Proto-Uralic/O: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Line 178: Line 178:
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1  (P. *(kʷ/w)ɤɤ, Ms. *aaNC/*aCC, Kh *oo, Smy. *å)
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1a > Ma. *a/*o, P. *(kʷ/w)ɤɤ, Ms. *aaNC/*aCC, Kh *oo, Smy. *å)
| all EU cases with medial clusters?
| all EU cases with medial clusters?
|-
|-
Line 184: Line 184:
| *o/õnci  || *vōmtɤ || *undə || - || U. '''udur''' || ''odur'' || *aantər || *oontər || -
| *o/õnci  || *vōmtɤ || *undə || - || U. '''udur''' || ''odur'' || *aantər || *oontər || -
| *omtə(-rV)
| *omtə(-rV)
|-
| "hole in wood"
| - || *vōwtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *ooŋət || -
| *oŋtə, cf. prev.
|-
|-
| "opening, mouth"
| "opening, mouth"
| *o/õvvi || W *vōŋɤs || *oŋ-kst || '''*äŋ''' || *wɤɤm || ''aj'' "lip" || - || *ooŋ || '''*aŋ'''
| *o/õvvi || W *vōŋɤs || *oŋ-kst || '''*äŋ''' || *wɤɤm || ''aj'' "lip" || - || *ooŋ || '''*aŋ'''
| *owŋə? F. ''aukko'' ← *aŋa- "to open". Mo. *oŋ → oŋ.
| *owŋə? F. ''aukko'' ← *aŋa- "to open". Mo. *oŋ → oŋ.
|-
| "hole"
| *oŋk- || *vōŋkō || - || - || - || - || *waaŋka || *wooŋk || *wåŋkə
| F. onk'''a'''lo cf. varsi : vartalo
|-
|-
| "to chew"
| "to chew"
Line 207: Line 199:
| *poč(ka) || *poac(kē) || - || *pač ||style="color:green"| *bɤɤž || ''far'' || *paanš ||style="color:red"| *pooč || *pånčə
| *poč(ka) || *poac(kē) || - || *pač ||style="color:green"| *bɤɤž || ''far'' || *paanš ||style="color:red"| *pooč || *pånčə
| *-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin"
| *-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin"
|-
| "to wash"
| *mo/õske- || - || *muśkə- || ''*mʊška-'' || ''*mɨśk-'' ||style="color:red"| ''moš-'' || - || - || *måsə-
| MaP *u, / m_?
|-
| "to scorch"
| *ko/õrpet- || *kōrpɤ- || *kurv'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårpə-
|-
| "thin"
| *o/õhut || - || - || - || - || - || *waɣta || *wookəL || -
| *wokšə (AA13)
|-
| "netstring"
| - || *cōncɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *čoončəɣ || -
|-
| "(to) knot"
| *so/õlmi || *čōlmɤ || *śulm'''a''' || - || - || ''čomoo'' || - || - || -
|-
| "snot"
| *no/õlki ||style="color:green"| *snōlkɤ || '''*nolgə''' || - || - ||style="color:red"| '''ńaal''' || - || - || -
| S. affected by Gmc *snuut?
|-
|-
| "thick; many"
| "thick; many"
| - || - || - || *čaka(-ta) || K. čɤk || ''šok'' ||style="color:red"| *šaaw || - || -
| - || - || - || *čaka(-ta) || K. čɤk || ''šok'' ||style="color:red"| *šaaw || - || -
| Cf. Turkic *čok
| Cf. Turkic *čok
|-
| "spear"
|style="color:red"| '''*ota''' || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''*umdə'' || - || - || *aaGta || *ooŋtəw || ''*aŋtə''
| Tv ''awtā'' ← *-ɣt- , WMs *owta/NMs *oowta ← *wt = Ms *-ŋt-?
|-
|-
| "net needle"
| "net needle"
Line 248: Line 215:
| no cluster?
| no cluster?
|-
|-
| "woods"
| "to dare"
| - || - || - || - || - || vad || - || *woont || -
| *tohtVj- || *tōstɤ- || - || *tošta- || - || - || - || - || -
| S. *vōvtē ← Gmc
|-
| "to pin; to sew"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *saalt- || - || *såjtə-
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 259: Line 222:
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1b: similar except F. *uu (= PU *ow_ə?)
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1b: similar except F. *uu (= PU *ow_ə?)
| coronal or zero-ish medials
|-
|-
| "spruce"
| "spruce"
Line 302: Line 266:
| "worm"
| "worm"
| - || *sōksɤ || *suks || ''*šukš'' || - || - || - || - || -
| - || *sōksɤ || *suks || ''*šukš'' || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1d: indistinct/unclear
|-
| "to wash"
| *mo/õskë- || - || *muśkə- || ''*mŭška-'' || ''*mɨśk-'' ||style="color:red"| ''moš-'' || - || - || *måsə-
| MaP *u, / m_?
|-
| "hole"
| *oŋk- || *vōŋkō || - || - || - || - || *waaŋka || *wooŋk || *wåŋkə
| F. onk'''a'''lo cf. varsi : vartalo
|-
| "to scorch"
| *ko/õrpët- || *kōrpɤ- || *kurv'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårpə-
|-
| "knee"
| *po/õlvi || *pōlvɤ || *pul- || ''*pŭl'' || - || - || - || - || '''*puəj'''
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "thin"
| *o/õhut || - || - || - || - || - || *waɣta || *wookəL || -
| *wokšə (AA13)
|-
| "netstring"
| - || *cōncɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *čoončəɣ || -
|-
| "hole in wood"
| - || *vōwtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *ooŋət || -
| *oŋtə, cf. *omtə
|-
| "(to) knot"
| *so/õlmi || *čōlmɤ || *śulm'''a''' || - || - || ''čomoo'' || - || - || -
|-
| "snot"
| *no/õlki ||style="color:green"| *snōlkɤ || '''*nolgə''' || - || - ||style="color:red"| '''ńaal''' || - || - || -
| S. affected by Gmc *snuut?
|-
| "spear"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''*umdə'' || - || - || *aaGta || *ooŋtəw || ''*aŋtə''
| Tv ''awtā'' ← *-ɣt- , WMs *owta/NMs *oowta ← *wt = Ms *-ŋt-? F. *ota better < *woča
|-
| "woods"
| - || - || - || - || - || vad || - || *woont || -
| S. *vōvtē ← Gmc
|-
| "to pin; to sew"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *saalt- || - || *såjtə-
|-
| "to oppose"
| *to/õrju- || *toarjō- || *tuŕə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| S. "to support". Cf. *tora
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u), Smy *o
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u), Smy *o
Line 332: Line 346:
| "to pursue"
| "to pursue"
| *no/õu-ta- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*ńɤɤwl-'' || *ńuu₂/ååkəL- || *ńo-
| *no/õu-ta- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*ńɤɤwl-'' || *ńuu₂/ååkəL- || *ńo-
| V -uu-, Vj -ɔɔ-. Ms. cheshirization? Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nʊmala- "carry"
| V -uu-, Vj -ɔɔ-. Ms. cheshirization? Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nŭmala- "carry"
|-
|-
| "to experience"
| "to experience"
Line 351: Line 365:
| substratal? note *-š-
| substratal? note *-š-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 3: as per [[Proto-Uralic/U|*u]] in Finno-Permic, H. ''uu'', Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy *o
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 3: as per [[Proto-Uralic/U|*u]] in WU+P, H. ''uu'', Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy *o
| open syllables with an anterior medial
| open syllables with an anterior medial
|-
|-
| "sno"
| "sno"
| *lumi || *lomɤ ||style="color:red"| *loŋ || *lʊm || *lɨmɨ || ''lom'' || - || - || *jom-
| *lumi || *lomɤ ||style="color:red"| *loŋ || *lŭm || *lɨmɨ || ''lom'' || - || - || *jom-
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
|-
| "to bite"
| "to bite"
| *pure- || *porɤ- ||style="color:green"| *poŕə- || *pʊra- || '''*puur(ɨ)-''' || - || *pur- || *por- || *por-
| *pure- || *porɤ- ||style="color:green"| *poŕə- || *pŭra- || '''*puur(ɨ)-''' || - || *pur- || *por- || *por-
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
|-
| "to blo"
| "to blo"
Line 374: Line 390:
| "new"
| "new"
| ''*uuci'' || *oðɤ || *od ||style="color:brown"| *u || *vɨĺ || uuj || - || - || -
| ''*uuci'' || *oðɤ || *od ||style="color:brown"| *u || *vɨĺ || uuj || - || - || -
| Mari CV → long. F. length from *wu-?  
| Mari CV ⇒ long. F. length from *wu-?  
|-
|-
| "(to) coff"
| "(to) coff"
Line 383: Line 399:
|-
|-
| "to come"
| "to come"
| *tule- || *tolɤ- || - || '''*tola-''' || - || '''talaal-''' || - || - || *toj-
| *tule- || *tolɤ- || - || *tola- || - || '''talaal-''' || - || - || *toj-
| Ma/H. cf. F. *talla- "tread"?
| Ma/H. cf. F. *talla- "tread"?
|-
|-
Line 409: Line 425:
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
|-
| "knee"
| *po/õlvi || *pōlvɤ || *pul- || ''*pʊl'' || - || - || - || - || '''*puəj'''
|-
|-
| demonstrativ stem
| demonstrativ stem
| *jo- || *jō- || E. ju- || *ju- || - || - || - || - || -
| *jo- || *jō- || E. ju- || *ju- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE?
| ← IE?
|-
| "to oppose"
| *to/õrju- || *toarjō- || *tuŕə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| S. "to support". Cf. *tora
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 529: Line 538:
|-
|-
| "those"
| "those"
| *noo || *nō- || nonat || *nʊnə || K. ''nɨ-'' || - || - || - || Se. na
| *noo || *nō- || nonat || *nŭnə || K. ''nɨ-'' || - || - || - || Se. na
|-
|-
| "that"
| "that"
| *too || *tō || to- || *tʊ || U. tu ~ K. ''tɨ'' || ta-, taa- || *tuu-, *tu- || *to₂-- || *tå-
| *too || *tō || to- || *tŭ || U. tu ~ K. ''tɨ'' || ta-, taa- || *tuu-, *tu- || *to₂-- || *tå-
|-
|-
| "3"
| "3"
| *kolmi || *kolmɤ || *kolmə || *kʊm ||style="color:red"| '''#kuuińm''' <!-- U. kwiń ~ K. kujim--> || style="color:red"| '''haarom''' || style="color:red"| '''*kuurəm''' || *kooLəm || -
| *kolmi || *kolmɤ || *kolmə || *kŭm ||style="color:red"| '''#kuuińm''' <!-- U. kwiń ~ K. kujim--> || style="color:red"| '''haarom''' || style="color:red"| '''*kuurəm''' || *kooLəm || -
| *-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?!
| *-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?!
|-
|-
Line 562: Line 571:
|-
|-
| "straight"
| "straight"
| *o/õikeda || *vōjkɤ || '''*vijəďɜ''' || '''*wij-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| *o/õikëda || *vōjkɤ || '''*vijəďɜ''' || '''*wij-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| S. may be ← F. Mo/Ma *wejä/*weKä?
| S. may be ← F. Mo/Ma *wejä/*weKä?
|-
|-
Line 589: Line 598:
| "dawn"
| "dawn"
| *koi || - || - || K. ''kɨa'' || - || - || - || - || -
| *koi || - || - || K. ''kɨa'' || - || - || - || - || -
| H. ''haj'', Ms. *kuuj  cf. *kaja "sun"
| Better *kajə? H. ''haj'', Ms. *kuuj  cf. *kaja "sun"
|-
|-
| "to stick"
| "to stick"
Line 600: Line 609:
| *to/õtki || - || *tutk'''a''' ||style="color:red"| *tatə || - || tat || *tokt || - || Sk. tut
| *to/õtki || - || *tutk'''a''' ||style="color:red"| *tatə || - || tat || *tokt || - || Sk. tut
| East *u?
| East *u?
|-
| "to dare"
| *tohtVj- || *tōstɤ- || - || *tošta- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "cloth"
| "cloth"
| - || - || - || *tʊɣər || *te/ɤr''a'' || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || ''*tŭɣər'' || *te/ɤr''a'' || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "pit"
| "pit"

Revision as of 18:19, 14 April 2014

PU *a_ə

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*a_ə type 1: F. *a_i, S. *oa_ē (!), Mo. *u(CCə), Ma. *u, P. *uu, Ms. *aaC/aCC, Kh. *a (~ *oo), Smy. *å(CCə) default
"to be" *olë- - *ulə- *ŭla- *vɤɤl(ɨ)- vol-, val- *aal- E *waL- ~
W *ooL-		 *åə- P. *wa- > *wo-, F. unstressed shortening?
"gadfly" (*parma) *poarō *purəmə (*parmə) - - - (O. puurəm) - *parə, *parma; cf. "sleep". F. paarma (_rN?)
"to tremble" *tarkënë-
"to stay warm"		 *toarkēstē- *turgəďə- - K. tural- - N. toorɣ- *ta(a)rəɣ- - No metathesis in OU??
"raft" *parvi *poarē(vē) - - *puurj - *paara *parə *pårV Smy ← OU?
"flock" *parvi - - - - - - *parə - Same root as prev.?
"clay" *savi - *śovəń *šun K. śun - *suwĺ *saɣɯɯ -
"cold weather" - *joasō - *juž U. juz - - - *jat Smy > *a / Ć_. Cf. also SS juoskos ~ joåskos "cold"
"group" *ko/unta *kontē Mk. kuńďä - - had *kaant *kantəɣ *kåntə S & NF contam. with Gmc *hundra?
"willow" *paju *poajōi - - *baď faɟal - - *päwə S. *oa per -o? Not to be conflated with *pojə "aspen"
"horn" *sarvi *čoarvē *śurə *šur *śuur sarv *saarəp *ćärpə - ← II, Ug. separately?
"bend" - NS moagge - - *mög - *muuɣəl *makəL - *maŋkə-la > *ma(ŋ)kla in pre-Ms?
"soft" - *loančē - "lënzë-" - laaɟ *lanćəŋ *ɭoonćə(ɣ) - NB no palzn. in S.
"to scrape" - - - - *vuušt- vaaš- *ašɣ- *woočəɣ- -
"to want" *hapi-- - - - - - *taŋk- *ɬaŋkaa- - *šaŋə- with F. analogical *v > p?? F. *soo- "to grant" ← *suwa- ← II.
"stomach" Fi. vatsa - - - - - N. vaś - - Weak. Fi. → S. *vāttē. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad
"lid" *kanci *koamtē *kundə *komdəš K. kudj - - - -
"oak" *tammi - *tumə *tumə *tu - - - -
"maple" *vahtëra - *ukštər *waštar - - - - - Ma. *a / w_
*a_ə type 2: similar but S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *a, P. *oo, Smy. *a / _Ć palatalization
"butter" *voi *vōjɤ *vaj *ü U. vɤj ~
K vɨj		 vaj *waaj *wooj - ~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ? F. via *voojə
"to step" *askël,
*as-tu-		 - Er. aśkiĺa- *aškəl- *ooćkVl- - *uusəl - *asəl
"to receive" *saa- NW *sākɤ- Mk. sajə- *šo- K. su- - - - *tåj- *saxə. Note assim. only in S/Mo. Hi. u per hiatus
"grass, awn" - *kōjɤ - - *kɨ haj *kaaj - Sk. *quu
< *kåə
"spirit" *vaimo *vōjŋɤ *vajmə - - - - - *wajŋə F. & Mo. < *vajŋ-ma-. Cf. S. *vājmō "heart"?
"to spread, bed" - *vōðō
"bottom
layer"		 - - *wååĺ- aaɟ *aaĺ - - P. per class 4, F. vuode < vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Miš.
"river bend" - - - - K. voĺ völɟ CMs *wooĺ *wakəĹ Ne. wäej NB *ĺ?!
"penis" - *pōčɤ - - - fas - - -
*a_ə type 3: similar but F. *oo / _Rə (= std. PU *oo/*ox), Ma. *o "long" cases
"to lick" *noolë- *noalō- *nola- *nŭle- *ńuul- ńal- *ńal-amt- *ńaLaa- *ńåə- F. also cf. *nola "slime". Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"?
"to die" *koolë- *koalō-
"freeze"		 *kulə- *kole- *kuul- hal- *kaal- *kaLaa- *kåə- S. may be ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death".
"intestine" *sooli *čoalē *śulə/a *šolə *śuulj saal
"thread"		 - *sooL - ← II *ćālā
"to sleep" *voodë-k
"bed"		 *oaðē- *udə- - - al- *aal- *aLaa- - or F. < *voota "hide"? *ad₂ə "bed" predicts *ota
"mountain" *voori - - - *vɤɤr orr *waar *woor Km. boor ~ II *aras — but *w- ? P. *wa- > *wo-. Also cf. *wara
"crust" *koori *koarē *kaŕ - K. kɨrś - *kur- W *karə,
*kuurəp		 *kar For Se. ker- cf. *kêri
"to whittle,
to plane" 		*voolë- *oalō- - - *vɤl- - *walt- *waLt- - S. *vōlɤ- ← F.
"ash; heat; flame" - - - *lom(p)ɤž *luum- laaŋg - - -
*a_ə type 4: similar but F. *o_a, P. *wåå / #_ (bled by prev. two exception classes!)
"sleep" - - *udəmə *omə *uunm aalom *uuləm *aaLəm,
*wuuLəm
"dream"		 - *aðəma; > *alma in P+Ug? cf. "to sleep"
"shoulder" *o/õlka *oalkē - - K. volɨs vaall *waaɣləp - *wajk Cf. BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. "shoulderband". NB Smy palzn
"awl" *ora *oarē *urə - - aar - - - ← II *ārā (Vo õra)
"slave" *orja *oarjē
"south"		 *uŕɜ - U. war ~
K. ver		 - - - - ← II *ārya. S. "south"
"to shine" - - - - *vååĺ(k) - *waĺɣ- N. *waĹə- - *w- ?? Cf. *wïlkə "light"!
"early" - - - *ažno *wåådź - - - -

Std. PU *o_ə

F. *o_i/e-, S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. u(CCə)

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*o_ə type 1a > Ma. *a/*o, P. *(kʷ/w)ɤɤ, Ms. *aaNC/*aCC, Kh *oo, Smy. *å) all EU cases with medial clusters?
"hollow, cavity" *o/õnci *vōmtɤ *undə - U. udur odur *aantər *oontər - *omtə(-rV)
"opening, mouth" *o/õvvi W *vōŋɤs *oŋ-kst *äŋ *wɤɤm aj "lip" - *ooŋ *aŋ *owŋə? F. aukko ← *aŋa- "to open". Mo. *oŋ → oŋ.
"to chew" - *sōskɤ- *suskə- - *sɤɤsk- - *taɣt- *ɬookəL- #tutə-
"bow" *jo/?uci *jōksɤ *joŋs *jaŋež - iij *jaaGt *jookəL *jïntə *-ŋs-. Mo. *oŋ → oŋ
"tail" *poč(ka) *poac(kē) - *pač *bɤɤž far *paanš *pooč *pånčə *-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin"
"thick; many" - - - *čaka(-ta) K. čɤk šok *šaaw - - Cf. Turkic *čok
"net needle" - *čōpsēmē - *šapš - - *taas *soopəs -
"millet; oat" - - *surə - *zɤɤr - - - - no cluster?
"lung; gills" - - - *šoðɤ K. šɤĺ - - - - no cluster?
"to dare" *tohtVj- *tōstɤ- - *tošta- - - - - -
""
*o_ə type 1b: similar except F. *uu (= PU *ow_ə?) coronal or zero-ish medials
"spruce" *kuusi *kōsɤ *kuz *kož *kʷɤɤz - *kaɣt *kooL *kåət *kowsə?
"root, base" *juuri - *jur - *jur - - - *jår *jowrə? Smy not ~ F. jaaru
"drape" *uudim - - - *wɤɤn(m-) - *aaməl *ooLəp - *owðəmə? NB no *ð → ∅ in P. Possibly PMs *aalma > CMs *aaməl
"other" *muu *mū- - *molə *mɤɤd
*muuket		 maaš *maat;
S+E *mɤɤt		 - *mow-?!
*o_ə type 1c: similar except Ma. *u, P. *⁽ʷ⁾ɤ (U+KP /ɤ/, Zyrian /o/)
"to vomit" *oksënta- SS vuoksedi- *uksəndə- *ukšənća- *wɤskɨ- - - - - Core S *vōksē--, backformation? Or F. *a → *ə / T_T?
"to touch" NF *koske- *kōskɤ- - *kuške- K. kos- - - - - K from P. *kʷɤɤs-?
"(to) patch" - W *tōŋɤ- ~
E *tōvŋɤ-		 - *tuməš K. *dɤɤm- - - - - ŋ/m? Ma. per *a-stem?
"belly, abdomen" *ko/õktu - - - *kʷɤt - - - -
"dry" - - - *kukšə *kʷɤs - - - - cf. *kôśkə?
"to spend a night" - - - - *kʷɤl haal- *kuul- *kaaL- -
"worm" - *sōksɤ *suks *šukš - - - - -
*o_ə type 1d: indistinct/unclear
"to wash" *mo/õskë- - *muśkə- *mŭška- *mɨśk- moš- - - *måsə- MaP *u, / m_?
"hole" *oŋk- *vōŋkō - - - - *waaŋka *wooŋk *wåŋkə F. onkalo cf. varsi : vartalo
"to scorch" *ko/õrpët- *kōrpɤ- *kurva- - - - - - *kårpə-
"knee" *po/õlvi *pōlvɤ *pul- *pŭl - - - - *puəj Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"thin" *o/õhut - - - - - *waɣta *wookəL - *wokšə (AA13)
"netstring" - *cōncɤ - - - - - *čoončəɣ -
"hole in wood" - *vōwtɤ - - - - - *ooŋət - *oŋtə, cf. *omtə
"(to) knot" *so/õlmi *čōlmɤ *śulma - - čomoo - - -
"snot" *no/õlki *snōlkɤ *nolgə - - ńaal - - - S. affected by Gmc *snuut?
"spear" - - - *umdə - - *aaGta *ooŋtəw *aŋtə Tv awtā ← *-ɣt- , WMs *owta/NMs *oowta ← *wt = Ms *-ŋt-? F. *ota better < *woča
"woods" - - - - - vad - *woont - S. *vōvtē ← Gmc
"to pin; to sew" - - - - - - *saalt- - *såjtə-
"to oppose" *to/õrju- *toarjō- *tuŕə- - - - - - - S. "to support". Cf. *tora
*o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u), Smy *o open syllables with a dorsal medial
"male" - *kōjɤ
 - - *koom hiim CMs *kuj,
*kum		 *kuu₂j - *kojə(-ma). Ms. *uuj → *uj?
"to sound" *so/õi- *čōjɤ- - *ša-kte- - †saj- *suj- *söj- *so- Ms. *uuj → *uj? East *u?
"to find; riddle" - - *mujə- *moa- *mååď mu(u)t - *muuj-- - F. mu/o/õista- "to remember" ← R. мысл- "to think"
"to bring" *too- *tōkɤ- *tujə- - - - *tuul- *tuu₂-~
*tuu₁ɣ-		 *tå- / *tə- H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc
"to go thru" - *sōŋɤ- Er. sova-
~ Mo. suva-		 - U. zum- ~ K. sun- av- *tuu- *ɬaŋ- *tüj- Mo. *oŋ → oŋ
"bosom" *po/õvvi *pōŋɤ Er. poŋgo
~ Mk. pov		 Hi. poŋgəš
~ Me. poməš		 *pi - *puut E puuɣəL
~ N poxəL		 *påŋə (?) *powŋə? Mo. *oŋ → *oŋ
"to pursue" *no/õu-ta- - - - - - *ńɤɤwl- *ńuu₂/ååkəL- *ńo- V -uu-, Vj -ɔɔ-. Ms. cheshirization? Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nŭmala- "carry"
"to experience" *koke- I. kuoha- - - - - - - *ko-
"berry" Võ pala - - K. pul boĺoo,
boɟoo ?		 *pul - Sk. *pəl- Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum"
"steam, fog" - - - - *ruu - - *ruu₂ -
"to say" *hoke- - - - *šuu- - - - -
"barley" - - *čuž *šož *čuužj - - - - substratal? note *-š-
*o_ə type 3: as per *u in WU+P, H. uu, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy *o open syllables with an anterior medial
"sno" *lumi *lomɤ *loŋ *lŭm *lɨmɨ lom - - *jom- Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"to bite" *pure- *porɤ- *poŕə- *pŭra- *puur(ɨ)- - *pur- *por- *por- Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"to blo" *puhu-
*puhalta-		 *posō- - - K. puškɨ- fuu- *put- *poLaa- Sk. puttu? K. ~ Fi. puhku-?
"bone" *luu - *lovaža *lu *lɨ - *luw *loɣ *lɤ Mari CV ⇒ long
"mouth" *suu *čovɤ, *čontɤk - *šu - saa-j *sunt,
*suup, *saw?		 *so₂ɣaa *so *śowə. Mari CV ⇒ long. Check Kh
"new" *uuci *oðɤ *od *u *vɨĺ uuj - - - Mari CV ⇒ long. F. length from *wu-?
"(to) coff" - *kosɤ(-) *koz(ə-) - *kɨz(ɨ)- - - *kooL(-) *kot(-)
"to pass by" - *molɤ- *moĺə- - - muul- Tv mal- ~
CMs *mul-		 - -
"to come" *tule- *tolɤ- - *tola- - talaal- - - *toj- Ma/H. cf. F. *talla- "tread"?
"cover" - NS goaran - - - - N. xuri *kor -
"lake" - - - - *tɨ √tav- Tv. too *toɣ *to *towə, not *toxə. PMs *tow? SKh tew
"side" - - - - K vɨj - *wujəl - - Tv wɤjəl
"hut" - - - - U. tɨlɨs - *tul - - Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi ← Baltic *tala-
"steep" - - - - *ńɨl- - *ńultəŋ - -
"sleep" *uni - on - - - - - - ← IE *oner
Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
demonstrativ stem *jo- *jō- E. ju- *ju- - - - - - ← IE?
""
"to be sick" *po/õte- *pōcɤ- - - - - - - -
"true" *to/õci *tōtɤ - - - - - - -
""
"to cut" - - - - - farag *paar - *pərå- Smy. "to scrape", may not belong
"to dry" - - - - - asoo *taaš *soos
with Ms. *ɤɤ
"cheek" *po/õski - - - - - *pɤɤjət E puuɣLəm
~ W *poxLəm		 *påtə
"tusk" - - - - *wåådźer aɟar *ɤɤńćər *eńćər -
"ghost" - - *čo(v) - K. šɤn - *tɤɤw *ɬuu₂ŋk - Mo. *oŋ → *oŋ, or *av → ov? Ms. cheshirization? F. huu better ← Gmc
"minor river" *jo/õki *jokɤ Er. jov - *juu joo *jɤɤ *jååkəɳ,
*jɯɯkɯɯ		 - *jëkV, with S *ë → *u, Er. av → ov? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink/flow?" Ma. *joɣe- "to flow" ← Chuv. jox- "id."
"major river" *juka - - *jååkəɳ *jəka for comparision
*ô_ə (F. *o, Mo. *o, Ma. *a?)
"to dry; rapids" *koski *koškɤ- *kośkə- *kaške(-) *kʷååś-/k - *kaš (?) - *kåsə- F. → S. *kōškɤ "rapids"
"stick" *po/?nci - Mk. ponda *pandə *pood - - - - P. also *böd "staff"
"vessel" - - *očkə *wačkɤ U. vɨčkɨ - - - -
"bent" - - Mk. nokəl(a) - *ńuuk - - - -
"grain" - - *norəv - K nur(j-) - - - -
"straw" *o/õlki - *olgə - - - - - -
"corner; to hide" *so/?ppi - *śopə- - - - - - -
"bear" *o/?kci - *ovtə - - - - - - Cf. late IE *arktos
"to sink" *lo/?nteh - londado- - - - - - -
IE loans
"salt" suola - sal Hi cal ~ Me ćal U. sɨlal ~ K. sol - - - - ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
"to sieve" *pohtVj- - ponžavto- - *poož- - - - - ← IE *powH-(ta-), *pewH-
"(to) hoe" *kookka - - - *kook- - - - - at least F ← Gmc *xōka
"group" *jo/õukko - - - *juuk - - - - ← IE *jowkjo; H. ɟakor something else
"gap" *lo/õvi - *luv *lu - - - - - ← Gmc. Mo/Ma better here than with F. *loma
"hook, to angle" *o/õŋki *vōŋkɤ
*oaŋkō-		 - *oŋgə - - - - - ← IE
"side; spouse" *pooli - *pola - - - - - - ← Ru. пол (F may be ← *pälä?)
"protection" suoja, hoi-va *sōjē, šōjē - - - - - - - ← II *sćaajaa
Messy stuff
"those" *noo *nō- nonat *nŭnə K. nɨ- - - - Se. na
"that" *too *tō to- *tŭ U. tu ~ K. tɨ ta-, taa- *tuu-, *tu- *to₂-- *tå-
"3" *kolmi *kolmɤ *kolmə *kŭm #kuuińm haarom *kuurəm *kooLəm - *-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?!
"aspen" - - *poj - *pi - - *paaj #pij
"to flay" - *ńōvɤ- - - *ńij- ńuuz- Tv. ńooj- ~
CMs *ńuj-		 *-w-/*-j-? H. *ńoWə-ta-?
"swan" *jo/?uccen *ńūkčɤ *lokś-- *jükšə *juuś(k-) - - - *jä¹ŋkɜ *joŋćə-, Mo. *oŋ → oŋ; + ŋkC → kC? or *joŋkə-ćə per Smy?)
"pole" - *čōlčɤ - - - - - - *səlčə Bad
"pole" Fi. vuoli - - - - - *ula N. *(w)ooɭ - OU here under next item?
"pole" ulku *holkɤ olga - K. ɨl N. aawla N. *oxəL *uj for comparision
"straight" *o/õikëda *vōjkɤ *vijəďɜ *wij- - - - - - S. may be ← F. Mo/Ma *wejä/*weKä?
"buckle" *so/õlki *čūlkō- *śulgamə *šolkama - - - - - P. *śuul "ski" better ← *śëlka
"to feed" - - - *wurde- *vördɨ- - - - - Cf. IE *werdʰ-
"to throw" *loo *lū *ĺijə- *loŋa- *lɤd- loog- WTF is this shit
"to sink" - - - - - rokkan- *rowt-, N. räɣ- *raak- -
"brittle" NF *rohka - - *raš/čka *rɨž, K. rɨš(k)- - - - - *rošə, *roš-ka? OU ris etc. ← K. Don't see how H. roš- "slow" compares. Zek "P *ruuž"
"brittle" - - - #rot - ruut, rot- - *ratək -
"dawn" *koi - - K. kɨa - - - - - Better *kajə? H. haj, Ms. *kuuj cf. *kaja "sun"
"to stick" - - - - *tooj- †toĺ- - - -
"dish, chest" - - - - *dooz - - *toL -
"a fish" *to/õtki - *tutka *tatə - tat *tokt - Sk. tut East *u?
"cloth" - - - *tŭɣər *te/ɤra - - - -
"pit" *kooppa - - - U. gop - - - - Coincidental?
"hill" - - - - - domb *tåmp - - clearly not PU
"birch bark" tidoo + OU per *tana
"many" *mo/õni moanɤk - - *-mɨn *-vAn *-mən - - Probly ← IE
"to lern; to see" *o/õppe(j)- - - - - - *waapl- *waapəɣ- - F. → S. *oappɤ-
"to be able; to fight" *vo/õi- - - - - viiv- - - -
"to see" - - - - - oov- - *wuu-/waa- *wë(ra)- how about *ë
"to reach; to spawn" - *joksɤ- - - - (v)iiv- - - - F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without
"to go" - - - - - in-- *jaam- - Ne. jaam-
"middle" Fi. jotka - *jutkə - - - *jat - *jotV
"ski" - - - *ječe - - *jašə - - Bad
"weak" - - - - K. rudź- ross - - -
"soup" *rokka - - - - - LU raɣt *rook -
"to hack" - - - *roe- - rov- - *rooɣ- - Hi. u in hiatus
"to sweep" Fi. huosi- - - - U. čuž- - *šaaš- *čaač- Sk čuuč-←
*čåəč-
""
""

Std. PU *o_a

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *uu, H. aa, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å_å
"part; flesh" *osa *oańčē Me. ü/užas - aaɟek, ost- *uunć - - ← II?
"fish trap" *ota- *oacē - - K. vodž - *wuuš *waač *wåč Mo. *oš "city" probably doesn't belong. Sk. *k⁽ʷ⁾ëččə a derivative?
"jaw" - *oalōl *ulə - - aall *uuləć - -
"to conjure" - - Er. al(s)ta- *ulte- - aald- - *aaLəL- -
"spirit" - - - - *kuuĺj haɟ *kuĺ- - *kåjkə *-ðʲk-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc
"raw, meat" - - - - *uuĺ - - - *åjå
"skin" E. kõba - *kuvə *kʊwə *kuu - - - *kopå Ma. *ʊ / _[+LAB]_
"squirrel" *orava *oarēvē *ur *ur K. ur - - - "*årop ~ *oråp" (Vo õrava)
"eagle" *kotka *koackēmē *kućkan *kučkəž *kuuč - - - -
similar but P. *kʷåå, Ms. *aa
"house" *kota *koatē *kudə *kuðɤ *kʷåå haaz - *kaat - ← II?
"ear; leaf" *ko/õrva *koarvē - - *kʷåår harap - - *kåw
"small fly" - - - *lʊmej U. ĺum - *ĺaaməj - - Ma. *ʊ / _[+LAB]_
indistinct
"head" *oiva *oajvē Mk. uj- *wuj - - - - *åjwå
"to bring" - *toalvō- - - - - - - *tåjwå-
"wedge" *tolva - *tulə - *tuulj - - - *tajwA F. → ??
"hare" - *ńoamēlē *numələ - K. ńimal ńuul - - *ńåmå ← *ńoxə-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition
"war" *so/õta - *śudə- *šuðə-
"curse"		 - - - - *såjə S. *soattē ← F.
"quarrel" *to/õra *toarō *tuŕə- Hi. torle- - - - *tåro-
"aunt" - *koaskē - - - - - - *kåtå
"to go" - - juta-, Mk. jota- - - - - - *jåtA- *jočə-ta-? Cf. OUg *jaač "path". S. *jotē- better ← B. *judē-.
"to dry" - - - - *śuur- saar- - *saar- - Ms. *šu(u)r(l)- ← Komi šural-?
"orphan" *orpoj *oarpēs *urəs - - aarva - E. uurwɯɯ - ← IE
"to sew" - - - *ʊrɣe-;
*wʊrɣəm
"cloth"		 *vuurɨ- var- - - - Ma. *ʊ / _[+LAB]_
"twig" *oksa *oaksē - *ukš *oosɨ - - - -
"south; day" *lo/õuna - - - U nun, lum
~ K lun		 - - - -
"to gather" *korjat- - - - *kuurjal- - - - - may be loan F → P (-rj-!)
"reindeer" *poro *poačōj - Hi. pučə ~
Me. püčö		 U. pudžej - - - - ← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep.
"to wait" *odotta- *oacōttē- *učə- *wʊče- - - - - - Ma. *ʊ / _[+LAB]_
"shaman" *no/õjta *noajtē - - - - *ńääjt - -
"sleigh" - *čoanē
"last sleigh"		 - - - - *šun - -
"hill" - - - *mʊčə *muuč - - - - *močča, Ma. *ʊ / _[+LAB]_?
"wave" - - - - - hab *ku(m)p *ko/uump *kåmpå Distinct from FP *kumpu "hill".
"cold" - - - *juž U. juz - - - -
"bent, to bend" *no/õtko/eda *ńoackē *nučka- - - - - - -
""
""
West *o_a, Mari *ʊ?, East *ë (P ambiguous)
"man, male animal" *koira(s) - - - K. kɨr here *kɤɤr *kaar *kora *kojra ← *kojə-ra
"duck" *so/õtka *čoaðkē *śulgə *šooe *šuul - *sɤɤĺ *saaj - *ś-l → *ś-ĺ in Ug.
"ware" *os-ta-
"to buy"		 *oasē - *wʊža *vuuz - *wɤɤta - - ← IE *wosā, Ma. *ʊ / _[+LAB]_. Ms via II?
"to peel" - - - *kʊðaša- *kuuĺ- - *kɤɤĺ- - -
"to dive" - - - *šʊŋga- *s/zuuŋ- - - - -
"to take, to pluck" *vo/õtta- - - - U. vɨtɨ- ~ K. vot- - *wɤɤt- - - *wolə-kta-?
TBS
"cleft" *kolo *koalō - - *kʷåål- halok *kal *kååɭ - FS possibly ← Gmc
"vessel" F. purnu *pōrnē - - U. bɤrńo
~ K. burńa		 - - - -
"stick" *sompa *soampē - šo/umba? K. *zɨb - - - - F. ← S. ← II?
"dung" *sonta - - *šandə U. zud "mud" - - - -
"pig" *po/õrsas - *purćis - *påårś - - - - ← IE
"to prick" F. tokkaa- - - Hi. loɣe- - ɟak- - - -
"shallow; to dry" - *coakē- - - - - - - Sk. ča/ëkka-
"yellow" - - *ťuža - U. čuž - - - - Fairly bad
"1000" - - - - *śuurs - *šåtər- *ćorəs ← II *ǵʰasra, independantly?
"tin" - - - *wulnə - oon *alən *ooLnaa - better *u?
"lead" - - - - - oolom *wuuləm - -
"to peel" - - - - U. vɤĺɨ-
~ K. *vɔĺ-		 *woĺćt- - - - S. *oalō- ← *walə-; E. *valə- ← *wala- "pour"??
"Labrador tea" - ES *olo- - - - - *waĺ *wääĺ - Bad. Note *ĺ.
"hole" - - - - - - N. waapi - *wåpə Loan from Ne. → Ms?
"harness" - *vōtɤ - - - - *vo/ät *wäät Sk. *kuu
"to conjure" - - - - K. vom-- †wima- - - - *wojmɜ-, cf. F. voima?? (should be H. *-w-)
"fat" - *jolē - - - - - *jaaL - *u ~ *ë/*a?
"friend" - - - - *joort - - - #(*j)üruŋ
"good" - - - - - joo, jav- *jamas E. *jem, Ob. jiim - or Kh ~ F. *imeh
"to stick in" - - - - - ɟak- *jɤɤkʷ- *jooɣə-
"plane (tool)" - - - - - ɟal(l)u, ɟarol- *jar(ɣə-) - - H. *rl → ll?
"friend" - - - - - jaat *ji/ä/at "with" *jöt "with" -
"to sigh" *hooka- SS såagedh - #šootVć- "to rest" - - *šëëk- - - Consonants bad. F, S. better ← Gmc *swogan. F. → S. *śōkkē-
"narrow; to worry" - - - - *šoog aggod- , oog- - - - Semantics bad
"rare" *harva *soarvē *šurə - K. šur- - - *ɬoorəp #tïrå- S. "dry tree", K. "to dry"
"space; warm" *hooneh - - - *šoon- - - - - Or F. ← B. *šānas "side" → "room"
"go sour" - - - Me. šua- U. šut- ~ K. šuź- - - - - Cf. čapp
"slow" - *ńoacē - - *ńož(jV-) - - - -
"club" *nujja,
*nuhja
"sleigh" - - *nurdə - *noort - - - -
"bad; lazy" F. nolo - Mk. nola - - - - - - Better F ← S (cf AASL)
"diver" - *ńūNēl - - - - - - *ńuənä
"to press together" - - - *nʊmɤrge- K. ńam- ńom- - - -
"slime, phloam" *nola, *nila - - *nalɤ U. ńɤl ~
K. ńiĺ		 - *ńiĺ- "to peel" *ńaL Ne. nal- Cf. *ńïla. F. also nula
"neck" - - - - ńak - - - Sk. #nukV
"moss" - *ńōrɤ - - - - - - #når- Cf. *ńërə
"to crawl; to grab" - *ńoamē- - - - - - - *ńåmå-
"to crawl" - E *ńoallē- - - - - - - Ne. ńalo- Suspicious
"to tire" - - - *noje- - - - *nooj- -
"to stretch" - - - - U nujt- ~ K ńojd- ńuujt- - - -
"nettle" - - - *nuž - - - - Ne. nāca--
"burden" - - - - U. nɨpɨ ~
K. nop, nup		 - *nɤɤp - -
"healthy" - - - Hi. šu *šååń igen - - - H. "very". Expected P -m?
"piece" - *(s)moalō - - - - - - #mAlå Rejectable; S ← Gmc
"to knead" - - - *lʊɣA- *lååj- - - - -
"wet" *loppa - *lop-afto- *lʊp K lapɨd - - - - Ma. *ʊ / _[+LAB]_, unless *u?
"time" F. kotva *koaðvē - *kot - - - - -
"long" - - - *kužə *kuuź hossuu *kʷašə - Km. kunzu Cent. *o ~ East *u?
"fat" Fi. kuu - *kuja *kaja U. kɤj;
U. kwajɨ-		 haaj - - - Maybe *koxa??
"head" - - - - - - *ɤɤw(t) *ååk,
*uu₂ŋkəL		 #ukə
"road" - - - - - uut *ɤɤKt *ååkət *uət
"hat" - - - *upšə *uźɨ - - - - Ma. *u despite _p!?
""
""
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Proto-Uralic/O&oldid=78664"