantor | |||
|} | |||
====Derived numerals==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
| rowspan=2 | | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Multiplicative | |||
! Reproductive | |||
! Distributive | |||
! Fractional | |||
|- | |||
! ''-ty'' | |||
! ''-táj'' | |||
! ''-sot'' | |||
! ''-lín'' | |||
! ''-mé'' | |||
|- | |||
! 1. | |||
| ájvety | |||
| ájvetáj | |||
| ájvesot | |||
| ájvelín | |||
| ájvemé | |||
|- | |||
! 10. | |||
| toṛqty | |||
| toṛqtáj | |||
| toṛqsot | |||
| toṛqlín | |||
| toṛqmé | |||
|- | |||
! 11. | |||
| toṛqájvety | |||
| toṛqájvetáj | |||
| toṛqájvesot | |||
| toṛqájvelín | |||
| toṛqájvemé | |||
|- | |||
! 20. | |||
| paṛítoṛqty | |||
| paṛítoṛqtáj | |||
| paṛítoṛqsot | |||
| paṛítoṛqlín | |||
| paṛítoṛqmé | |||
|- | |||
! 21. | |||
| paṛítoṛqájvety | |||
| paṛítoṛqájvetáj | |||
| paṛítoṛqájvesot | |||
| paṛítoṛqájvelín | |||
| paṛítoṛqájvemé | |||
|- | |||
! 100. | |||
| nantorty | |||
| nantortáj | |||
| nantorsot | |||
| nantorlín | |||
| nantormé | |||
|- | |||
! 101. | |||
| nantorájvety | |||
| nantorájvetáj | |||
| nantorájvesot | |||
| nantorájvelín | |||
| nantorájvemé | |||
|- | |||
! 120. | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛqty | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛqtáj | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛqsot | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛqlín | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛqmé | |||
|- | |||
! 121. | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájvety | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájvetáj | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájvesot | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájvelín | |||
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájvemé | |||
|- | |||
! 200. | |||
| paṛínantorty | |||
| paṛínantortáj | |||
| paṛínantorsot | |||
| paṛínantorlín | |||
| paṛínantormé | |||
|- | |||
! 1000. | |||
| toṛqnantorty | |||
| toṛqnantortáj | |||
| toṛqnantorsot | |||
| toṛqnantorlín | |||
| toṛqnantormé | |||
|- | |||
! 10.000. | |||
| toṛqtoṛqnantorty | |||
| toṛqtoṛqnantortáj | |||
| toṛqtoṛqnantorsot | |||
| toṛqtoṛqnantorlín | |||
| toṛqtoṛqnantormé | |||
|} | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Line 172: | Line 758: | ||
* subjugating hierarchy (suffixal) | * subjugating hierarchy (suffixal) | ||
* plural roots | * plural roots | ||
====Personal pronouns==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | |||
| | |||
! colspan=2 | Singular | |||
! colspan=2 | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1. | |||
| '''lá''' | |||
| I | |||
| '''nán''' | |||
| we | |||
|- | |||
! 2. | |||
| '''fú''' | |||
| thou | |||
| '''fýn''' | |||
| you | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | 3. | |||
| '''tar''' | |||
| he | |||
| '''tary''' | |||
| rowspan=4 | they | |||
|- | |||
| '''jar''' | |||
| she | |||
| '''jary''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''ṇar''' | |||
| it (abstract) | |||
| '''ṇary''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''ar''' | |||
| it (object) | |||
| '''ary''' | |||
|- | |||
! 4. | |||
| '''é''' | |||
| someone / something | |||
|} | |||
=====Subjugating hierarchy===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 | | |||
! Subordinating | |||
! Equal | |||
! Subordinated | |||
|- | |||
! -na / -n | |||
! - | |||
! -ts | |||
|- | |||
! I | |||
| lána | |||
| lá | |||
| láts | |||
|- | |||
! thou | |||
| fúna | |||
| fú | |||
| fúts | |||
|- | |||
! he | |||
| tarna | |||
| tar | |||
| tarts | |||
|- | |||
! she | |||
| jarna | |||
| jar | |||
| jarts | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | it | |||
| ṇarna | |||
| ṇar | |||
| ṇarts | |||
|- | |||
| arna | |||
| ar | |||
| arts | |||
|- | |||
! someone / something | |||
| éna | |||
| é | |||
| éts | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=4 | | |||
|- | |||
! we | |||
| nánna | |||
| nán | |||
| nánts | |||
|- | |||
! you | |||
| fýnna | |||
| fýn | |||
| fýnts | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | they | |||
| taryn | |||
| tary | |||
| taryts | |||
|- | |||
| jaryn | |||
| jary | |||
| jaryts | |||
|- | |||
| ṇaryn | |||
| ṇary | |||
| ṇaryts | |||
|- | |||
| aryn | |||
| ary | |||
| aryts | |||
|} | |||
====Possessive pronouns==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | |||
| | |||
! colspan=2 | Singular | |||
! colspan=2 | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1. | |||
| '''-lás''' | |||
| my | |||
| '''-náns''' | |||
| our | |||
|- | |||
! 2. | |||
| '''-fús''' | |||
| thy | |||
| '''-fýns''' | |||
| your | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | 3. | |||
| '''-tars''' | |||
| his | |||
| '''-tarys''' | |||
| rowspan=4 | their | |||
|- | |||
| '''-jars''' | |||
| her | |||
| '''-jarys''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''-ṇars''' | |||
| its (abstract) | |||
| '''-ṇarys''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''-ars''' | |||
| its (object) | |||
| '''-arys''' | |||
|- | |||
! 4. | |||
| '''-és''' | |||
| someone / something else's | |||
|} | |||
====Demonstrative pronouns==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
! colspan=2 | Proper | |||
! colspan=2 | Distant | |||
! colspan=2 | Indefinite | |||
|- | |||
! Place | |||
| '''taltsa''' | |||
| here | |||
| '''talkhy''' | |||
| there | |||
| '''talme''' | |||
| somewhere there | |||
|- | |||
! Source | |||
| '''kitaltsa''' | |||
| from here | |||
| '''kitalkhy''' | |||
| from there | |||
| '''kitalme''' | |||
| from somewhere there | |||
|- | |||
! Purpose direction | |||
| '''vítaltsa''' | |||
| to here | |||
| '''vítalkhy''' | |||
| to there, so far | |||
| '''vítalme''' | |||
| to somewhere there | |||
|- | |||
! Path | |||
| '''výstsa''' | |||
| this way | |||
| '''výskhy''' | |||
| that way | |||
| '''výsme''' | |||
| some way | |||
|- | |||
! Time | |||
| '''sjáŋtsa''' | |||
| now | |||
| '''sjáŋkhy''' | |||
| then | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
! Method | |||
| '''lyáktsa''' | |||
| in this way | |||
| '''lyákkhy''' | |||
| in that way | |||
| '''lyákme''' | |||
| in some way | |||
|- | |||
! Quantity | |||
| '''xúltsa''' | |||
| so much | |||
|- | |||
! Qualify | |||
| '''éṭṣtsa''' | |||
| like this here | |||
| '''éṭṣkhy''' | |||
| like that | |||
| '''éṭṣme''' | |||
| like something there | |||
|- | |||
! Reason | |||
| '''kázartsa''' | |||
| for this reason | |||
| '''kázarkhy''' | |||
| for that reason | |||
| '''kázarme''' | |||
| for some reason | |||
|} | |||
====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative | |||
! colspan=2 | Indefinite | |||
! colspan=2 | Unlimited | |||
|- | |||
! Person / Object | |||
| '''-qha''' | |||
| who ? which ? | |||
| '''-éhe''' | |||
| someone | |||
| '''-qharý''' | |||
| anyone | |||
|- | |||
! Place | |||
| '''qhatal''' | |||
| where ? | |||
| '''éhetal''' | |||
| somewhere | |||
| '''-qhatalry''' | |||
| anywhere | |||
|- | |||
! Source | |||
| '''kiqhatal''' | |||
| whence ? | |||
| '''ki-éhetal''' | |||
| from somewhere | |||
| '''kiqhatalry''' | |||
| from anywhere | |||
|- | |||
! Purpose direction | |||
| '''víqhatal''' | |||
| whither ? | |||
| '''ví-éhetal''' | |||
| to somewhere | |||
| '''víqhatalry''' | |||
| to anywhere | |||
|- | |||
! Path | |||
| '''qhavýs''' | |||
| which way ? | |||
| '''éhevýs''' | |||
| via some way | |||
| '''qhavýsry''' | |||
| via any way | |||
|- | |||
! Time | |||
| '''qhasjáŋ''' | |||
| when ? | |||
| '''éhesjáŋ''' | |||
| once | |||
| '''qhasjáŋry''' | |||
| ever | |||
|- | |||
! Method | |||
| '''qhalyák''' | |||
| how ? | |||
| '''éhelyák''' | |||
| somehow | |||
| '''qhalyákry''' | |||
| anyhow | |||
|- | |||
! Quantity | |||
| '''qhaxúl''' | |||
| how much ? | |||
| '''éhexúl''' | |||
| somehow much | |||
| '''qhaxúlry''' | |||
| anyhow much | |||
|- | |||
! Qualify | |||
| '''qha-éṭṣ''' | |||
| which one ? | |||
| ''' éhe-éṭṣ''' | |||
| some | |||
| '''qha-éṭṣry''' | |||
| any | |||
|- | |||
! Reason | |||
| '''qhakázar''' | |||
| why ? | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
! colspan=2 | Negative | |||
! colspan=2 | Universal | |||
! colspan=2 | Alternative | |||
|- | |||
! Person / Object | |||
| '''qhaŋé''' | |||
| nobody, nothing | |||
| '''qhakúmy''' | |||
| every | |||
| '''qhafís''' | |||
| anyone else | |||
|- | |||
! Place | |||
| '''talŋé''' | |||
| nowhere | |||
| '''talkúmy''' | |||
| everywhere | |||
| '''talfís''' | |||
| elswhere | |||
|- | |||
! Source | |||
| '''kitalŋé''' | |||
| from nowhere | |||
| '''kitalkúmy''' | |||
| from everywhere | |||
| '''kitalfís''' | |||
| from elswhere | |||
|- | |||
! Purpose direction | |||
| '''vítalŋé''' | |||
| to nowhere | |||
| '''vítalkúmy''' | |||
| to everywhere | |||
| '''vítalfís''' | |||
| to elswhere | |||
|- | |||
! Path | |||
| '''výsŋé''' | |||
| through no way | |||
| '''výskúmy''' | |||
| through all ways | |||
| '''výsfís''' | |||
| which way else | |||
|- | |||
! Time | |||
| '''sjáŋŋé''' | |||
| never | |||
| '''sjáŋkúmy''' | |||
| always | |||
| '''sjáŋfís''' | |||
| when else | |||
|- | |||
! Method | |||
| '''lyákŋé''' | |||
| nohow | |||
| '''lyákkúmy''' | |||
| in all methods | |||
| '''lyákfís''' | |||
| otherwise | |||
|- | |||
! Quantity | |||
| '''xúlŋé''' | |||
| nothing | |||
| '''xúlfís''' | |||
| otherwise than so many | |||
|- | |||
! Quality | |||
| '''éṭṣŋé''' | |||
| neuter, indistinct | |||
| '''éṭṣkúmy''' | |||
| any | |||
| '''éṭṣfís''' | |||
| other | |||
|} | |||
====Numeral pronouns==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" | |||
|- | |||
! Interrogative / Relative | |||
| '''qhaxúl''' | |||
| how much ? | |||
|- | |||
! Indefinite | |||
| '''éhexúl''' | |||
| write a number | |||
|- | |||
! Unlimited | |||
| '''qhaxúlry''' | |||
| however many | |||
|- | |||
! Negative | |||
| '''xúlŋé''' | |||
| nothing | |||
|- | |||
! Alternative | |||
| '''xúlfís''' | |||
| otherwise than so many | |||
|} | |||
====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" | |||
|- | |||
! Reflexive | |||
| '''hy''' | |||
| oneself | |||
|- | |||
! Reciprocal | |||
| '''páṛhy''' | |||
| each other | |||
|- | |||
! Cooperative | |||
| '''hysu''' | |||
| together cooperatively | |||
|} | |||
===Adpositions=== | ===Adpositions=== | ||
Line 177: | Line 1,210: | ||
* postpositions and prepositions (mixed system) | * postpositions and prepositions (mixed system) | ||
* conjugable by subjective person | * conjugable by subjective person | ||
====Spatials and directionals==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | ú | |||
| in, inside | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from inside | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to inside | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | uṇ | |||
| on | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from on | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to on | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | úqhuṛ | |||
| above | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from above | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to above | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | úqúḷ | |||
| under | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from under | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to under | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | khúl | |||
| beside | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from beside | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to beside | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | táŋ | |||
| away | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from away | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to away | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | úpeṛíṣ | |||
| between | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from between | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to between | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | uṇkipf | |||
| behind | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from behind | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to behind | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | zé | |||
| out | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from out | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to out | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | uṇpuḷ | |||
| around | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from around | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to around | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | ṭśáḥ | |||
| before, opposite to | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from before, from opposite to | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to before, to opposite to | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | úsjáŋ | |||
| during, in time of | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from time of | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to time of | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | ṭu | |||
| after | |||
! Locative | |||
|- | |||
| from after | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
| to after | |||
! Lative | |||
|} | |||
====Postpositions==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" | |||
|- | |||
! Companion, attributive object | |||
| '''su''' | |||
| with | |||
! Instrumental | |||
|- | |||
! Material, substantion, origin | |||
| '''ki''' | |||
| from | |||
! Ablative | |||
|- | |||
! Lack | |||
| '''has''' | |||
| without | |||
! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! Alternative | |||
| '''kital''' | |||
| instead | |||
! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! Contrary | |||
| '''úṭṣáḥ''' | |||
| against | |||
! Lative | |||
|- | |||
! Resistance | |||
| '''latsi''' | |||
| despite, though | |||
! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! Stylization | |||
| '''tsíṇ''' | |||
| along to, according to | |||
! Instrumental | |||
|} | |||
===Particles=== | |||
====Conjunctions==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 360px;" | |||
! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions | |||
|- | |||
! Copulative | |||
| '''ý''' | |||
| and | |||
|- | |||
! Conjunctive | |||
| '''ýsa''' | |||
| also | |||
|- | |||
! Disjunctive | |||
| '''bi''' | |||
| or | |||
|- | |||
! Contrastive, exceptional | |||
| '''ýṭe''' | |||
| but | |||
|- | |||
! Consequentive | |||
| '''sa''' | |||
| so | |||
|- | |||
! Comparative | |||
| '''ku''' | |||
| than | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | '''kiŋe''' | |||
| to, for | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | '''tjéṇ''' | |||
| althought | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | '''kjéṛi''' | |||
| because | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | '''unu''' | |||
| if | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | '''nýn''' | |||
| that, providing | |||
|} | |||
====Modifiers==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | |||
! Restrictive | |||
| '''lájve''' | |||
| only | |||
|- | |||
! Additive | |||
| '''lím''' | |||
| yet | |||
|} | |||
====Polarity particles==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | |||
! Affirmative | |||
| '''ha''' | |||
| yes | |||
|- | |||
! Negative<sup>1</sup> | |||
| '''ŋé''' | |||
| no | |||
|} | |||
<sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. | |||
==Word formation== | |||
===Compounding=== | |||
===Derivation=== | |||
====Noun==== | |||
===== Noun to noun===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
|- | |||
! Diminutive | |||
| '''-líl''' | |||
| '''jeserél''' → '''jeseréllíl''' | |||
| daughter → little daughter | |||
|- | |||
! Augmentative | |||
| '''-kúk''' | |||
| '''ṭúpf''' → '''ṭúpfkúk''' | |||
| mountain → grand mountain | |||
|- | |||
! Contradiction | |||
| '''-ŋé''' | |||
| '''amen''' → '''-amenŋé''' | |||
| human → non-human | |||
|- | |||
! Similarity | |||
| '''-stá''' | |||
| '''ṭýṛe''' → '''ṭýṛestá''' | |||
| tree → pseudo-tree | |||
|- | |||
! Half | |||
| '''-kjats''' | |||
| '''tmýrje''' → '''-tmýrjekjats''' | |||
| dog → half-dog | |||
|- | |||
! Relational abstract | |||
| '''-júts''' | |||
| '''tkhakan''' → '''ṇekhakanjúts''' | |||
| brother → brotherhood | |||
|- | |||
! Related person | |||
| '''-ṣí''' | |||
| '''jeknúm''' → '''teknúmṣí''' | |||
| cow → cowman | |||
|- | |||
! Collective | |||
| '''-máḷ''' | |||
| '''tepfúṣ''' → '''tepfúṣmáḷ''' | |||
| bird → birds (a a collective) | |||
|- | |||
! Place | |||
| '''-tal''' | |||
| '''týpf''' → '''týpftal''' | |||
| fire → campfire | |||
|- | |||
! Art / Craft | |||
| '''-lahten''' | |||
| '''kásmá''' → '''kásmálahten''' | |||
| war → craft of war | |||
|- | |||
! Knowledge | |||
| '''-ŋýze''' | |||
| '''tréme''' → '''trémeŋýze''' | |||
| herb → herbalism | |||
|- | |||
! Expert | |||
| '''-ŋýze-ṣí''' | |||
| '''tréme''' → '''trémeŋýzeṣí''' | |||
| herb → herbalist | |||
|} | |||
=====Noun to adjective===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
|- | |||
! Possessive | |||
| '''-is / -js''' | |||
| '''amen''' → '''amenis''' | |||
| man → human | |||
|- | |||
! Originative | |||
| '''ki- / kj-...-is / -js''' | |||
| '''ŋúṛí''' → '''kiŋúṛíjs''' | |||
| sky → celestial | |||
|- | |||
! Similaritive | |||
| '''-stá''' | |||
| '''ikaṣka''' → '''-kaṣkastá''' | |||
| cat → felid | |||
|- | |||
! Feature | |||
| '''-isis / -jsis''' | |||
| '''fele''' → '''-felejsis''' | |||
| hair → hairy | |||
|- | |||
! Affiliative | |||
| '''-is / -js''' | |||
| '''táná''' → '''tánájs''' | |||
| family → familiar | |||
|- | |||
! Privative | |||
| '''-ŋé-is''' | |||
| '''timfa''' → '''timfaŋéjs''' | |||
| tooth → toothless | |||
|} | |||
====Verb==== | |||
=====Verb to noun===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
|- | |||
! Agentive | |||
| '''-ṣí''' | |||
| '''knét-''' → '''teknétṣí''' | |||
| (to) shoot → shooter | |||
|- | |||
! Experiencer, adressee | |||
| '''-leṣí''' | |||
| '''ján-''' → '''jánleṣí''' | |||
| (to) teach → learner | |||
|- | |||
! Result | |||
| '''-mén''' | |||
| '''qhupf-''' → '''qhupfmén''' | |||
| (to) fall → (a) fall | |||
|- | |||
! Instance | |||
| '''ṇ-...-tyt''' | |||
| '''vláq-''' → '''ṇevláqtyt''' | |||
| (to) speak → speech | |||
|- | |||
! Instrument | |||
| '''-lík''' | |||
| '''pfyts-''' → '''pfytslík''' | |||
| (to) beat → whip | |||
|- | |||
! Place | |||
| '''-tal''' | |||
| '''drakh-''' → '''drakhtal''' | |||
| (to) kill → slaughterhouse | |||
|} | |||
=====Verb to verb===== | |||
====Adjective==== | |||
=====Adjective to noun===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
|- | |||
! Abstract | |||
| '''ṇ-...-já''' | |||
| '''rúts''' → '''ṇrútsjá''' | |||
| strong → strength | |||
|} | |||
=====Adjective to adjective===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
|- | |||
! Tendency | |||
| '''-kíla''' | |||
| '''-ány''' → '''-ánykíla''' | |||
| good → bland | |||
|- | |||
! Intensification | |||
| '''-pán-''' | |||
| '''xúlis''' → '''-pánxúlis''' | |||
| big → very big | |||
|- | |||
! Excess | |||
| '''-zíq-''' | |||
| '''-túlu''' → '''-zíqtúlu''' | |||
| small → too small | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Line 182: | Line 1,672: | ||
* SOV | * SOV | ||
* head-final | * head-final | ||
===Copular verbs=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | |||
! Translative | |||
| '''zá''' | |||
| became | |||
|- | |||
! Essive | |||
| '''at''' | |||
| be | |||
|- | |||
! Excessive | |||
| '''ktí''' | |||
| cease to be | |||
|} | |||
[[Category: Conlangs]] | [[Category: Conlangs]] | ||
[[Category:A priori conlangs]] | [[Category:A priori conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 03:56, 5 May 2014
Záren is an a priori language, created in 2014 by Artaxes.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ŋ~ɴ | |||
Plosive | p | t | ʈ | k | q | ||
Affricate | p͡f | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | k͡x | q͡χ | ||
Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ʂ ʐ | x~χ ɣ~ʁ | |||
Trill | r | r͡ɽ | |||||
Lateral approximant | l | ɭ | |||||
Approximant | j |
- p t ʈ k q /p t ṭ k q/
- p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ /pf ts ṭs kh qh/
- f θ̠ ʂ x~χ /f s ṣ h/
- v ð̠ ʐ ɣ~ʁ /v z ẓ ḥ/
- m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
- l ɭ /l ḷ/
- r r͡ɽ /r ṛ/
- j /j/
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
Close | i | iː | ɨ | ɨː | u | uː |
Mid | ə | əː | ||||
Open | ä | äː |
- iː ɨː uː /í ý ú/
- əː /é/
- äː /á/
- i ɨ u /i y u/
- ə /e/
- ä /a/
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
- noun class system (preffixal): Animate (Masculine vs Feminine), Inaminate (Abstractive vs Objective)
- nominative-genetive alignment
- 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental)
- cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genitive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive
- number (suffixal): singular, plural
- definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite
Noun class + Root + Root extension(s) + Case + Number + Definiteness
Noun class
Animate | Masculine | t- / te- | tamen | man |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feminine | j- / je- | jamen | woman | |
Inanimate | Abstractive | ṇ- / ṇe- | ṇamen | humanity |
Objective | - | qtem | stone |
Declension
Nominative | - | tkára | wolf | subject of intransitive clauses, agent of transitive clauses |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pegative | -s / -es | tkáras | wolf | donor of a ditransitive clauses |
Genitive | -n / -en | tkáran | wolf, of wolf, to wolf | possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses |
Instrumental | -li | tkárali | by / with wolf | instrument, method, accompaniament |
Vialis | -ema / -ma | tkárama | through wolf | way, vial direction |
Ablative | -t / -et | tkárat | from wolf | separation, starting point |
Lative | -ví | tkáraví | to / at wolf | purposive direction |
Locative | -uṣ / -ṣ | tkáraṣ | in / on / under wolf | spatial or temporal location |
Benefactive | -ur / -r | tkárar | for wolf | destination, destinative recipient |
Number
Singular | - | qtem | stone |
---|---|---|---|
Plural | -k / -yk | qtemyk | stones |
Definiteness
Neutral | - | jamen | woman |
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | -me | jamenme | a woman |
Definite proper | -tsa | jamentsa | the woman |
Definite distant | -khy | jamenkhy | yonder woman |
Verbs
- aspects (suffixal): Imperfective, Perfective (Punctual Perfective), Conclusive (Durative-Perfective), Habitual
- voices (infixal): Active vs Middle + Direct vs Causative
- noun class preffixes
- tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive
- polarity (phrasal clitic): affirmative, negative
- subjective and objective persons
[Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Noun class + (Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Tense / Mood + Subject + Object / Theme + Polarity]
Aspect
Imperfective | - | vláq | to speak |
---|---|---|---|
Habitual / Iterative | -ja- | vláqja | to speak many times / regularly |
Conclusive (Durative-Perfective) | -ny- | vláqny | to say (after long time of the action) |
Perfective (Punctual-Perfective) | -su- | vláqsu | to say (in short moment) |
Voice
Direct | Causative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active | - | ŋáv | to see | -ra- | ŋárav | to show |
Middle | -sí- | ŋásív | to see self | -ḥú- | ŋáḥúv | to show self |
Tense-moods
Past visual | -ṛ- | át-ṛ- | to go (action in past, visible by subject) |
---|---|---|---|
Past non-visual | -z- | át-z- | to go (action in past, non-visible by subject and unconfirmed to him) |
Present | - | át | to go (now) |
Future | -mu- | át-mu- | to go (future action) |
Conditional | -fý- | át-fý- | would to go |
Jussive | -ḷá- | át-ḷá- | should to go |
Person
Subject
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -al | qával | I am living | -avy | qávavy | we are living |
2. | -if | qávif | thou art living | -ify | qávify | you are living |
3. | -a | qáva | he / she / it is living | -ak | qávak | they are living |
4. | - | qáv | someone / something is living |
Object
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -la | tsýlla | to let me | -va | tsýlva | to let us |
2. | -fi | tsýlfi | to let thee | -fe | tsýlfe | to let you |
3. | -t | tsýlt | to let him / her / it | -ta | tsýlta | to let them |
4. | - | tsýl | to let someone / something |
Theme
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -je / -j | ṭṣáje | give to me | -ma / -m | ṭṣáma | give to us |
2. | -he / -h | ṭṣáhe | give to thee | -ṣa / -ṣ | ṭṣáṣa | give to you |
3. | -tsu | ṭṣátsu | give to him / her / it | -tsuk | ṭṣátsuk | give to them |
4. | -ṇi | ṭṣáṇi | give to someone / something |
Polarity
Affirmative | - | khín | to know |
---|---|---|---|
Negative | -aŋ / -ŋ | khínaŋ | don't to know |
Non-finite verbs
Action noun | ṇ-...-tý | ṇŋávtý | vision, seeing |
---|---|---|---|
Participles | |||
Adjectival | -tu | -ŋávtu | seeing |
Adverbial | l(e)-...-tu | lŋávtu | seeing |
Adjectives and adverbs
- three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
Degrees of comparison
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | -ány | good | -khe / -ekhe | -ánykhe | better | -rta / -erta | -ányrta | best |
-pfaŋkh | strong | -pfaŋkhekhe | stronger | -pfaŋkherta | strongest | |||
-ḥarpfis | equine | -ḥarpfiskhe | more equine | -ḥarpfiserta | most equine |
Formation of adverbs
Basal adjective | Derived adverb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
-ány | good | l- / le- | lány | well |
-pfaŋkh | strong | lepfaŋkh | strongly | |
-ḥarpfis | equine | leḥarpfis | like / as horse |
Numerals
Cardinal numerals
1. | ájve |
---|---|
2. | paṛí |
3. | tapat |
4. | dyrja |
5. | sopor |
6. | páluq |
7. | ptáte |
8. | satka |
9. | qlafa |
10. | toṛq |
11. | toṛqájve |
12. | toṛqpaṛí |
20. | paṛítoṛq |
21. | paṛítoṛqájve |
30 | tapattoṛq |
100. | nantor |
101. | nantorájve |
120. | nantorpaṛítoṛq |
121. | nantorpaṛítoṛqájve |
200. | paṛínantor |
1.000. | toṛqnantor |
10.000. | toṛqtoṛqnantor |
Derived numerals
Ordinal | Multiplicative | Reproductive | Distributive | Fractional | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-ty | -táj | -sot | -lín | -mé | |
1. | ájvety | ájvetáj | ájvesot | ájvelín | ájvemé |
10. | toṛqty | toṛqtáj | toṛqsot | toṛqlín | toṛqmé |
11. | toṛqájvety | toṛqájvetáj | toṛqájvesot | toṛqájvelín | toṛqájvemé |
20. | paṛítoṛqty | paṛítoṛqtáj | paṛítoṛqsot | paṛítoṛqlín | paṛítoṛqmé |
21. | paṛítoṛqájvety | paṛítoṛqájvetáj | paṛítoṛqájvesot | paṛítoṛqájvelín | paṛítoṛqájvemé |
100. | nantorty | nantortáj | nantorsot | nantorlín | nantormé |
101. | nantorájvety | nantorájvetáj | nantorájvesot | nantorájvelín | nantorájvemé |
120. | nantorpaṛítoṛqty | nantorpaṛítoṛqtáj | nantorpaṛítoṛqsot | nantorpaṛítoṛqlín | nantorpaṛítoṛqmé |
121. | nantorpaṛítoṛqájvety | nantorpaṛítoṛqájvetáj | nantorpaṛítoṛqájvesot | nantorpaṛítoṛqájvelín | nantorpaṛítoṛqájvemé |
200. | paṛínantorty | paṛínantortáj | paṛínantorsot | paṛínantorlín | paṛínantormé |
1000. | toṛqnantorty | toṛqnantortáj | toṛqnantorsot | toṛqnantorlín | toṛqnantormé |
10.000. | toṛqtoṛqnantorty | toṛqtoṛqnantortáj | toṛqtoṛqnantorsot | toṛqtoṛqnantorlín | toṛqtoṛqnantormé |
Pronouns
- obviative
- subjugating hierarchy (suffixal)
- plural roots
Personal pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | lá | I | nán | we |
2. | fú | thou | fýn | you |
3. | tar | he | tary | they |
jar | she | jary | ||
ṇar | it (abstract) | ṇary | ||
ar | it (object) | ary | ||
4. | é | someone / something |
Subjugating hierarchy
Subordinating | Equal | Subordinated | |
---|---|---|---|
-na / -n | - | -ts | |
I | lána | lá | láts |
thou | fúna | fú | fúts |
he | tarna | tar | tarts |
she | jarna | jar | jarts |
it | ṇarna | ṇar | ṇarts |
arna | ar | arts | |
someone / something | éna | é | éts |
we | nánna | nán | nánts |
you | fýnna | fýn | fýnts |
they | taryn | tary | taryts |
jaryn | jary | jaryts | |
ṇaryn | ṇary | ṇaryts | |
aryn | ary | aryts |
Possessive pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -lás | my | -náns | our |
2. | -fús | thy | -fýns | your |
3. | -tars | his | -tarys | their |
-jars | her | -jarys | ||
-ṇars | its (abstract) | -ṇarys | ||
-ars | its (object) | -arys | ||
4. | -és | someone / something else's |
Demonstrative pronouns
Proper | Distant | Indefinite | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place | taltsa | here | talkhy | there | talme | somewhere there |
Source | kitaltsa | from here | kitalkhy | from there | kitalme | from somewhere there |
Purpose direction | vítaltsa | to here | vítalkhy | to there, so far | vítalme | to somewhere there |
Path | výstsa | this way | výskhy | that way | výsme | some way |
Time | sjáŋtsa | now | sjáŋkhy | then | ||
Method | lyáktsa | in this way | lyákkhy | in that way | lyákme | in some way |
Quantity | xúltsa | so much | ||||
Qualify | éṭṣtsa | like this here | éṭṣkhy | like that | éṭṣme | like something there |
Reason | kázartsa | for this reason | kázarkhy | for that reason | kázarme | for some reason |
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns
Interrogative / Relative | Indefinite | Unlimited | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | -qha | who ? which ? | -éhe | someone | -qharý | anyone |
Place | qhatal | where ? | éhetal | somewhere | -qhatalry | anywhere |
Source | kiqhatal | whence ? | ki-éhetal | from somewhere | kiqhatalry | from anywhere |
Purpose direction | víqhatal | whither ? | ví-éhetal | to somewhere | víqhatalry | to anywhere |
Path | qhavýs | which way ? | éhevýs | via some way | qhavýsry | via any way |
Time | qhasjáŋ | when ? | éhesjáŋ | once | qhasjáŋry | ever |
Method | qhalyák | how ? | éhelyák | somehow | qhalyákry | anyhow |
Quantity | qhaxúl | how much ? | éhexúl | somehow much | qhaxúlry | anyhow much |
Qualify | qha-éṭṣ | which one ? | éhe-éṭṣ | some | qha-éṭṣry | any |
Reason | qhakázar | why ? |
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns
Negative | Universal | Alternative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | qhaŋé | nobody, nothing | qhakúmy | every | qhafís | anyone else |
Place | talŋé | nowhere | talkúmy | everywhere | talfís | elswhere |
Source | kitalŋé | from nowhere | kitalkúmy | from everywhere | kitalfís | from elswhere |
Purpose direction | vítalŋé | to nowhere | vítalkúmy | to everywhere | vítalfís | to elswhere |
Path | výsŋé | through no way | výskúmy | through all ways | výsfís | which way else |
Time | sjáŋŋé | never | sjáŋkúmy | always | sjáŋfís | when else |
Method | lyákŋé | nohow | lyákkúmy | in all methods | lyákfís | otherwise |
Quantity | xúlŋé | nothing | xúlfís | otherwise than so many | ||
Quality | éṭṣŋé | neuter, indistinct | éṭṣkúmy | any | éṭṣfís | other |
Numeral pronouns
Interrogative / Relative | qhaxúl | how much ? |
---|---|---|
Indefinite | éhexúl | write a number |
Unlimited | qhaxúlry | however many |
Negative | xúlŋé | nothing |
Alternative | xúlfís | otherwise than so many |
Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns
Reflexive | hy | oneself |
---|---|---|
Reciprocal | páṛhy | each other |
Cooperative | hysu | together cooperatively |
Adpositions
- postpositions and prepositions (mixed system)
- conjugable by subjective person
Spatials and directionals
ú | in, inside | Locative |
---|---|---|
from inside | Ablative | |
to inside | Lative | |
uṇ | on | Locative |
from on | Ablative | |
to on | Lative | |
úqhuṛ | above | Locative |
from above | Ablative | |
to above | Lative | |
úqúḷ | under | Locative |
from under | Ablative | |
to under | Lative | |
khúl | beside | Locative |
from beside | Ablative | |
to beside | Lative | |
táŋ | away | Locative |
from away | Ablative | |
to away | Lative | |
úpeṛíṣ | between | Locative |
from between | Ablative | |
to between | Lative | |
uṇkipf | behind | Locative |
from behind | Ablative | |
to behind | Lative | |
zé | out | Locative |
from out | Ablative | |
to out | Lative | |
uṇpuḷ | around | Locative |
from around | Ablative | |
to around | Lative | |
ṭśáḥ | before, opposite to | Locative |
from before, from opposite to | Ablative | |
to before, to opposite to | Lative | |
úsjáŋ | during, in time of | Locative |
from time of | Ablative | |
to time of | Lative | |
ṭu | after | Locative |
from after | Ablative | |
to after | Lative |
Postpositions
Companion, attributive object | su | with | Instrumental |
---|---|---|---|
Material, substantion, origin | ki | from | Ablative |
Lack | has | without | Genitive |
Alternative | kital | instead | Genitive |
Contrary | úṭṣáḥ | against | Lative |
Resistance | latsi | despite, though | Genitive |
Stylization | tsíṇ | along to, according to | Instrumental |
Particles
Conjunctions
Paratactical conjunctions | ||
---|---|---|
Copulative | ý | and |
Conjunctive | ýsa | also |
Disjunctive | bi | or |
Contrastive, exceptional | ýṭe | but |
Consequentive | sa | so |
Comparative | ku | than |
Hypotactical conjunctions | ||
kiŋe | to, for | |
tjéṇ | althought | |
kjéṛi | because | |
unu | if | |
nýn | that, providing |
Modifiers
Restrictive | lájve | only |
---|---|---|
Additive | lím | yet |
Polarity particles
Affirmative | ha | yes |
---|---|---|
Negative1 | ŋé | no |
1 Only in independent form.
Word formation
Compounding
Derivation
Noun
Noun to noun
Diminutive | -líl | jeserél → jeseréllíl | daughter → little daughter |
---|---|---|---|
Augmentative | -kúk | ṭúpf → ṭúpfkúk | mountain → grand mountain |
Contradiction | -ŋé | amen → -amenŋé | human → non-human |
Similarity | -stá | ṭýṛe → ṭýṛestá | tree → pseudo-tree |
Half | -kjats | tmýrje → -tmýrjekjats | dog → half-dog |
Relational abstract | -júts | tkhakan → ṇekhakanjúts | brother → brotherhood |
Related person | -ṣí | jeknúm → teknúmṣí | cow → cowman |
Collective | -máḷ | tepfúṣ → tepfúṣmáḷ | bird → birds (a a collective) |
Place | -tal | týpf → týpftal | fire → campfire |
Art / Craft | -lahten | kásmá → kásmálahten | war → craft of war |
Knowledge | -ŋýze | tréme → trémeŋýze | herb → herbalism |
Expert | -ŋýze-ṣí | tréme → trémeŋýzeṣí | herb → herbalist |
Noun to adjective
Possessive | -is / -js | amen → amenis | man → human |
---|---|---|---|
Originative | ki- / kj-...-is / -js | ŋúṛí → kiŋúṛíjs | sky → celestial |
Similaritive | -stá | ikaṣka → -kaṣkastá | cat → felid |
Feature | -isis / -jsis | fele → -felejsis | hair → hairy |
Affiliative | -is / -js | táná → tánájs | family → familiar |
Privative | -ŋé-is | timfa → timfaŋéjs | tooth → toothless |
Verb
Verb to noun
Agentive | -ṣí | knét- → teknétṣí | (to) shoot → shooter |
---|---|---|---|
Experiencer, adressee | -leṣí | ján- → jánleṣí | (to) teach → learner |
Result | -mén | qhupf- → qhupfmén | (to) fall → (a) fall |
Instance | ṇ-...-tyt | vláq- → ṇevláqtyt | (to) speak → speech |
Instrument | -lík | pfyts- → pfytslík | (to) beat → whip |
Place | -tal | drakh- → drakhtal | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |
Verb to verb
Adjective
Adjective to noun
Abstract | ṇ-...-já | rúts → ṇrútsjá | strong → strength |
---|
Adjective to adjective
Tendency | -kíla | -ány → -ánykíla | good → bland |
---|---|---|---|
Intensification | -pán- | xúlis → -pánxúlis | big → very big |
Excess | -zíq- | -túlu → -zíqtúlu | small → too small |
Syntax
- SOV
- head-final
Copular verbs
Translative | zá | became |
---|---|---|
Essive | at | be |
Excessive | ktí | cease to be |