Záren: Difference between revisions

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''/Preliminary description/''
'''Záren''' is an a priori language, created in 2014 by [[Artaxes]].


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
! Velar
! Uvular
|-
! Nasal
| m
|
| n
| ɳ
|
| colspan=2 | ŋ~ɴ
|-
! Plosive
| p
|
| t
| ʈ
|
| k
| q
|-
! Affricate
|
| p͡f
| t͡s
| ʈ͡ʂ
|
| k͡x
| q͡χ
|-
! Fricative
|
| f v
| θ̠ ð̠
| ʂ ʐ
|
| colspan=2 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ
|-
! Trill
|
|
| r
| r͡ɽ
|
|
|
|-
! Lateral approximant
|
|
| l
| ɭ
|
|
|
|-
! Approximant
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|}


* p t ʈ k q /p t ṭ k q/
* p t ʈ k q /p t ṭ k q/
* p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ /pf ts ṭs/
* p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ /pf ts ṭs kh qh/
* f θ ʂ x~χ /f s ṣ h/
* f θ̠ ʂ x~χ /f s ṣ h/
* v ð ʐ ɣ~ʁ /v z ẓ ḥ/
* v ð̠ ʐ ɣ~ʁ /v z ẓ ḥ/
* m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
* m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
* l ɭ /l ḷ/
* l ɭ /l ḷ/
Line 15: Line 87:


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 250px;"
| rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | Central
! colspan=2 | Back
|-
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
! Close
| i
| iː
| ɨ
| ɨː
| u
| uː
|-
! Mid
|
|
| ə
| əː
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| ä
| äː
|
|
|}


* iː ɨː uː /í ý ú/
* iː ɨː uː /í ý ú/
Line 40: Line 150:
* nominative-genetive alignment
* nominative-genetive alignment
* 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental)
* 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental)
* cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genetive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive
* cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genitive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive
* number (suffixal): singular, plural
* number (suffixal): singular, plural
* definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite
* definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite
Noun class + Root + Root extension(s) + Case + Number + Definiteness
====Noun class====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! rowspan=2 | Animate
! Masculine
| t- / te-
| '''tamen'''
| man
|-
! Feminine
| j- / je-
| '''jamen'''
| woman
|-
! rowspan=2 | Inanimate
! Abstractive
| ṇ- / ṇe-
| '''ṇamen'''
| humanity
|-
! Objective
| -
| '''qtem'''
| stone
|}
====Declension====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
! Nominative
| -
| '''tkára'''
| wolf
| subject of intransitive clauses, agent of transitive clauses
|-
! Pegative
| -s / -es
| '''tkáras'''
| wolf
| donor of a ditransitive clauses
|-
! Genitive
| -n / -en
| '''tkáran'''
| wolf, of wolf, to wolf
| possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses
|-
! Instrumental
| -li
| '''tkárali'''
| by / with wolf
| instrument, method, accompaniament
|-
! Vialis
| -ema / -ma
| '''tkárama'''
| through wolf
| way, vial direction
|-
! Ablative
| -t / -et
| '''tkárat'''
| from wolf
| separation, starting point
|-
! Lative
| -ví
| '''tkáraví'''
| to / at wolf
| purposive direction
|-
! Locative
| -uṣ / -ṣ
| '''tkáraṣ'''
| in / on / under wolf
| spatial or temporal location
|-
! Benefactive
| -ur / -r
| '''tkárar'''
| for wolf
| destination, destinative recipient
|}
====Number====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Singular
| -
| '''qtem'''
| stone
|-
! Plural
| -k / -yk
| '''qtemyk'''
| stones
|}
====Definiteness====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Neutral
| -
| '''jamen'''
| woman
|-
! Indefinite
| -me
| '''jamenme'''
| a woman
|-
! Definite proper
| -tsa
| '''jamentsa'''
| the woman
|-
! Definite distant
| -khy
| '''jamenkhy'''
| yonder woman
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Line 50: Line 284:
* noun class preffixes
* noun class preffixes
* tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive
* tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive
* polarity (suffixal): affirmative, negative
* polarity (phrasal clitic): affirmative, negative
* subjective and objective persons
* subjective and objective persons


===Adjectives===
''[Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Noun class + (Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Tense / Mood + Subject + Object / Theme + Polarity]''
 
====Aspect====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
! Imperfective
| -
| '''vláq'''
| to speak
|-
! Habitual / Iterative
| -ja-
| '''vláqja'''
| to speak many times / regularly
|-
! Conclusive (Durative-Perfective)
| -ny-
| '''vláqny'''
| to say (after long time of the action)
|-
! Perfective (Punctual-Perfective)
| -su-
| '''vláqsu'''
| to say (in short moment)
|}
 
====Voice====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
|
! colspan=3 | Direct
! colspan=3 | Causative
|-
! Active
| -
| '''ŋáv'''
| to see
| -ra-
| '''ŋárav'''
| to show
|-
! Middle
| -sí-
| '''ŋásív'''
| to see self
| -ḥú-
| '''ŋáḥúv'''
| to show self
|}
 
====Tense-moods====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
! Past visual
| -ṛ-
| '''át-ṛ-'''
| to go (action in past, visible by subject)
|-
! Past non-visual
| -z-
| '''át-z-'''
| to go (action in past, non-visible by subject and unconfirmed to him)
|-
! Present
| -
| '''át'''
| to go (now)
|-
! Future
| -mu-
| '''át-mu-'''
| to go (future action)
|-
! Conditional
| -fý-
| '''át-fý-'''
| would to go
|-
! Jussive
| -ḷá-
| '''át-ḷá-'''
| should to go
|}
 
====Person====
 
=====Subject=====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 | Plural
|-
! 1.
| -al
| '''qával'''
| I am living
| -avy
| '''qávavy'''
| we are living
|-
! 2.
| -if
| '''qávif'''
| thou art living
| -ify
| '''qávify'''
| you are living
|-
! 3.
| -a
| '''qáva'''
| he / she / it is living
| -ak
| '''qávak'''
| they are living
|-
! 4.
| -
| '''qáv'''
| someone / something is living
|}
 
=====Object=====
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 | Plural
|-
! 1.
| -la
| '''tsýlla'''
| to let me
| -va
| '''tsýlva'''
| to let us
|-
! 2.
| -fi
| '''tsýlfi'''
| to let thee
| -fe
| '''tsýlfe'''
| to let you
|-
! 3.
| -t
| '''tsýlt'''
| to let him / her / it
| -ta
| '''tsýlta'''
| to let them
|-
! 4.
| -
| '''tsýl'''
| to let someone / something
|}
 
=====Theme=====
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 | Plural
|-
! 1.
| -je / -j
| '''ṭṣáje'''
| give to me
| -ma / -m
| '''ṭṣáma'''
| give to us
|-
! 2.
| -he / -h
| '''ṭṣáhe'''
| give to thee
| -ṣa / -ṣ
| '''ṭṣáṣa'''
| give to you
|-
! 3.
| -tsu
| '''ṭṣátsu'''
| give to him / her / it
| -tsuk
| '''ṭṣátsuk'''
| give to them
|-
! 4.
| -ṇi
| '''ṭṣáṇi'''
| give to someone / something
|}
 
====Polarity====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Affirmative
| -
| '''khín'''
| to know
|-
! Negative
| -aŋ / -ŋ
| '''khínaŋ'''
| don't to know
|}
 
====Non-finite verbs====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Action noun
| ṇ-...-tý
| '''ṇŋávtý'''
| vision, seeing
|-
! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles
|-
! Adjectival
| -tu
| '''-ŋávtu'''
| seeing
|-
! Adverbial
| l(e)-...-tu
| '''lŋávtu'''
| seeing
|}
 
===Adjectives and adverbs===


* three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
* three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
====Degrees of comparison====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
! colspan=3 | Positive
! colspan=3 | Comparative
! colspan=3 | Superlative
|-
| rowspan=3 | -
| '''-ány'''
| good
| rowspan=3 | -khe / -ekhe
| '''-ánykhe'''
| better
| rowspan=3 | -rta / -erta
| '''-ányrta'''
| best
|-
| '''-pfaŋkh'''
| strong
| '''-pfaŋkhekhe'''
| stronger
| '''-pfaŋkherta'''
| strongest
|-
| '''-ḥarpfis'''
| equine
| '''-ḥarpfiskhe'''
| more equine
| '''-ḥarpfiserta'''
| most equine
|}
====Formation of adverbs====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
! colspan=2 | Basal adjective
! colspan=3 | Derived adverb
|-
| '''-ány'''
| good
| rowspan=3 | l- / le-
| '''lány'''
| well
|-
| '''-pfaŋkh'''
| strong
| '''lepfaŋkh'''
| strongly
|-
| '''-ḥarpfis'''
| equine
| '''leḥarpfis'''
| like / as horse
|}
===Numerals===
====Cardinal numerals====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;"
! 1.
| ájve
|-
! 2.
| paṛí
|-
! 3.
| tapat
|-
! 4.
| dyrja
|-
! 5.
| sopor
|-
! 6.
| páluq
|-
! 7.
| ptáte
|-
! 8.
| satka
|-
! 9.
| qlafa
|-
! 10.
| toṛq
|-
! 11.
| toṛqájve
|-
! 12.
| toṛqpaṛí
|-
! 20.
| paṛítoṛq
|-
! 21.
| paṛítoṛqájve
|-
! 30
| tapattoṛq
|-
! 100.
| nantor
|-
! 101.
| nantorájve
|-
! 120.
| nantorpaṛítoṛq
|-
! 121.
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájve
|-
! 200.
| paṛínantor
|-
! 1.000.
| toṛqnantor
|-
! 10.000.
| toṛqtoṛqnantor
|}
====Derived numerals====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
| rowspan=2 |
! Ordinal
! Multiplicative
! Reproductive
! Distributive
! Fractional
|-
! ''-ty''
! ''-táj''
! ''-sot''
! ''-lín''
! ''-mé''
|-
! 1.
| ájvety
| ájvetáj
| ájvesot
| ájvelín
| ájvemé
|-
! 10.
| toṛqty
| toṛqtáj
| toṛqsot
| toṛqlín
| toṛqmé
|-
! 11.
| toṛqájvety
| toṛqájvetáj
| toṛqájvesot
| toṛqájvelín
| toṛqájvemé
|-
! 20.
| paṛítoṛqty
| paṛítoṛqtáj
| paṛítoṛqsot
| paṛítoṛqlín
| paṛítoṛqmé
|-
! 21.
| paṛítoṛqájvety
| paṛítoṛqájvetáj
| paṛítoṛqájvesot
| paṛítoṛqájvelín
| paṛítoṛqájvemé
|-
! 100.
| nantorty
| nantortáj
| nantorsot
| nantorlín
| nantormé
|-
! 101.
| nantorájvety
| nantorájvetáj
| nantorájvesot
| nantorájvelín
| nantorájvemé
|-
! 120.
| nantorpaṛítoṛqty
| nantorpaṛítoṛqtáj
| nantorpaṛítoṛqsot
| nantorpaṛítoṛqlín
| nantorpaṛítoṛqmé
|-
! 121.
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájvety
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájvetáj
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájvesot
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájvelín
| nantorpaṛítoṛqájvemé
|-
! 200.
| paṛínantorty
| paṛínantortáj
| paṛínantorsot
| paṛínantorlín
| paṛínantormé
|-
! 1000.
| toṛqnantorty
| toṛqnantortáj
| toṛqnantorsot
| toṛqnantorlín
| toṛqnantormé
|-
! 10.000.
| toṛqtoṛqnantorty
| toṛqtoṛqnantortáj
| toṛqtoṛqnantorsot
| toṛqtoṛqnantorlín
| toṛqtoṛqnantormé
|}


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
Line 62: Line 758:
* subjugating hierarchy (suffixal)
* subjugating hierarchy (suffixal)
* plural roots
* plural roots
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
|
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! 1.
| '''lá'''
| I
| '''nán'''
| we
|-
! 2.
| '''fú'''
| thou
| '''fýn'''
| you
|-
! rowspan=4 | 3.
| '''tar'''
| he
| '''tary'''
| rowspan=4 | they
|-
| '''jar'''
| she
| '''jary'''
|-
| '''ṇar'''
| it (abstract)
| '''ṇary'''
|-
| '''ar'''
| it (object)
| '''ary'''
|-
! 4.
| '''é'''
| someone / something
|}
=====Subjugating hierarchy=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
|-
| rowspan=2 |
! Subordinating
! Equal
! Subordinated
|-
! -na / -n
! -
! -ts
|-
! I
| lána
| lá
| láts
|-
! thou
| fúna
| fú
| fúts
|-
! he
| tarna
| tar
| tarts
|-
! she
| jarna
| jar
| jarts
|-
! rowspan=2 | it
| ṇarna
| ṇar
| ṇarts
|-
| arna
| ar
| arts
|-
! someone / something
| éna
| é
| éts
|-
| colspan=4 |
|-
! we
| nánna
| nán
| nánts
|-
! you
| fýnna
| fýn
| fýnts
|-
! rowspan=4 | they
| taryn
| tary
| taryts
|-
| jaryn
| jary
| jaryts
|-
| ṇaryn
| ṇary
| ṇaryts
|-
| aryn
| ary
| aryts
|}
====Possessive pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
|
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! 1.
| '''-lás'''
| my
| '''-náns'''
| our
|-
! 2.
| '''-fús'''
| thy
| '''-fýns'''
| your
|-
! rowspan=4 | 3.
| '''-tars'''
| his
| '''-tarys'''
| rowspan=4 | their
|-
| '''-jars'''
| her
| '''-jarys'''
|-
| '''-ṇars'''
| its (abstract)
| '''-ṇarys'''
|-
| '''-ars'''
| its (object)
| '''-arys'''
|-
! 4.
| '''-és'''
| someone / something else's
|}
====Demonstrative pronouns====
                                                                                                     
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Proper
! colspan=2 | Distant
! colspan=2 | Indefinite
|-
! Place
| '''taltsa'''
| here
| '''talkhy'''
| there
| '''talme'''
| somewhere there
|-
! Source
| '''kitaltsa'''
| from here
| '''kitalkhy'''
| from there
| '''kitalme'''
| from somewhere there
|-
! Purpose direction
| '''vítaltsa'''
| to here
| '''vítalkhy'''
| to there, so far
| '''vítalme'''
| to somewhere there
|-
! Path
| '''výstsa'''
| this way
| '''výskhy'''
| that way
| '''výsme'''
| some way
|-
! Time
| '''sjáŋtsa'''
| now
| '''sjáŋkhy'''
| then
|-
|-
! Method
| '''lyáktsa'''
| in this way
| '''lyákkhy'''
| in that way
| '''lyákme'''
| in some way
|-
! Quantity
| '''xúltsa'''
| so much
|-
! Qualify
| '''éṭṣtsa'''
| like this here
| '''éṭṣkhy'''
| like that
| '''éṭṣme'''
| like something there
|-
! Reason
| '''kázartsa'''
| for this reason
| '''kázarkhy'''
| for that reason
| '''kázarme'''
| for some reason
|}
====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative
! colspan=2 | Indefinite
! colspan=2 | Unlimited
|-
! Person / Object
| '''-qha'''
| who ? which ?
| '''-éhe'''
| someone
| '''-qharý'''
| anyone
|-
! Place
| '''qhatal'''
| where ?
| '''éhetal'''
| somewhere
| '''-qhatalry'''
| anywhere
|-
! Source
| '''kiqhatal'''
| whence ?
| '''ki-éhetal'''
| from somewhere
| '''kiqhatalry'''
| from anywhere
|-
! Purpose direction
| '''víqhatal'''
| whither ?
| '''ví-éhetal'''
| to somewhere
| '''víqhatalry'''
| to anywhere
|-
! Path
| '''qhavýs'''
| which way ?
| '''éhevýs'''
| via some way
| '''qhavýsry'''
| via any way
|-
! Time
| '''qhasjáŋ'''
| when ?
| '''éhesjáŋ'''
| once
| '''qhasjáŋry'''
| ever
|-
! Method
| '''qhalyák'''
| how ?
| '''éhelyák'''
| somehow
| '''qhalyákry'''
| anyhow
|-
! Quantity
| '''qhaxúl'''
| how much ?
| '''éhexúl'''
| somehow much
| '''qhaxúlry'''
| anyhow much
|-
! Qualify
| '''qha-éṭṣ'''
| which one ?
| ''' éhe-éṭṣ'''
| some
| '''qha-éṭṣry'''
| any
|-
! Reason
| '''qhakázar'''
| why ?
|-
|}
====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Negative
! colspan=2 | Universal
! colspan=2 | Alternative
|-
! Person / Object
| '''qhaŋé'''
| nobody, nothing
| '''qhakúmy'''
| every
| '''qhafís'''
| anyone else
|-
! Place
| '''talŋé'''
| nowhere
| '''talkúmy'''
| everywhere
| '''talfís'''
| elswhere
|-
! Source
| '''kitalŋé'''
| from nowhere
| '''kitalkúmy'''
| from everywhere
| '''kitalfís'''
| from elswhere
|-
! Purpose direction
| '''vítalŋé'''
| to nowhere
| '''vítalkúmy'''
| to everywhere
| '''vítalfís'''
| to elswhere
|-
! Path
| '''výsŋé'''
| through no way
| '''výskúmy'''
| through all ways
| '''výsfís'''
| which way else
|-
! Time
| '''sjáŋŋé'''
| never
| '''sjáŋkúmy'''
| always
| '''sjáŋfís'''
| when else
|-
! Method
| '''lyákŋé'''
| nohow
| '''lyákkúmy'''
| in all methods
| '''lyákfís'''
| otherwise
|-
! Quantity
| '''xúlŋé'''
| nothing
| '''xúlfís'''
| otherwise than so many
|-
! Quality
| '''éṭṣŋé'''
| neuter, indistinct
| '''éṭṣkúmy'''
| any
| '''éṭṣfís'''
| other
|}
====Numeral pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;"
|-
! Interrogative / Relative
| '''qhaxúl'''
| how much ?
|-
! Indefinite
| '''éhexúl'''
| write a number
|-
! Unlimited
| '''qhaxúlry'''
| however many
|-
! Negative
| '''xúlŋé'''
| nothing
|-
! Alternative
| '''xúlfís'''
| otherwise than so many
|}
====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;"
|-
! Reflexive
| '''hy'''
| oneself
|-
! Reciprocal
| '''páṛhy'''
| each other
|-
! Cooperative
| '''hysu'''
| together cooperatively
|}


===Adpositions===
===Adpositions===
Line 67: Line 1,210:
* postpositions and prepositions (mixed system)
* postpositions and prepositions (mixed system)
* conjugable by subjective person
* conjugable by subjective person
====Spatials and directionals====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;"
|-
! rowspan=3 | ú
| in, inside
! Locative
|-
| from inside
! Ablative
|-
| to inside
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | uṇ
| on
! Locative
|-
| from on
! Ablative
|-
| to on
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | úqhuṛ
| above
! Locative
|-
| from above
! Ablative
|-
| to above
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | úqúḷ
| under
! Locative
|-
| from under
! Ablative
|-
| to under
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | khúl
| beside
! Locative
|-
| from beside
! Ablative
|-
| to beside
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | táŋ
| away
! Locative
|-
| from away
! Ablative
|-
| to away
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | úpeṛíṣ
| between
! Locative
|-
| from between
! Ablative
|-
| to between
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | uṇkipf
| behind
! Locative
|-
| from behind
! Ablative
|-
| to behind
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | zé
| out
! Locative
|-
| from out
! Ablative
|-
| to out
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | uṇpuḷ
| around
! Locative
|-
| from around
! Ablative
|-
| to around
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | ṭśáḥ
| before, opposite to
! Locative
|-
| from before, from opposite to
! Ablative
|-
| to before, to opposite to
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | úsjáŋ
| during, in time of
! Locative
|-
| from time of
! Ablative
|-
| to time of
! Lative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | ṭu
| after
! Locative
|-
| from after
! Ablative
|-
| to after
! Lative
|}
====Postpositions====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;"
|-
! Companion, attributive object
| '''su'''
| with
! Instrumental
|-
! Material, substantion, origin
| '''ki'''
| from
! Ablative
|-
! Lack
| '''has'''
| without
! Genitive
|-
! Alternative
| '''kital'''
| instead
! Genitive
|-
! Contrary
| '''úṭṣáḥ'''
| against
! Lative
|-
! Resistance
| '''latsi'''
| despite, though
! Genitive
|-
! Stylization
| '''tsíṇ'''
| along to, according to
! Instrumental
|}
===Particles===
====Conjunctions====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 360px;"
! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions
|-
! Copulative
| '''ý'''
| and
|-
! Conjunctive
| '''ýsa'''
| also
|-
! Disjunctive
| '''bi'''
| or
|-
! Contrastive, exceptional
| '''ýṭe'''
| but
|-
! Consequentive
| '''sa'''
| so
|-
! Comparative
| '''ku'''
| than
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions
|-
| colspan=2 | '''kiŋe'''
| to, for
|-
| colspan=2 | '''tjéṇ'''
| althought
|-
| colspan=2 | '''kjéṛi'''
| because
|-
| colspan=2 | '''unu'''
| if
|-
| colspan=2 | '''nýn'''
| that, providing
|}
====Modifiers====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
! Restrictive
|  '''lájve'''
| only
|-
! Additive
| '''lím'''
| yet
|}
====Polarity particles====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
! Affirmative
| '''ha'''
| yes
|-
! Negative<sup>1</sup>
| '''ŋé'''
| no
|}
<sup>1</sup> Only in independent form.
==Word formation==
===Compounding===
===Derivation===
====Noun====
===== Noun to noun=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Diminutive
| '''-líl'''
| '''jeserél''' → '''jeseréllíl'''
| daughter → little daughter
|-
! Augmentative
| '''-kúk'''
| '''ṭúpf''' → '''ṭúpfkúk'''
| mountain → grand mountain
|-
! Contradiction
| '''-ŋé'''
| '''amen''' → '''-amenŋé'''
| human → non-human
|-
! Similarity
| '''-stá'''
| '''ṭýṛe''' → '''ṭýṛestá'''
| tree → pseudo-tree
|-
! Half
| '''-kjats'''
| '''tmýrje''' → '''-tmýrjekjats'''
| dog → half-dog
|-
! Relational abstract
| '''-júts'''
| '''tkhakan''' → '''ṇekhakanjúts'''
| brother → brotherhood
|-
! Related person
| '''-ṣí'''
| '''jeknúm''' → '''teknúmṣí'''
| cow  → cowman
|-
! Collective
| '''-máḷ'''
| '''tepfúṣ''' → '''tepfúṣmáḷ'''
| bird  → birds (a a collective)
|-
! Place
| '''-tal'''
| '''týpf''' → '''týpftal'''
| fire → campfire
|-
! Art / Craft
| '''-lahten'''
| '''kásmá''' → '''kásmálahten'''
| war → craft of war
|-
! Knowledge
| '''-ŋýze'''
| '''tréme''' → '''trémeŋýze'''
| herb → herbalism
|-
! Expert
| '''-ŋýze-ṣí'''
| '''tréme''' → '''trémeŋýzeṣí'''
| herb → herbalist
|}
=====Noun to adjective=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Possessive
| '''-is / -js'''
| '''amen''' → '''amenis'''
| man → human
|-
! Originative
| '''ki- / kj-...-is / -js'''
| '''ŋúṛí''' → '''kiŋúṛíjs'''
| sky → celestial
|-
! Similaritive
| '''-stá'''
| '''ikaṣka''' → '''-kaṣkastá'''
| cat → felid
|-
! Feature
| '''-isis / -jsis'''
| '''fele''' → '''-felejsis'''
| hair → hairy
|-
! Affiliative
| '''-is / -js'''
| '''táná''' → '''tánájs'''
| family → familiar
|-
! Privative
| '''-ŋé-is'''
| '''timfa''' → '''timfaŋéjs'''
| tooth → toothless
|}
====Verb====
=====Verb to noun=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Agentive
| '''-ṣí'''
| '''knét-''' → '''teknétṣí'''
| (to) shoot → shooter
|-
! Experiencer, adressee
| '''-leṣí'''
| '''ján-''' → '''jánleṣí'''
| (to) teach → learner
|-
! Result
| '''-mén'''
| '''qhupf-''' → '''qhupfmén'''
| (to) fall → (a) fall
|-
! Instance
| '''ṇ-...-tyt'''
| '''vláq-''' → '''ṇevláqtyt'''
| (to) speak → speech
|-
! Instrument
| '''-lík'''
| '''pfyts-''' → '''pfytslík'''
| (to) beat → whip
|-
! Place
| '''-tal'''
| '''drakh-''' → '''drakhtal'''
| (to) kill → slaughterhouse
|}
=====Verb to verb=====
====Adjective====
=====Adjective to noun=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Abstract
| '''ṇ-...-já'''
| '''rúts''' → '''ṇrútsjá'''
| strong → strength
|}
=====Adjective to adjective=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Tendency
| '''-kíla'''
| '''-ány''' → '''-ánykíla'''
| good → bland
|-
! Intensification
| '''-pán-'''
| '''xúlis''' → '''-pánxúlis'''
| big → very big
|-
! Excess
| '''-zíq-'''
| '''-túlu''' → '''-zíqtúlu'''
| small → too small
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 72: Line 1,672:
* SOV
* SOV
* head-final
* head-final
===Copular verbs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
! Translative
| '''zá'''
| became
|-
! Essive
| '''at'''
| be
|-
! Excessive
| '''ktí'''
| cease to be
|}


[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 03:56, 5 May 2014

Záren is an a priori language, created in 2014 by Artaxes.

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular
Nasal m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ
Plosive p t ʈ k q
Affricate p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ
Fricative f v θ̠ ð̠ ʂ ʐ x~χ ɣ~ʁ
Trill r r͡ɽ
Lateral approximant l ɭ
Approximant j
  • p t ʈ k q /p t ṭ k q/
  • p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ /pf ts ṭs kh qh/
  • f θ̠ ʂ x~χ /f s ṣ h/
  • v ð̠ ʐ ɣ~ʁ /v z ẓ ḥ/
  • m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
  • l ɭ /l ḷ/
  • r r͡ɽ /r ṛ/
  • j /j/

Vowels

Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
Close i iː ɨ ɨː u uː
Mid ə əː
Open ä äː
  • iː ɨː uː /í ý ú/
  • əː /é/
  • äː /á/
  • i ɨ u /i y u/
  • ə /e/
  • ä /a/

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)

Accent

  • penultimate primary acute accent
  • ultimate secondary gravis accent

Grammar

Nouns

  • noun class system (preffixal): Animate (Masculine vs Feminine), Inaminate (Abstractive vs Objective)
  • nominative-genetive alignment
  • 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental)
  • cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genitive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive
  • number (suffixal): singular, plural
  • definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite

Noun class + Root + Root extension(s) + Case + Number + Definiteness

Noun class

Animate Masculine t- / te- tamen man
Feminine j- / je- jamen woman
Inanimate Abstractive ṇ- / ṇe- ṇamen humanity
Objective - qtem stone

Declension

Nominative - tkára wolf subject of intransitive clauses, agent of transitive clauses
Pegative -s / -es tkáras wolf donor of a ditransitive clauses
Genitive -n / -en tkáran wolf, of wolf, to wolf possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses
Instrumental -li tkárali by / with wolf instrument, method, accompaniament
Vialis -ema / -ma tkárama through wolf way, vial direction
Ablative -t / -et tkárat from wolf separation, starting point
Lative -ví tkáraví to / at wolf purposive direction
Locative -uṣ / -ṣ tkáraṣ in / on / under wolf spatial or temporal location
Benefactive -ur / -r tkárar for wolf destination, destinative recipient

Number

Singular - qtem stone
Plural -k / -yk qtemyk stones

Definiteness

Neutral - jamen woman
Indefinite -me jamenme a woman
Definite proper -tsa jamentsa the woman
Definite distant -khy jamenkhy yonder woman

Verbs

  • aspects (suffixal): Imperfective, Perfective (Punctual Perfective), Conclusive (Durative-Perfective), Habitual
  • voices (infixal): Active vs Middle + Direct vs Causative
  • noun class preffixes
  • tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive
  • polarity (phrasal clitic): affirmative, negative
  • subjective and objective persons

[Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Noun class + (Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Tense / Mood + Subject + Object / Theme + Polarity]

Aspect

Imperfective - vláq to speak
Habitual / Iterative -ja- vláqja to speak many times / regularly
Conclusive (Durative-Perfective) -ny- vláqny to say (after long time of the action)
Perfective (Punctual-Perfective) -su- vláqsu to say (in short moment)

Voice

Direct Causative
Active - ŋáv to see -ra- ŋárav to show
Middle -sí- ŋásív to see self -ḥú- ŋáḥúv to show self

Tense-moods

Past visual -ṛ- át-ṛ- to go (action in past, visible by subject)
Past non-visual -z- át-z- to go (action in past, non-visible by subject and unconfirmed to him)
Present - át to go (now)
Future -mu- át-mu- to go (future action)
Conditional -fý- át-fý- would to go
Jussive -ḷá- át-ḷá- should to go

Person

Subject
Singular Plural
1. -al qával I am living -avy qávavy we are living
2. -if qávif thou art living -ify qávify you are living
3. -a qáva he / she / it is living -ak qávak they are living
4. - qáv someone / something is living
Object
Singular Plural
1. -la tsýlla to let me -va tsýlva to let us
2. -fi tsýlfi to let thee -fe tsýlfe to let you
3. -t tsýlt to let him / her / it -ta tsýlta to let them
4. - tsýl to let someone / something
Theme
Singular Plural
1. -je / -j ṭṣáje give to me -ma / -m ṭṣáma give to us
2. -he / -h ṭṣáhe give to thee -ṣa / -ṣ ṭṣáṣa give to you
3. -tsu ṭṣátsu give to him / her / it -tsuk ṭṣátsuk give to them
4. -ṇi ṭṣáṇi give to someone / something

Polarity

Affirmative - khín to know
Negative -aŋ / -ŋ khínaŋ don't to know

Non-finite verbs

Action noun ṇ-...-tý ṇŋávtý vision, seeing
Participles
Adjectival -tu -ŋávtu seeing
Adverbial l(e)-...-tu lŋávtu seeing

Adjectives and adverbs

  • three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative

Degrees of comparison

Positive Comparative Superlative
- -ány good -khe / -ekhe -ánykhe better -rta / -erta -ányrta best
-pfaŋkh strong -pfaŋkhekhe stronger -pfaŋkherta strongest
-ḥarpfis equine -ḥarpfiskhe more equine -ḥarpfiserta most equine

Formation of adverbs

Basal adjective Derived adverb
-ány good l- / le- lány well
-pfaŋkh strong lepfaŋkh strongly
-ḥarpfis equine leḥarpfis like / as horse

Numerals

Cardinal numerals

1. ájve
2. paṛí
3. tapat
4. dyrja
5. sopor
6. páluq
7. ptáte
8. satka
9. qlafa
10. toṛq
11. toṛqájve
12. toṛqpaṛí
20. paṛítoṛq
21. paṛítoṛqájve
30 tapattoṛq
100. nantor
101. nantorájve
120. nantorpaṛítoṛq
121. nantorpaṛítoṛqájve
200. paṛínantor
1.000. toṛqnantor
10.000. toṛqtoṛqnantor

Derived numerals

Ordinal Multiplicative Reproductive Distributive Fractional
-ty -táj -sot -lín -mé
1. ájvety ájvetáj ájvesot ájvelín ájvemé
10. toṛqty toṛqtáj toṛqsot toṛqlín toṛqmé
11. toṛqájvety toṛqájvetáj toṛqájvesot toṛqájvelín toṛqájvemé
20. paṛítoṛqty paṛítoṛqtáj paṛítoṛqsot paṛítoṛqlín paṛítoṛqmé
21. paṛítoṛqájvety paṛítoṛqájvetáj paṛítoṛqájvesot paṛítoṛqájvelín paṛítoṛqájvemé
100. nantorty nantortáj nantorsot nantorlín nantormé
101. nantorájvety nantorájvetáj nantorájvesot nantorájvelín nantorájvemé
120. nantorpaṛítoṛqty nantorpaṛítoṛqtáj nantorpaṛítoṛqsot nantorpaṛítoṛqlín nantorpaṛítoṛqmé
121. nantorpaṛítoṛqájvety nantorpaṛítoṛqájvetáj nantorpaṛítoṛqájvesot nantorpaṛítoṛqájvelín nantorpaṛítoṛqájvemé
200. paṛínantorty paṛínantortáj paṛínantorsot paṛínantorlín paṛínantormé
1000. toṛqnantorty toṛqnantortáj toṛqnantorsot toṛqnantorlín toṛqnantormé
10.000. toṛqtoṛqnantorty toṛqtoṛqnantortáj toṛqtoṛqnantorsot toṛqtoṛqnantorlín toṛqtoṛqnantormé

Pronouns

  • obviative
  • subjugating hierarchy (suffixal)
  • plural roots

Personal pronouns

Singular Plural
1. lá I nán we
2. fú thou fýn you
3. tar he tary they
jar she jary
ṇar it (abstract) ṇary
ar it (object) ary
4. é someone / something
Subjugating hierarchy
Subordinating Equal Subordinated
-na / -n - -ts
I lána lá láts
thou fúna fú fúts
he tarna tar tarts
she jarna jar jarts
it ṇarna ṇar ṇarts
arna ar arts
someone / something éna é éts
we nánna nán nánts
you fýnna fýn fýnts
they taryn tary taryts
jaryn jary jaryts
ṇaryn ṇary ṇaryts
aryn ary aryts

Possessive pronouns

Singular Plural
1. -lás my -náns our
2. -fús thy -fýns your
3. -tars his -tarys their
-jars her -jarys
-ṇars its (abstract) -ṇarys
-ars its (object) -arys
4. -és someone / something else's

Demonstrative pronouns

Proper Distant Indefinite
Place taltsa here talkhy there talme somewhere there
Source kitaltsa from here kitalkhy from there kitalme from somewhere there
Purpose direction vítaltsa to here vítalkhy to there, so far vítalme to somewhere there
Path výstsa this way výskhy that way výsme some way
Time sjáŋtsa now sjáŋkhy then
Method lyáktsa in this way lyákkhy in that way lyákme in some way
Quantity xúltsa so much
Qualify éṭṣtsa like this here éṭṣkhy like that éṭṣme like something there
Reason kázartsa for this reason kázarkhy for that reason kázarme for some reason

Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns

Interrogative / Relative Indefinite Unlimited
Person / Object -qha who ? which ? -éhe someone -qharý anyone
Place qhatal where ? éhetal somewhere -qhatalry anywhere
Source kiqhatal whence ? ki-éhetal from somewhere kiqhatalry from anywhere
Purpose direction víqhatal whither ? ví-éhetal to somewhere víqhatalry to anywhere
Path qhavýs which way ? éhevýs via some way qhavýsry via any way
Time qhasjáŋ when ? éhesjáŋ once qhasjáŋry ever
Method qhalyák how ? éhelyák somehow qhalyákry anyhow
Quantity qhaxúl how much ? éhexúl somehow much qhaxúlry anyhow much
Qualify qha-éṭṣ which one ? éhe-éṭṣ some qha-éṭṣry any
Reason qhakázar why ?

Negative, universal and alternative pronouns

Negative Universal Alternative
Person / Object qhaŋé nobody, nothing qhakúmy every qhafís anyone else
Place talŋé nowhere talkúmy everywhere talfís elswhere
Source kitalŋé from nowhere kitalkúmy from everywhere kitalfís from elswhere
Purpose direction vítalŋé to nowhere vítalkúmy to everywhere vítalfís to elswhere
Path výsŋé through no way výskúmy through all ways výsfís which way else
Time sjáŋŋé never sjáŋkúmy always sjáŋfís when else
Method lyákŋé nohow lyákkúmy in all methods lyákfís otherwise
Quantity xúlŋé nothing xúlfís otherwise than so many
Quality éṭṣŋé neuter, indistinct éṭṣkúmy any éṭṣfís other

Numeral pronouns

Interrogative / Relative qhaxúl how much ?
Indefinite éhexúl write a number
Unlimited qhaxúlry however many
Negative xúlŋé nothing
Alternative xúlfís otherwise than so many

Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns

Reflexive hy oneself
Reciprocal páṛhy each other
Cooperative hysu together cooperatively

Adpositions

  • postpositions and prepositions (mixed system)
  • conjugable by subjective person

Spatials and directionals

ú in, inside Locative
from inside Ablative
to inside Lative
uṇ on Locative
from on Ablative
to on Lative
úqhuṛ above Locative
from above Ablative
to above Lative
úqúḷ under Locative
from under Ablative
to under Lative
khúl beside Locative
from beside Ablative
to beside Lative
táŋ away Locative
from away Ablative
to away Lative
úpeṛíṣ between Locative
from between Ablative
to between Lative
uṇkipf behind Locative
from behind Ablative
to behind Lative
zé out Locative
from out Ablative
to out Lative
uṇpuḷ around Locative
from around Ablative
to around Lative
ṭśáḥ before, opposite to Locative
from before, from opposite to Ablative
to before, to opposite to Lative
úsjáŋ during, in time of Locative
from time of Ablative
to time of Lative
ṭu after Locative
from after Ablative
to after Lative

Postpositions

Companion, attributive object su with Instrumental
Material, substantion, origin ki from Ablative
Lack has without Genitive
Alternative kital instead Genitive
Contrary úṭṣáḥ against Lative
Resistance latsi despite, though Genitive
Stylization tsíṇ along to, according to Instrumental

Particles

Conjunctions

Paratactical conjunctions
Copulative ý and
Conjunctive ýsa also
Disjunctive bi or
Contrastive, exceptional ýṭe but
Consequentive sa so
Comparative ku than
Hypotactical conjunctions
kiŋe to, for
tjéṇ althought
kjéṛi because
unu if
nýn that, providing

Modifiers

Restrictive lájve only
Additive lím yet

Polarity particles

Affirmative ha yes
Negative1 ŋé no

1 Only in independent form.

Word formation

Compounding

Derivation

Noun

Noun to noun
Diminutive -líl jeserél → jeseréllíl daughter → little daughter
Augmentative -kúk ṭúpf → ṭúpfkúk mountain → grand mountain
Contradiction -ŋé amen → -amenŋé human → non-human
Similarity -stá ṭýṛe → ṭýṛestá tree → pseudo-tree
Half -kjats tmýrje → -tmýrjekjats dog → half-dog
Relational abstract -júts tkhakan → ṇekhakanjúts brother → brotherhood
Related person -ṣí jeknúm → teknúmṣí cow → cowman
Collective -máḷ tepfúṣ → tepfúṣmáḷ bird → birds (a a collective)
Place -tal týpf → týpftal fire → campfire
Art / Craft -lahten kásmá → kásmálahten war → craft of war
Knowledge -ŋýze tréme → trémeŋýze herb → herbalism
Expert -ŋýze-ṣí tréme → trémeŋýzeṣí herb → herbalist
Noun to adjective
Possessive -is / -js amen → amenis man → human
Originative ki- / kj-...-is / -js ŋúṛí → kiŋúṛíjs sky → celestial
Similaritive -stá ikaṣka → -kaṣkastá cat → felid
Feature -isis / -jsis fele → -felejsis hair → hairy
Affiliative -is / -js táná → tánájs family → familiar
Privative -ŋé-is timfa → timfaŋéjs tooth → toothless

Verb

Verb to noun
Agentive -ṣí knét- → teknétṣí (to) shoot → shooter
Experiencer, adressee -leṣí ján- → jánleṣí (to) teach → learner
Result -mén qhupf- → qhupfmén (to) fall → (a) fall
Instance ṇ-...-tyt vláq- → ṇevláqtyt (to) speak → speech
Instrument -lík pfyts- → pfytslík (to) beat → whip
Place -tal drakh- → drakhtal (to) kill → slaughterhouse
Verb to verb

Adjective

Adjective to noun
Abstract ṇ-...-já rúts → ṇrútsjá strong → strength
Adjective to adjective
Tendency -kíla -ány → -ánykíla good → bland
Intensification -pán- xúlis → -pánxúlis big → very big
Excess -zíq- -túlu → -zíqtúlu small → too small

Syntax

  • SOV
  • head-final

Copular verbs

Translative zá became
Essive at be
Excessive ktí cease to be
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