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== Kannada ==
== Intro to Verb Conjugation ==
The part of Syreni most like English (in terms of layout) is the verb conjugation.  English is called and SVO language, which means it lists the parts of a sentence in the order subject-verb-object.  It is thought that perhaps Syreni began this same way.  The major difference being, Syreni glues all those English words together into one, big, monster word!  It is easiest to picture a collection of nine "slots" into which one may inject part, with only the root and person being obligatory.
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| '''#'''
! 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || Root || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| '''Function:'''
| Voice
| Deixis
| Class
| Person
| Prep.
| Plural
|
|
! ø || a || ä || e || ë || i || ï || o || ö || u || ü
| Voice
| Deixis
| Class
|-
|-
! Ø
| '''For:'''
| {{No|}}  <!--    a A e E i I o O u U    hold option to get combining form //-->
| colspan="3" | "Subject"
| ಅ || ಆ || ಎ || ಏ || ಇ || ಈ || ಉ || ಊ || ಲ || ಊ
| Both
|-
|
! m  <!--  m  //-->
| Both?
| ಮ್ || ಮ || ಮಾ || ಮೆ || ಮೇ || ಮಿ|| ಮೀ || ಮೊ || ಮೋ || ಮು || ಮೂ
|-
! n    <!--  n  //-->
| ನ್ || ನ || ನಾ || ನೆ || ನೇ || ನಿ || ನೀ || ನೊ || ನೋ || ನು || ನೂ
|-
! ṇ    <!--  N    //-->
| ಣ್ || ಣ || ಣಾ || ಣೆ || ಣೇ || ಣಿ || ಣೀ || ಣೊ || ಣೋ || ಣು || ಣೂ
|-
! ñ    <!--    z  //-->
|
|-
! ŋ  <!--    Z  //-->
|-
! f  <!--  ೞ  //-->
| ೞ್ || ೞ || ೞಾ
|-
! s  <!--    s  //-->
|-
! ṣ  <!--  x  //-->
|-
! ç  <!--    S  //-->
|-
! x  <!--  ಱ
|
|-
! l    <!--  l    //-->
|-
! r  <!--    r    //-->
|  
|-
! j  <!--    y    //-->
|-
! w  <!--    v  //-->
|-
! g  <!--  G  //-->
|-
! h  <!--  h  //-->
|}
<!--  unused  H    //-->
{| class="wikitable"
|
|
! ø || a || ä || e || ë || i || ï || o || ö || u || ü
| colspan="3" | "Object"
|-
! Ø
|-
! p    <!--  p  //-->
|-
! ph  <!--  P  //-->
|-
! p'    <!--  b  //-->
|-
! pq    <!--  B  //-->
|-
! npq
|-
! t  <!--    t  //-->
|-
! th  <!--    T    //-->
|-
! t'    <!--  d    //-->
|-
! tq  <!--  D    //-->
|-
! ntq
|-
! z  <!--  L  //-->
|-
! zq  <!--  J  //-->
|-
! nzq
|-
! ʈ  <!--    q    //-->
|-
! ʈh  <!--  Q  //-->
|-
! ʈ'    <!--  w  //-->
|-
! ʈq  <!--    W    //-->
|-
! nʈq
|-
! c  <!--    c    //-->
|-
! ch  <!--    C    //-->
|-
! c'    <!--  j    //-->
|-
! k <!--    k  //-->
|-
! kh  <!--  K  //-->
|-
! k'  <!---  g  //-->
|-
! '    <!--  ಋ
|-
! 'h  <!--  ೠ
|-
! ` 
|}
|}
== Devarangi ==


{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
Let's look at the first three and the last three.  These are the Voice, Deixis, and Class of the "Subject" and "Object".  "Subject" and "Object" are in scare-quotes because sometimes they behave in ways quite unlike anything you might expect, sometimes the very opposite of what the names imply! '''Voice''' lets you know the intentionality or passivity of the subject/object.  '''Deixis''' is a fancy word for 'this' vs 'that', but in Syreni it's a lot more complicated!  '''Class''' is short for "classifier" which lets you know what kind of thing you're dealing with: person, animal, thing, etc.
|
 
! Ø
'''Preposition''' is a kind of clarifier for the verbal-root.  Why aren't they part of the verb?  Consider the English verb "to turn into". It's quite different from "to turn" and yet all manner of things might come in between "turn" and "into" in any given sentence (e.g. "Frankie turned very slowly but nevertheless deliberately into pickled cod.") "Into" is crucial to distinguish a very different meaning for "turn", but it is separated from it. That's how the '''prep.''' spot functions in Syreni.  There are a great deal many "prepositions" in Syreni.  So many, in fact, that some linguists think that they were originally noun that got incorporated into the endless verbal stew!  This happens a little in English. (e.g. "I was picking berries" can turn into "I was berry-picking."
! m || n || ṇ || ñ || ŋ
 
! f || z || s || ṣ || ç || x
The '''Plural" slot is often ambiguous as to whether it is marking the "subject" or the "object" as a distributive plural.  It may only be applied to very animate subjects.  There are two other infixes that can go here, so that some people prefer simply to call it 'slot 6', but we will continue to use the original name.  The "energetic" and "inert" markers also go here and they are also ambiguous as to whether they refer to the "subject" or "object".  Lastly, the "reversal" of persons marker is in this slot.
! l || r || j || w || g || h
 
|-
The '''Person''' is most important for immediately forming words, because it is required. Here are the indicative person infixes:
! a
| अ
| म || न || ण || ञ || ङ
| फ़ || ळ || स || ष || श || ख़
| ल || र || य || व || हँ || ह
|-
! ä
| आ
| मा || ना || णा || ञा || ङा
| फ़ा || ळा || सा || षा || शा || ख़ा
| ला || रा || या || वा || हँा || हा
|-
! e
| ए
| मे || ने || णे || ञे || ङे
| फ़े || ळे || से || षे || शे || ख़े
| ले || रे || ये || वे || हंे || हे
|-
! ë
| ऐ
| मै || नै || णै || ञै || ङै
| फ़ै || ळै || सै || षै || शै || ख़ै
| लै || रै || यै || वै || हैं || है
|-
! i
| इ
| मि || नि || णि || ञि || ङि
| फ़ि || ळि || सि || षि || शि || ख़ि
| लि || रि || यि || वि || हंि || हि
|-
! ï
| ई
| मी || नी || णी || ञी || ङी
| फ़ी || ळी || सी || षी || शी || ख़ी
| ली || री || यी || वी || हीं || ही
|-
! o
| ओ
| मो || नो || णो || ञो || ङो
| फ़ो || ळो || सो || षो || शो || ख़ो
| लो || रो || यो || वो || हों || हो
|-
! ö
| औ
| मौ || नौ || णौ || ञौ || ङौ
| फ़ौ || ळौ || सौ || षौ || शौ || ख़ौ
| लौ || रौ || यौ || वौ || हौं || हौ
|-
! u
| उ
| मु || नु || णु || ञु || ङु
| फंु || ळु || सु || षु|| शु || खंु
| लु || रु || यु || वु || हँु || हु
|-
! ü
| ऊ
| मू || नू || णू || ञू || ङू
| फंू || ळू || सू || षू || शू || खंू
| लू || रू || यू || वू || हँू || हू
|-
! ø
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| मऽ || नऽ || णऽ || ञऽ || ङऽ
| फ़ऽ || ळऽ || सऽ || षऽ || शऽ || ख़ऽ
| लऽ || रऽ || यऽ || वऽ || हँऽ || हऽ
|}
In India, a method for writing Parseltongue in Devanāgarī arose independently.  Some general principles are.
* The ''avagraha'' (ऽ) is used for consonants without immediately subsequent vowels.
* The ''visarga'' (ः) is used for geminate consonants and long vowels
* The long-vowel symbols were used as -ATR symbols.
* /e/ and /i/ use /ai/ and /au/ as their -ATR symbols.
* The ''candrabindu/anunāsika'' is used on nasalized clicks and '''g''', while ''nukta/anusvāra'' is a general diacritic.
=== Ø, Nasals, Fricatives, and Approximants ===


* The 'p'-series plus ''nukta'' makes the /θ̟/ fricative series.
{| class="wikitable"
** The ''nukta'' becomes an ''anunāsika'' to make room in '''fu''' and '''fü'''.
|+ Indicative Person Markers
* The 'kh'-series plus ''nukta'' makes the /x/ series.
** The ''nukta'' becomes an ''anunāsika'' to make room in '''xu''' and '''xü'''.
* The ळ-series has been utilized to make the lateral (/ɬ/) series.
* The 'h'-series plus ''candrabindu'' makes the /ħ/ series.
** The ''candrabindu'' becomes an ''anunāsika'' to make room in '''ge''', '''gë''', '''gi''', '''gï''', '''go''', and '''gö'''.
* The use of 'v' for 'w' is ''consistent'' (i.e. there are no 'v's).
<br clear="both" />
=== Stops and Clicks ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
| rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" | Interdental
! colspan="5" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Lateral
! colspan="5" | Retroflex
! colspan="3" | Palatal
! colspan="3" | Velar
! colspan="3" | *Glottal
|-
|-
! p || ph || p' || pq || npq
|  
! t || th || t' || tq || ntq
! Paucal
! zq || nzq
! Duoplural
! ʈ || ʈh || ʈ' || ʈq || nʈq
! c || ch || c'
! k || kh || k'
! ' || 'h || `
|-
|-
! a
! 1
| प || फ || ब || भ || भँ
| त || थ || ध || ध || धँ
| ऌ || ऌँ
| ट || ठ || ड || ढ || ढँ
| च || छ || ज <!--झ//--> <!--झँ//-->
| क || ख || ग <!--घ//--> <!--घँ//-->
| ॽ || ॽं || ॻ
|-
|-
! ä
! 2
| पा || फा || बा || भा || भँा
| ता || था || दा || धा || धँा
| ऌा || ऌँा
| टा || ठा || डा || ढा || ढँा
| चा || छा || जा
| का || खा || गा
| ॽा || ॽंा || ॻा
|-
|-
! e
! O
| पे || फे || बे || भे || भें
| ते || थे || दे || धे || धें
| ऌे || ऌंे
| टे || ठे || डे || ढे || ढें
| चे || छे || जे
| के || खे || गे
| ॽे || ॽंे || ॻे
|-
|-
! ë
! 1->2
| पै || फै || बै || भै || भैं
| तै || थै || दै || धै || धैं
| ऌै || ऌंै
| टै || ठै || डै || ढै || ढैं
| चै || छै || जै
| कै || खै || गै
| ॽै || ॽंै|| ॻै
|-
|-
! i
! 1->O
| पि || फि || बि || भी || भँि
| ति || थि || दि || धी || धँि
| ऌि || ऌँि
| टि || ठि || दि || ढि || ढँि
| चि || छि || जि
| कि || खि || गि
| ॽि || ॽंि || ॻि
|-
|-
! ï
! 2->O
| पी || फी || बी || भी || भीं
| ती || थी || दी || धी || धीं
| ऌी || ऌीं
| टी || ठी || डी || ढी || ढीं
| ची || छी || जी
| की || खी || गी
| ॽी || ॽीं || ॻी
|-
! o
| पो || फो || बो || भो || भों
| तो || थो || दो || धो || धों
| ऌो || ऌों
| टो || ठो || डो || ढो || ढों
| चो || छो || जो
| को || खो || गो
| ॽो || ॽों || ॻो
|-
! ö
| पौ || फौ  || बौ || भौ || भौं
| तौ || थौ || दौ || धौ || धौं
| ऌौ || ऌौं
| टौ || ठौ || डौ || ढौ || ढौं
| चौ || छौ || जौ
| कौ || खौ || गौ
| ॽौ || ॽौं || ॻौ
|-
! u
| पु || फु || बु || भु || बँु
| तु || थु || दु || धु || धँु
| ऌु || ऌँू
| टु || ठु || डु || ढु || ढँु
| चु || छु || जु
| कु || खु || गु
| ॽु || ॽंु || ॻु
|-
! ü
| पू || फू || बू || भू || भँू
| तू || थू || दू || धू || धँू
| ऌू || ऌँू
| टू || ठू || डू || ढू || ढँू
| चू || छू || जू
| कू || खू || गू
| ॽू || ॽंू || ॻू
|-
! ø
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" | 
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| भऽ || भँऽ
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| धऽ || धँऽ
| ऌऽ || ऌँऽ
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| ढऽ || ढँऽ
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
|}
|}
* The voiced stops serve as ejectives.
* The  aspirated voiced stops serve as clicks.
* The modern glottal stop symbol (ॽ) is used for ''''a''', or with a ''visarga'' for ''''ha'''.
** The ingressive ॻ is used for the epiglottal stop.
* The ''dantya'' (ऌ) is used for the lateral click.
* The ''candrabindu'' becomes an ''anunāsika'' before an '''e''', '''ë''', '''ï''', '''o''', or '''ö''' in all cases.

Revision as of 07:58, 25 June 2013

Intro to Verb Conjugation

The part of Syreni most like English (in terms of layout) is the verb conjugation. English is called and SVO language, which means it lists the parts of a sentence in the order subject-verb-object. It is thought that perhaps Syreni began this same way. The major difference being, Syreni glues all those English words together into one, big, monster word! It is easiest to picture a collection of nine "slots" into which one may inject part, with only the root and person being obligatory.

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 Root 7 8 9
Function: Voice Deixis Class Person Prep. Plural Voice Deixis Class
For: "Subject" Both Both? "Object"

Let's look at the first three and the last three. These are the Voice, Deixis, and Class of the "Subject" and "Object". "Subject" and "Object" are in scare-quotes because sometimes they behave in ways quite unlike anything you might expect, sometimes the very opposite of what the names imply! Voice lets you know the intentionality or passivity of the subject/object. Deixis is a fancy word for 'this' vs 'that', but in Syreni it's a lot more complicated! Class is short for "classifier" which lets you know what kind of thing you're dealing with: person, animal, thing, etc.

Preposition is a kind of clarifier for the verbal-root. Why aren't they part of the verb? Consider the English verb "to turn into". It's quite different from "to turn" and yet all manner of things might come in between "turn" and "into" in any given sentence (e.g. "Frankie turned very slowly but nevertheless deliberately into pickled cod.") "Into" is crucial to distinguish a very different meaning for "turn", but it is separated from it. That's how the prep. spot functions in Syreni. There are a great deal many "prepositions" in Syreni. So many, in fact, that some linguists think that they were originally noun that got incorporated into the endless verbal stew! This happens a little in English. (e.g. "I was picking berries" can turn into "I was berry-picking."

The Plural" slot is often ambiguous as to whether it is marking the "subject" or the "object" as a distributive plural. It may only be applied to very animate subjects. There are two other infixes that can go here, so that some people prefer simply to call it 'slot 6', but we will continue to use the original name. The "energetic" and "inert" markers also go here and they are also ambiguous as to whether they refer to the "subject" or "object". Lastly, the "reversal" of persons marker is in this slot.

The Person is most important for immediately forming words, because it is required. Here are the indicative person infixes:

Indicative Person Markers
Paucal Duoplural
1
2
O
1->2
1->O
2->O
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