Záren: Difference between revisions
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| '''-és''' | | '''-és''' | ||
| someone / something else's | | someone / something else's | ||
|} | |||
====Demonstrative pronouns==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
! colspan=2 | Proper | |||
! colspan=2 | Distant | |||
! colspan=2 | Indefinite | |||
|- | |||
! Place | |||
| '''taltsa''' | |||
| here | |||
| '''talkxy''' | |||
| there | |||
| '''talme''' | |||
| somewhere there | |||
|- | |||
! Source | |||
| '''kitaltsa''' | |||
| from here | |||
| '''kitalkxy''' | |||
| from there | |||
| '''kitalme''' | |||
| from somewhere there | |||
|- | |||
! Purpose direction | |||
| '''vítaltsa''' | |||
| to here | |||
| '''vítalkxy''' | |||
| to there, so far | |||
| '''vítalme''' | |||
| to somewhere there | |||
|- | |||
! Path | |||
| '''výstsa''' | |||
| this way | |||
| '''výskxy''' | |||
| that way | |||
| '''výsme''' | |||
| some way | |||
|- | |||
! Time | |||
| '''sjáŋtsa''' | |||
| now | |||
| '''sjáŋkxy''' | |||
| then | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
! Method | |||
| '''lyáktsa''' | |||
| in this way | |||
| '''lyákkxy''' | |||
| in that way | |||
| '''lyákme''' | |||
| in some way | |||
|- | |||
! Quantity | |||
| '''xúltsa''' | |||
| so much | |||
|- | |||
! Qualify | |||
| '''éṭṣtsa''' | |||
| like this here | |||
| '''éṭṣkxy''' | |||
| like that | |||
| '''éṭṣme''' | |||
| like something there | |||
|- | |||
! Reason | |||
| '''kázartsa''' | |||
| for this reason | |||
| '''kázarkxy''' | |||
| for that reason | |||
| '''kázarme''' | |||
| for some reason | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 08:03, 4 May 2014
Záren is an a priori language, created in 2014 by Artaxes.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ŋ~ɴ | |||
Plosive | p | t | ʈ | k | q | ||
Affricate | p͡f | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | k͡x | q͡χ | ||
Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ʂ ʐ | x~χ ɣ~ʁ | |||
Trill | r | r͡ɽ | |||||
Lateral approximant | l | ɭ | |||||
Approximant | j |
- p t ʈ k q /p t ṭ k q/
- p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ /pf ts ṭs kh qh/
- f θ̠ ʂ x~χ /f s ṣ h/
- v ð̠ ʐ ɣ~ʁ /v z ẓ ḥ/
- m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
- l ɭ /l ḷ/
- r r͡ɽ /r ṛ/
- j /j/
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
Close | i | iː | ɨ | ɨː | u | uː |
Mid | ə | əː | ||||
Open | ä | äː |
- iː ɨː uː /í ý ú/
- əː /é/
- äː /á/
- i ɨ u /i y u/
- ə /e/
- ä /a/
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
- noun class system (preffixal): Animate (Masculine vs Feminine), Inaminate (Abstractive vs Objective)
- nominative-genetive alignment
- 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental)
- cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genitive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive
- number (suffixal): singular, plural
- definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite
Noun class + Root + Root extension(s) + Case + Number + Definiteness
Noun class
Animate | Masculine | t- / te- | tamen | man |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feminine | j- / je- | jamen | woman | |
Inanimate | Abstractive | ṇ- / ṇe- | ṇamen | humanity |
Objective | - | qtem | stone |
Declension
Nominative | - | tkára | wolf | subject of intransitive clauses, agent of transitive clauses |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pegative | -s / -es | tkáras | wolf | donor of a ditransitive clauses |
Genitive | -n / -en | tkáran | wolf, of wolf, to wolf | possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses |
Instrumental | -li | tkárali | by / with wolf | instrument, method, accompaniament |
Vialis | -ema / -ma | tkárama | through wolf | way, vial direction |
Ablative | -t / -et | tkárat | from wolf | separation, starting point |
Lative | -ví | tkáraví | to / at wolf | purposive direction |
Locative | -uṣ / -ṣ | tkáraṣ | in / on / under wolf | spatial or temporal location |
Benefactive | -ur / -r | tkárar | for wolf | destination, destinative recipient |
Number
Singular | - | qtem | stone |
---|---|---|---|
Plural | -k / -yk | qtemyk | stones |
Definiteness
Neutral | - | jamen | woman |
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | -me | jamenme | a woman |
Definite proper | -tsa | jamentsa | the woman |
Definite distant | -kxy | jamenkxy | yonder woman |
Verbs
- aspects (suffixal): Imperfective, Perfective (Punctual Perfective), Conclusive (Durative-Perfective), Habitual
- voices (infixal): Active vs Middle + Direct vs Causative
- noun class preffixes
- tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive
- polarity (phrasal clitic): affirmative, negative
- subjective and objective persons
[Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Noun class + (Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Tense / Mood + Subject + Object / Theme + Polarity]
Aspect
Imperfective | - | vláq | to speak |
---|---|---|---|
Habitual / Iterative | -ja- | vláqja | to speak many times / regularly |
Conclusive (Durative-Perfective) | -ny- | vláqny | to say (after long time of the action) |
Perfective (Punctual-Perfective) | -su- | vláqsu | to say (in short moment) |
Voice
Direct | Causative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active | - | ŋáv | to see | -ra- | ŋárav | to show |
Middle | -sí- | ŋásív | to see self | -ḥú- | ŋáḥúv | to show self |
Tense-moods
Past visual | -ṛ- | át-ṛ- | to go (action in past, visible by subject) |
---|---|---|---|
Past non-visual | -z- | át-z- | to go (action in past, non-visible by subject and unconfirmed to him) |
Present | - | át | to go (now) |
Future | -mu- | át-mu- | to go (future action) |
Conditional | -fý- | át-fý- | would to go |
Jussive | -ḷá- | át-ḷá- | should to go |
Person
Subject
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -al | qával | I am living | -avy | qávavy | we are living |
2. | -if | qávif | thou art living | -ify | qávify | you are living |
3. | -a | qáva | he / she / it is living | -ak | qávak | they are living |
4. | - | qáv | someone / something is living |
Object
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -la | tsýlla | to let me | -va | tsýlva | to let us |
2. | -fi | tsýlfi | to let thee | -fe | tsýlfe | to let you |
3. | -t | tsýlt | to let him / her / it | -ta | tsýlta | to let them |
4. | - | tsýl | to let someone / something |
Theme
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -je / -j | ṭṣáje | give to me | -ma / -m | ṭṣáma | give to us |
2. | -he / -h | ṭṣáhe | give to thee | -ṣa / -ṣ | ṭṣáṣa | give to you |
3. | -tsu | ṭṣátsu | give to him / her / it | -tsuk | ṭṣátsuk | give to them |
4. | -ṇi | ṭṣáṇi | give to someone / something |
Polarity
Affirmative | - | kxín | to know |
---|---|---|---|
Negative | -aŋ / -ŋ | kxínaŋ | don't to know |
Adjectives and adverbs
- three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
Degrees of comparison
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | -ány | good | -kxe / -ekxe | -ánykxe | better | -rta / -erta | -ányrta | best |
-pfaŋkx | strong | -pfaŋkxekxe | stronger | -pfaŋkxerta | strongest | |||
-ḥarpfis | equine | -ḥarpfiskxe | more equine | -ḥarpfiserta | most equine |
Formation of adverbs
Basal adjective | Derived adverb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
-ány | good | l- / le- | lány | well |
-pfaŋkx | strong | lepfaŋkx | strongly | |
-ḥarpfis | equine | leḥarpfis | like / as horse |
Numerals
Cardinal numerals
1. | ájve |
---|---|
2. | paṛí |
3. | tapat |
4. | dyrja |
5. | sopor |
6. | páluq |
7. | ptáte |
8. | satka |
9. | qlafa |
10. | toṛq |
11. | toṛqájve |
12. | toṛqpaṛí |
20. | paṛítoṛq |
21. | paṛítoṛqájve |
30 | tapattoṛq |
100. | nantor |
101. | nantorájve |
120. | nantorpaṛítoṛq |
121. | nantorpaṛítoṛqájve |
200. | paṛínantor |
1.000. | toṛqnantor |
10.000. | toṛqtoṛqnantor |
Derived numerals
Ordinal | Multiplicative | Reproductive | Distributive | Fractional | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-ty | -táj | -sot | -lín | -mé | |
1. | ájvety | ájvetáj | ájvesot | ájvelín | ájvemé |
10. | toṛqty | toṛqtáj | toṛqsot | toṛqlín | toṛqmé |
11. | toṛqájvety | toṛqájvetáj | toṛqájvesot | toṛqájvelín | toṛqájvemé |
20. | paṛítoṛqty | paṛítoṛqtáj | paṛítoṛqsot | paṛítoṛqlín | paṛítoṛqmé |
21. | paṛítoṛqájvety | paṛítoṛqájvetáj | paṛítoṛqájvesot | paṛítoṛqájvelín | paṛítoṛqájvemé |
100. | nantorty | nantortáj | nantorsot | nantorlín | nantormé |
101. | nantorájvety | nantorájvetáj | nantorájvesot | nantorájvelín | nantorájvemé |
120. | nantorpaṛítoṛqty | nantorpaṛítoṛqtáj | nantorpaṛítoṛqsot | nantorpaṛítoṛqlín | nantorpaṛítoṛqmé |
121. | nantorpaṛítoṛqájvety | nantorpaṛítoṛqájvetáj | nantorpaṛítoṛqájvesot | nantorpaṛítoṛqájvelín | nantorpaṛítoṛqájvemé |
200. | paṛínantorty | paṛínantortáj | paṛínantorsot | paṛínantorlín | paṛínantormé |
1000. | toṛqnantorty | toṛqnantortáj | toṛqnantorsot | toṛqnantorlín | toṛqnantormé |
10.000. | toṛqtoṛqnantorty | toṛqtoṛqnantortáj | toṛqtoṛqnantorsot | toṛqtoṛqnantorlín | toṛqtoṛqnantormé |
Pronouns
- obviative
- subjugating hierarchy (suffixal)
- plural roots
Personal pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | lá | I | nán | we |
2. | fú | thou | fýn | you |
3. | tar | he | tary | they |
jar | she | jary | ||
ṇar | it (abstract) | ṇary | ||
ar | it (object) | ary | ||
4. | é | someone / something |
Subjugating hierarchy
Subordinating | Equal | Subordinated | |
---|---|---|---|
-na / -n | - | -ts | |
I | lána | lá | láts |
thou | fúna | fú | fúts |
he | tarna | tar | tarts |
she | jarna | jar | jarts |
it | ṇarna | ṇar | ṇarts |
arna | ar | arts | |
someone / something | éna | é | éts |
we | nánna | nán | nánts |
you | fýnna | fýn | fýnts |
they | taryn | tary | taryts |
jaryn | jary | jaryts | |
ṇaryn | ṇary | ṇaryts | |
aryn | ary | aryts |
Possessive pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -lás | my | -náns | our |
2. | -fús | thy | -fýns | your |
3. | -tars | his | -tarys | their |
-jars | her | -jarys | ||
-ṇars | its (abstract) | -ṇarys | ||
-ars | its (object) | -arys | ||
4. | -és | someone / something else's |
Demonstrative pronouns
Proper | Distant | Indefinite | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place | taltsa | here | talkxy | there | talme | somewhere there |
Source | kitaltsa | from here | kitalkxy | from there | kitalme | from somewhere there |
Purpose direction | vítaltsa | to here | vítalkxy | to there, so far | vítalme | to somewhere there |
Path | výstsa | this way | výskxy | that way | výsme | some way |
Time | sjáŋtsa | now | sjáŋkxy | then | ||
Method | lyáktsa | in this way | lyákkxy | in that way | lyákme | in some way |
Quantity | xúltsa | so much | ||||
Qualify | éṭṣtsa | like this here | éṭṣkxy | like that | éṭṣme | like something there |
Reason | kázartsa | for this reason | kázarkxy | for that reason | kázarme | for some reason |
Adpositions
- postpositions and prepositions (mixed system)
- conjugable by subjective person
Spatials and directionals
ú | in, inside | Locative |
---|---|---|
from inside | Ablative | |
to inside | Lative | |
uṇ | on | Locative |
from on | Ablative | |
to on | Lative | |
úqhuṛ | above | Locative |
from above | Ablative | |
to above | Lative | |
úqúḷ | under | Locative |
from under | Ablative | |
to under | Lative | |
kxúl | beside | Locative |
from beside | Ablative | |
to beside | Lative | |
táŋ | away | Locative |
from away | Ablative | |
to away | Lative | |
úpeṛíṣ | between | Locative |
from between | Ablative | |
to between | Lative | |
uṇkipf | behind | Locative |
from behind | Ablative | |
to behind | Lative | |
zé | out | Locative |
from out | Ablative | |
to out | Lative | |
uṇpuḷ | around | Locative |
from around | Ablative | |
to around | Lative | |
ṭśáḥ | before, opposite to | Locative |
from before, from opposite to | Ablative | |
to before, to opposite to | Lative | |
úsjáŋ | during, in time of | Locative |
from time of | Ablative | |
to time of | Lative | |
ṭu | after | Locative |
from after | Ablative | |
to after | Lative |
Postpositions
Companion, attributive object | su | with | Instrumental |
---|---|---|---|
Material, substantion, origin | ki | from | Ablative |
Lack | has | without | Genitive |
Alternative | kital | instead | Genitive |
Contrary | úṭṣáḥ | against | Lative |
Resistance | latsi | despite, though | Genitive |
Stylization | tsíṇ | along to, according to | Instrumental |
Particles
Conjunctions
Paratactical conjunctions | ||
---|---|---|
Copulative | ý | and |
Conjunctive | ýsa | also |
Disjunctive | bi | or |
Contrastive, exceptional | ýṭe | but |
Consequentive | sa | so |
Comparative | ku | than |
Hypotactical conjunctions | ||
kiŋe | to, for | |
tjéṇ | althought | |
kjéṛi | because | |
unu | if | |
nýn | that, providing |
Modifiers
Restrictive | lájve | only |
---|---|---|
Additive | lím | yet |
Polarity particles
Affirmative | ha | yes |
---|---|---|
Negative1 | ŋé | no |
1 Only in independent form.
Syntax
- SOV
- head-final