Záren: Difference between revisions
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives and adverbs=== | ||
* three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative | * three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
! colspan=3 | Positive | |||
! colspan=3 | Comparative | |||
! colspan=3 | Superlative | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=3 | - | |||
| '''-ány''' | |||
| good | |||
| rowspan=3 | -kxe / -ekxe | |||
| '''-ánykxe''' | |||
| better | |||
| rowspan=3 | -rta / -erta | |||
| '''-ányrta''' | |||
| best | |||
|- | |||
| '''-pfaŋkx''' | |||
| strong | |||
| '''-pfaŋkxekxe''' | |||
| stronger | |||
| '''-pfaŋkxerta''' | |||
| strongest | |||
|- | |||
| '''-ḥárpfis''' | |||
| equine | |||
| '''-ḥárpfiskxe''' | |||
| more equine | |||
| '''-ḥárpfiserta''' | |||
| most equine | |||
|} | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== |
Revision as of 06:18, 1 May 2014
/Preliminary description/
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ŋ~ɴ | |||
Plosive | p | t | ʈ | k | q | ||
Affricate | p͡f | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | k͡x | q͡χ | ||
Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ʂ ʐ | x~χ ɣ~ʁ | |||
Trill | r | r͡ɽ | |||||
Lateral approximant | l | ɭ | |||||
Approximant | j |
- p t ʈ k q /p t ṭ k q/
- p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ /pf ts ṭs kh qh/
- f θ̠ ʂ x~χ /f s ṣ h/
- v ð̠ ʐ ɣ~ʁ /v z ẓ ḥ/
- m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
- l ɭ /l ḷ/
- r r͡ɽ /r ṛ/
- j /j/
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
Close | i | iː | ɨ | ɨː | u | uː |
Mid | ə | əː | ||||
Open | ä | äː |
- iː ɨː uː /í ý ú/
- əː /é/
- äː /á/
- i ɨ u /i y u/
- ə /e/
- ä /a/
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
- noun class system (preffixal): Animate (Masculine vs Feminine), Inaminate (Abstractive vs Objective)
- nominative-genetive alignment
- 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental)
- cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genitive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive
- number (suffixal): singular, plural
- definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite
Noun class + Root + Root extension(s) + Case + Number + Definiteness
Noun class
Animate | Masculine | t- / te- | tamen | man |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feminine | j- / je- | jamen | woman | |
Inanimate | Abstractive | ṇ- / ṇe- | ṇamen | humanity |
Objective | - | qtem | stone |
Declension
Nominative | - | tkára | wolf | subject of intransitive clauses, agent of transitive clauses |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pegative | -s / -es | tkáras | wolf | donor of a ditransitive clauses |
Genitive | -n / -en | tkáran | wolf, of wolf, to wolf | possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses |
Instrumental | -li | tkárali | by / with wolf | instrument, method, accompaniament |
Vialis | -ema / -ma | tkárama | through wolf | way, vial direction |
Ablative | -t / -et | tkárat | from wolf | separation, starting point |
Lative | -ví | tkáraví | to / at wolf | purposive direction |
Locative | -uṣ / -ṣ | tkáraṣ | in / on / under wolf | spatial or temporal location |
Benefactive | -ur / -r | tkárar | for wolf | destination, destinative recipient |
Number
Singular | - | qtem | stone |
---|---|---|---|
Plural | -k / -yk | qtemyk | stones |
Definiteness
Neutral | - | jamen | woman |
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | -me | jamenme | a woman |
Definite proper | -tsa | jamentsa | the woman |
Definite distant | -kxy | jamenkxy | yonder woman |
Verbs
- aspects (suffixal): Imperfective, Perfective (Punctual Perfective), Conclusive (Durative-Perfective), Habitual
- voices (infixal): Active vs Middle + Direct vs Causative
- noun class preffixes
- tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive
- polarity (phrasal clitic): affirmative, negative
- subjective and objective persons
[Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Noun class + (Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Tense / Mood + Subject + Object / Theme + Polarity]
Aspect
Imperfective | - | vláq | to speak |
---|---|---|---|
Habitual / Iterative | -ja- | vláqja | to speak many times / regularly |
Conclusive (Durative-Perfective) | -ny- | vláqny | to say (after long time of the action) |
Perfective (Punctual-Perfective) | -su- | vláqsu | to say (in short moment) |
Voice
Direct | Causative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active | - | ŋáv | to see | -ra- | ŋárav | to show |
Middle | -sí- | ŋásív | to see self | -ḥú- | ŋáḥúv | to show self |
Tense-moods
Past visual | -ṛ- | át-ṛ- | to go (action in past, visible by subject) |
---|---|---|---|
Past non-visual | -z- | át-z- | to go (action in past, non-visible by subject and unconfirmed to him) |
Present | - | át | to go (now) |
Future | -mu- | át-mu- | to go (future action) |
Conditional | -fý- | át-fý- | would to go |
Jussive | -ḷá- | át-ḷá- | should to go |
Person
Subject
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -al | qával | I am living | -avy | qávavy | we are living |
2. | -if | qávif | thou art living | -ify | qávify | you are living |
3. | -a | qáva | he / she / it is living | -ak | qávak | they are living |
4. | - | qáv | someone / something is living |
Object
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -la | tsýlla | to let me | -va | tsýlva | to let us |
2. | -fi | tsýlfi | to let thee | -fe | tsýlfe | to let you |
3. | -t | tsýlt | to let him / her / it | -ta | tsýlta | to let them |
4. | - | tsýl | to let someone / something |
Theme
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -je / -j | ṭṣáje | give to me | -ma / -m | ṭṣáma | give to us |
2. | -he / -h | ṭṣáhe | give to thee | -ṣa / -ṣ | ṭṣáṣa | give to you |
3. | -tsu | ṭṣátsu | give to him / her / it | -tsuk | ṭṣátsuk | give to them |
4. | -ṇi | ṭṣáṇi | give to someone / something |
Polarity
Affirmative | - | kxín | to know |
---|---|---|---|
Negative | -aŋ / -ŋ | kxínaŋ | don't to know |
Adjectives and adverbs
- three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | -ány | good | -kxe / -ekxe | -ánykxe | better | -rta / -erta | -ányrta | best |
-pfaŋkx | strong | -pfaŋkxekxe | stronger | -pfaŋkxerta | strongest | |||
-ḥárpfis | equine | -ḥárpfiskxe | more equine | -ḥárpfiserta | most equine |
Pronouns
- obviative
- subjugating hierarchy (suffixal)
- plural roots
Adpositions
- postpositions and prepositions (mixed system)
- conjugable by subjective person
Syntax
- SOV
- head-final