Záren: Difference between revisions

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Line 153: Line 153:
* number (suffixal): singular, plural
* number (suffixal): singular, plural
* definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite
* definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite
Noun class + Root + Root extension(s) + Case + Number + Definiteness


====Noun class====
====Noun class====
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! rowspan=2 | Animate
! rowspan=2 | Animate
! Masculine
! Masculine
| t- / d- / te- / de-
| t- / te-
| '''tamen'''
| '''tamen'''
| man
| man
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! Objective
! Objective
| -
| -
| '''tqem'''
| '''qtem'''
| stone
| stone
|}
|}
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! Nominative
! Nominative
| -
| -
| '''dgára'''
| '''tkára'''
| wolf
| wolf
|  
| subject of intransitive clauses, agent of transitive clauses
|-
|-
! Pegative
! Pegative
| -s / -es
| -s / -es
| '''dgáras'''
| '''tkáras'''
| wolf
| wolf
| donor of a ditransitive clauses
| donor of a ditransitive clauses
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! Genitive
! Genitive
| -n / -en
| -n / -en
| '''dgáran'''
| '''tkáran'''
| wolf, of wolf, to wolf
| wolf, of wolf, to wolf
| possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses
| possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses
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! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| -li
| -li
| '''dgárali'''
| '''tkárali'''
| by / with wolf
| by / with wolf
| instrument, method, accompaniament
| instrument, method, accompaniament
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! Vialis
! Vialis
| -ema / -ma
| -ema / -ma
| '''dgárama'''
| '''tkárama'''
| through wolf
| through wolf
| way, vial direction
| way, vial direction
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! Ablative
! Ablative
| -t / -et
| -t / -et
| '''dgárat'''
| '''tkárat'''
| from wolf
| from wolf
| separation, starting point
| separation, starting point
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! Lative
! Lative
| -ví
| -ví
| '''dgáraví'''
| '''tkáraví'''
| to / at wolf
| to / at wolf
| purposive direction
| purposive direction
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! Locative
! Locative
| -uṣ / -ṣ
| -uṣ / -ṣ
| '''dgáraṣ'''
| '''tkáraṣ'''
| in / on / under wolf
| in / on / under wolf
| spatial or temporal location
| spatial or temporal location
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! Benefactive
! Benefactive
| -ur / -r
| -ur / -r
| '''dgárar'''
| '''tkárar'''
| for wolf
| for wolf
| destination, destinative recipient
| destination, destinative recipient
|}
====Number====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Singular
| -
| '''qtem'''
| stone
|-
! Plural
| -k / -yk
| '''qtemyk'''
| stones
|}
====Definiteness====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Neutral
| -
| '''jamen'''
| woman
|-
! Indefinite
| -me
| '''jamenme'''
| a woman
|-
! Definite proper
| -tsa
| '''jamentsa'''
| the woman
|-
! Definite distant
| -kxy
| '''jamenkxy'''
| yonder woman
|}
|}


Revision as of 05:33, 30 April 2014

/Preliminary description/

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular
Nasal m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ
Plosive p t ʈ k q
Affricate p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ
Fricative f v θ̠ ð̠ ʂ ʐ x~χ ɣ~ʁ
Trill r r͡ɽ
Lateral approximant l ɭ
Approximant j
  • p t ʈ k q /p t ṭ k q/
  • p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ /pf ts ṭs kh qh/
  • f θ̠ ʂ x~χ /f s ṣ h/
  • v ð̠ ʐ ɣ~ʁ /v z ẓ ḥ/
  • m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
  • l ɭ /l ḷ/
  • r r͡ɽ /r ṛ/
  • j /j/

Vowels

Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
Close i iː ɨ ɨː u uː
Mid ə əː
Open ä äː
  • iː ɨː uː /í ý ú/
  • əː /é/
  • äː /á/
  • i ɨ u /i y u/
  • ə /e/
  • ä /a/

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)

Accent

  • penultimate primary acute accent
  • ultimate secondary gravis accent

Grammar

Nouns

  • noun class system (preffixal): Animate (Masculine vs Feminine), Inaminate (Abstractive vs Objective)
  • nominative-genetive alignment
  • 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental)
  • cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genitive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive
  • number (suffixal): singular, plural
  • definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite

Noun class + Root + Root extension(s) + Case + Number + Definiteness

Noun class

Animate Masculine t- / te- tamen man
Feminine j- / je- jamen woman
Inanimate Abstractive ṇ- / ṇe- ṇamen humanity
Objective - qtem stone

Declension

Nominative - tkára wolf subject of intransitive clauses, agent of transitive clauses
Pegative -s / -es tkáras wolf donor of a ditransitive clauses
Genitive -n / -en tkáran wolf, of wolf, to wolf possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses
Instrumental -li tkárali by / with wolf instrument, method, accompaniament
Vialis -ema / -ma tkárama through wolf way, vial direction
Ablative -t / -et tkárat from wolf separation, starting point
Lative -ví tkáraví to / at wolf purposive direction
Locative -uṣ / -ṣ tkáraṣ in / on / under wolf spatial or temporal location
Benefactive -ur / -r tkárar for wolf destination, destinative recipient

Number

Singular - qtem stone
Plural -k / -yk qtemyk stones

Definiteness

Neutral - jamen woman
Indefinite -me jamenme a woman
Definite proper -tsa jamentsa the woman
Definite distant -kxy jamenkxy yonder woman

Verbs

  • aspects (suffixal): Imperfective, Perfective (Punctual Perfective), Conclusive (Durative-Perfective), Habitual
  • voices (infixal): Active vs Middle + Direct vs Causative
  • noun class preffixes
  • tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive
  • polarity (suffixal): affirmative, negative
  • subjective and objective persons

Adjectives

  • three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative

Pronouns

  • obviative
  • subjugating hierarchy (suffixal)
  • plural roots

Adpositions

  • postpositions and prepositions (mixed system)
  • conjugable by subjective person

Syntax

  • SOV
  • head-final
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