Záren: Difference between revisions
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! rowspan=2 | Animate | ! rowspan=2 | Animate | ||
! Masculine | ! Masculine | ||
| t- / te- | | t- / d- / te- / de- | ||
| '''tamen''' | | '''tamen''' | ||
| man | | man | ||
Line 178: | Line 178: | ||
| '''tqem''' | | '''tqem''' | ||
| stone | | stone | ||
|} | |||
====Declension==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;" | |||
! Nominative | |||
| - | |||
| '''dgára''' | |||
| wolf | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Pegative | |||
| -s / -es | |||
| '''dgáras''' | |||
| wolf | |||
| donor of a ditransitive clauses | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| -n / -en | |||
| '''dgáran''' | |||
| wolf, of wolf, to wolf | |||
| possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| -li | |||
| '''dgárali''' | |||
| by / with wolf | |||
| instrument, method, accompaniament | |||
|- | |||
! Vialis | |||
| -ema / -ma | |||
| '''dgárama''' | |||
| through wolf | |||
| way, vial direction | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| -t / -et | |||
| '''dgárat''' | |||
| from wolf | |||
| separation, starting point | |||
|- | |||
! Lative | |||
| -ví | |||
| '''dgáraví''' | |||
| to / at wolf | |||
| purposive direction | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| -uṣ / -ṣ | |||
| '''dgáraṣ''' | |||
| in / on / under wolf | |||
| spatial or temporal location | |||
|- | |||
! Benefactive | |||
| -ur / -r | |||
| '''dgárar''' | |||
| for wolf | |||
| destination, destinative recipient | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 04:58, 30 April 2014
/Preliminary description/
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ŋ~ɴ | |||
Plosive | p | t | ʈ | k | q | ||
Affricate | p͡f | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | k͡x | q͡χ | ||
Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ʂ ʐ | x~χ ɣ~ʁ | |||
Trill | r | r͡ɽ | |||||
Lateral approximant | l | ɭ | |||||
Approximant | j |
- p t ʈ k q /p t ṭ k q/
- p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ /pf ts ṭs kh qh/
- f θ̠ ʂ x~χ /f s ṣ h/
- v ð̠ ʐ ɣ~ʁ /v z ẓ ḥ/
- m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
- l ɭ /l ḷ/
- r r͡ɽ /r ṛ/
- j /j/
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
Close | i | iː | ɨ | ɨː | u | uː |
Mid | ə | əː | ||||
Open | ä | äː |
- iː ɨː uː /í ý ú/
- əː /é/
- äː /á/
- i ɨ u /i y u/
- ə /e/
- ä /a/
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
- noun class system (preffixal): Animate (Masculine vs Feminine), Inaminate (Abstractive vs Objective)
- nominative-genetive alignment
- 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental)
- cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genitive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive
- number (suffixal): singular, plural
- definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite
Noun class
Animate | Masculine | t- / d- / te- / de- | tamen | man |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feminine | j- / je- | jamen | woman | |
Inanimate | Abstractive | ṇ- / ṇe- | ṇamen | humanity |
Objective | - | tqem | stone |
Declension
Nominative | - | dgára | wolf | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pegative | -s / -es | dgáras | wolf | donor of a ditransitive clauses |
Genitive | -n / -en | dgáran | wolf, of wolf, to wolf | possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses |
Instrumental | -li | dgárali | by / with wolf | instrument, method, accompaniament |
Vialis | -ema / -ma | dgárama | through wolf | way, vial direction |
Ablative | -t / -et | dgárat | from wolf | separation, starting point |
Lative | -ví | dgáraví | to / at wolf | purposive direction |
Locative | -uṣ / -ṣ | dgáraṣ | in / on / under wolf | spatial or temporal location |
Benefactive | -ur / -r | dgárar | for wolf | destination, destinative recipient |
Verbs
- aspects (suffixal): Imperfective, Perfective (Punctual Perfective), Conclusive (Durative-Perfective), Habitual
- voices (infixal): Active vs Middle + Direct vs Causative
- noun class preffixes
- tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive
- polarity (suffixal): affirmative, negative
- subjective and objective persons
Adjectives
- three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
Pronouns
- obviative
- subjugating hierarchy (suffixal)
- plural roots
Adpositions
- postpositions and prepositions (mixed system)
- conjugable by subjective person
Syntax
- SOV
- head-final