Ibran sound changes: Difference between revisions

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== Common changes ==
== Common changes ==
(Changes to Ibran-flavored [[Vulgar Latin]].)
Latin to Ibran-flavored [[Vulgar Latin]].
{| class="toccolours"
{| class="toccolours"
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
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|-
|-
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 7
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 7
| tk > tʃ  || tc > z<sup>[''confirm'']</sup> || ''portcu'' || ˈport.ku || > || ''porzu'' || ˈpor.tʃu
| tk > tʃ  || tc > ç || ''portcu'' || ˈport.ku || > || ''porçu'' || ˈpor.tʃu
|-
|-
|colspan=7| *|ch| ''might or might not make more sense as an outcome''  
|colspan=7| *|ç| ''should be that 'Visigothic Z' ''|ꝣ|'' in actuality''  
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=7 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 8
|rowspan=7 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 8
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| { e, aj }[+stress] > ɛ  || ae[+stress] > e || ''gente''<br>''caecu'' || ˈɡen.te<br>ˈkaj.ku || ><br>> || ''gente''<br>''cecu'' || ˈɡɛn.te<br>ˈkɛ.ku
| { e, aj }[+stress] > ɛ  || ae[+stress] > e || ''gente''<br>''caecu'' || ˈɡen.te<br>ˈkaj.ku || ><br>> || ''gente''<br>''cecu'' || ˈɡɛn.te<br>ˈkɛ.ku
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| { i, eː, oj }[+stress] > e  || { i, e, oe }[+stress] > é || ''spissu''<br>''jacere''<br>''foedu'' || ˈspis.su<br>jaˈkeːre<br>ˈfoj.du || ><br>><br>> || ''spéssu''<br>''jacére''<br>''fédu'' || ˈspes.su<br>jaˈke.re<br>ˈfe.du
| { i, eː, oj }[+stress] > e  || { i, e, oe }[+stress] > é || ''spissu''<br>''jacere''<br>''foedu'' || ˈspis.su<br>jaˈkeːre<br>ˈfoj.du || ><br>><br>> || ''spéssu''<br>''jacére''<br>''fédu'' || ˈspes.su<br>jaˈke.re<br>
 
ˈfe.du
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| iː[+stress] > i  || ''no change'' || ''audire'' || auˈdiːre || > || ''audire'' || auˈdi.re
| iː[+stress] > i  || ''no change'' || ''audire'' || auˈdiːre || > || ''audire'' || auˈdi.re
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|- bgcolor="#eee"
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 2
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 2
| { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > tʃ || { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > z<sup>[''confirm'']</sup> || ''propjo'' || ˈprɔ.pjɔ || > || ''prozo'' || ˈprɔ.tʃɔ
| { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > tʃ || { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > ç<sup></sup> || ''propjo'' || ˈprɔ.pjɔ || > || ''proço'' || ˈprɔ.tʃɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|colspan=7| * ''Should be spelled the same way as the outcome of VL#7 above.''
|colspan=7| * ''Should be spelled the same way as the outcome of VL#7 above.''
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|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 10
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 10
| { i }[-stress] > j / { ɔ, o }__ || ''no change'' || ''ói'' || ˈo.i || > || ''ói'' || ˈoj
| { i }[-stress] > j / { ɔ, o }__ || ''no change'' || ''ói'' || ˈo.i || > || ''ói'' || ˈoj
|-
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 11
| k > tʃ / __V[+front] || ''no change'' || ''dicére'' || diˈke.rɛ || > || ''dicére'' || diˈtʃe.rɛ
|-
| ɡ > dʒ / __V[+front] || ''no change'' || ''gente'' || ˈɡɛn.tɛ || > || ''gente'' || ˈdʒɛn.tɛ
|-
| kʷ > kʲ / __V[+front] || ''no change'' || ''porque'' || pɔrˈkʷɛ || > || ''porque'' || pɔrˈkʲɛ
|-
| ɡʷ > ɡʲ / __V[+front] || ''no change'' || ''anguélla'' || ɑnˈɡʷe.ʎɑ || > || ''anguélla'' || ɑnˈɡʲe.ʎɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 12
| k > kʲ / __ɑ || ''no change'' || ''locale'' || lɔˈkɑ.lɛ || > || ''locale'' || lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| ɡ > ɡʲ / __ɑ || ''no change'' || ''galbino'' || ɡɑlˈbi.nɔ || > || ''galbino'' || ɡʲɑlˈbi.nɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| kʷ > k / __ɑ || ''no change'' || ''qualqué'' || ˈkʷɑl.ke || > || ''qualqué'' || ˈkɑl.ke
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| ɡʷ > ɡ / __ɑ || ''no change'' || ''léngua'' || ˈlen.ɡʷɑ || > || ''léngua'' || ˈlen.ɡɑ
|-
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 13
| kʷ > k̠ / __V[+back] || ''no change'' || ''quómdo'' || ˈkʷom.dɔ || > || ''quómdo'' || ˈk̠om.dɔ
|-
| ɡʷ > ɡ̠ / __V[+back] || ''no change'' || ''exténguo'' || ɛksˈten.ɡʷɔ || > || ''exténguo'' || ɛksˈten.ɡ̠ɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=9 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 14
| p > b / V__V || p > b / V__V || ''sapére'' || sɑˈpe.rɛ || > || ''sabére'' || sɑˈbe.rɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| f > v / V__V || f > v / V__V || ''proféta'' || prɔˈfe.tɑ || > || ''provéla'' || prɔˈve.lɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| l > d / V__VtV || l > d / V__VtV || ''oblitare'' || ɔb.liˈtɑ.rɛ || > || ''obdilare'' || ɔb.diˈlɑ.rɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| t > d / VtV__V || t > d / VtV__V || ''veretate'' || vɛ.rɛˈtɑ.tɛ || > || ''verelade'' || vɛ.rɛˈlɑ.dɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| t > l / V__V || t > l / V__V || ''pote'' || ˈpɔ.tɛ || > || ''pole'' || ˈpɔ.lɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| s > z / V__V || ''no change'' || ''cósa'' || ˈko.sɑ || > || ''cósa'' || ˈko.zɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| k > ɡ / V__V || { c, q } > g / V__V || ''veraco'' || vɛˈrɑ.ko || > || ''verago'' || vɛˈrɑ.ɡɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| kʲ > ɡʲ / V__V || { c, q } > g / V__V || ''locale'' || lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ || > || ''logale'' || lɔˈɡʲɑ.lɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| k̠ > ɡ̠ / V__V || qu > gu / V__V || ''sequo'' || ˈsɛ.k̠ɔ || > || ''seguo'' || ˈsɛ.ɡ̠ɔ
|-
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 15
| p > b / V__{ r, l } || p > b / V__{ r, l } || ''Aprile'' || ɑˈpri.lɛ || > || ''Abrile'' || ɑˈbri.lɛ
|-
| t > d / V__{ r, l } || t > d / V__{ r, l } || ''matre'' || ˈmɑ.trɛ || > || ''madre'' || ˈmɑ.drɛ
|-
| k > ɡ / V__{ r, l } || c > g / V__{ r, l } || ''oclo'' || ˈɔk.lɔ || > || ''oglo'' || ˈɔɡ.lɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 16
| f > v / __{ r, l } || f > v / __{ r, l } || ''flóre'' || ˈflo.rɛ || > || ''vlóre'' || ˈvlo.rɛ
|-
|rowspan=5 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 17
| pp > p || pp > p || ''scuppire'' || skupˈpi.re || > || ''scupire'' || skuˈpi.re
|-
| tt > t || tt > t || ''mótto'' || ˈmot.tɔ || > || ''móto'' || ˈmo.tɔ
|-
| kk > k || cc > c || ''toccare'' || tɔkˈkʲɑ.rɛ || > || ''tocare'' || tɔˈkʲɑ.rɛ
|-
| ss > s || ''no change'' || ''passare'' || pɑsˈsɑ.rɛ || > || ''passare'' || pɑˈsɑ.rɛ
|-
| rr > r || rr > r || ''marrilo'' || mɑrˈri.lɔ || > || ''marilo'' || mɑˈri.lɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 18
| { a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɑɛ̯ /<br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || { à, a }{ c, g, l } > ae / <br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]  || ''facto'' || ˈfɑk.tɔ || > || ''faeto'' || ˈfɑɛ̯.tɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| { e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɛj /<br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || { e, é }{ c, g, l } > ei / <br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || ''pecto'' || ˈpɛk.tɔ || > || ''peito'' || ˈpɛj.tɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ej /<br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || i{ c, g, l } > éi / <br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || ''coniglo'' || kɔˈniɡ.lɔ || > || ''conéilo'' || kɔˈnej.lɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| { o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɔɛ̯ /<br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || { o, ó }{ c, g, l } > oe / <br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || ''oglo'' || ˈɔɡ.lɔ || > || ''oelo'' || ˈɔɛ̯.lɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > oj /<br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || u{ c, g, l } > ói / <br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || ''buglo'' || ˈbuɡ.lɔ || > || ''bóilo'' || ˈboj.lɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|colspan=7| * ''And the rules for what makes a lateral [+back] are...?''
|-
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 19
| { a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɑɛ̯ / __[+sibilant] || { à, a }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ae / __[+sibilant] || ''laxo'' || ˈlɑk.sɔ || > || ''laesso'' || ˈlɑɛ̯.sɔ
|-
| { e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɛj / __[+sibilant] || { e, é }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ei / __[+sibilant] || ''méxto'' || ˈmeks.tɔ || > || ''meisto'' || ˈmɛjs.tɔ
|-
| i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > iC[+sibilant][+long] / __ || i{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > isC[+sibilant] / __ || ''salsiço'' || sɑlˈsi.tʃɔ || > || ''salsisço'' || sɑlˈsiʃ.ʃɔ
|-
| { o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɔɛ̯ / __[+sibilant] || { o, ó }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > oe / __[+sibilant] || ''coxa'' || ˈkɔk.sɑ || > || ''coessa'' || ˈkɔɛ̯.sɑ
|-
| u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > uC[+sibilant][+long] / __ || u{ [+velar], [+dental]C[+sibilant] } > usC[+sibilant] / __ || ''duce'' || ˈdu.tʃɛ || > || ''dusce'' || ˈduʃ.ʃɛ
|-
|colspan=7| * |ss| ''is probably used for both ''/s/'' and any ''/sː/'' that might occur.  Unless some monstrosity like ''|sß|'' begins to appeal to me...''
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 19b
| C[+velar]C<sub>2</sub>{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C<sub>2</sub>[+long] / V[-stress]__ || C[+velar]C<sub>2</sub>{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub> / V[-stress]__ || ''eccésto'' || ɛkˈtʃes.tɔ || > || ''eccésto'' || ɛtˈtʃes.tɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C<sub>2</sub>[+sibilant] > C<sub>2</sub>[+long] / V[-stress]__ || C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C<sub>2</sub>[+sibilant] > sC<sub>2</sub> / V[-stress]__ || ''pensare'' || pɛnˈsɑrɛ || > || ''pessare''<br>?''pesßare'' || pɛsˈsɑrɛ
|-
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 20
| ɔ[-stress] > a / __CV[+front] || o > à / __CV[+front] || ''volére'' || vɔˈle.rɛ || > || ''vàlére'' || vaˈle.rɛ
|-
| u[-stress] > œ / __CV[+front] || u > eu / __CV[+front] || ''scupire'' || skuˈpi.rɛ || > || ''squeupire''<br>?''squèpire'' || skœˈpi.rɛ
|-
|colspan=7| ''* My urge for symmetry is making me want to use |è| instead of |eu| now...''
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 21
| ɑ > a / __{ ɲ, ʎ } || a > à / __{ nh, ll } || ''montanha'' || mɔnˈtɑ.ɲɑ || > || ''montànha'' || mɔnˈta.ɲɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| { ɛ, e } > i / __{ ɲ, ʎ } || { e, é } > i / __{ nh, ll } || ''éllo'' || ˈe.ʎɔ || > || ''illo'' || ˈi.ʎɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| { ɔ, o } > œ / __{ ɲ, ʎ } || { o, ó } > eu / __{ nh, ll } || ''collo'' || ˈkɔ.ʎɔ || > || ''queullo''<br>?''quèllo'' || ˈkœ.ʎɔ
|-
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 22
| { ɑ, a }rj > aːr || { a, à }ri > àir || ''caldarja'' || kʲɑlˈdɑrjɑ || > || ''caldàira'' || kʲɑlˈdaːrɑ
|-
| { e, ɛ }rj > ɛːr || { é, e }ri > eir || ''emperjo'' || ɛmˈpɛrjɔ || > || ''empeiro'' || ɛmˈpɛːrɔ
|-
| { o, ɔ }rj > œːr || { ó, o }ri > eur || ''glórja'' || ˈɡlorjɑ || > || ''gleura''<br>?''glèura'' || ˈɡlœːrɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 23
| ɑ > a / r__{ [-velar], -r } || a > à / r__{ [-velar], -r } || ''grande'' || ˈɡrɑn.dɛ || > || ''grànde'' || ˈɡrandɛ
|-
|rowspan=5 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 24
| ɛ[+stress] > jɛ / [-sibilant]__ || e[+stress] > ie / [-sibilant]__ || ''tempos'' || ˈtɛmpɔs || > || ''tiempos'' || ˈtjɛmpɔs
|-
| e[+stress] > je / [-sibilant]__ || é[+stress] > ié / [-sibilant]__ || ''sabére'' || sɑˈbe.rɛ || > || ''sabiére'' || sɑˈbje.rɛ
|-
| ɔ[+stress] > wɛ / __[+sonorant]C || o[+stress] > ue / __[+sonorant]C || ''longo'' || ˈlɔnɡɔ || > || ''luengo'' || ˈlwɛnɡɔ
|-
| ɔ[+stress] > ɔj / __ || o[+stress] > oi / __ || ''debos'' || dɛˈbɔs || > || ''debois'' || dɛˈbɔjs
|-
| o[+stress] > uː / [open syllables] || ó[+stress] > uo / [open syllables] || ''cósa'' || ˈkozɑ || > || ''cuósa'' || ˈkuːzɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 25
| f > h / __V[+round] || f > h / __V[+round] || ''fórno'' || ˈfornɔ || > || ''hórno'' || ˈhornɔ
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"| 26
| V[-low-back][-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s } || V[-low-back][-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s } || ''uno'' || ˈunɔ || > || ''un'' || ˈun
|-
|colspan=7| * ''If the final syllable started in a consonant cluster, a prop vowel ''/ə/'' appears, spelled ''|e|''.''
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 27
| ɑ[-stress] > ə / __# || a > e / __# || ''cuosa'' || ˈkuːzɑ || > || ''cuose'' || ˈkuːzə
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 28
| ɑ[-stress] > ə / __[-initial syllable] || a > e / __[-initial syllable] || ''ornamient'' || ˌɔrnɑˈmjɛnt || > || ''ornemient'' || ˌɔrnəˈmjɛnt
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"| 29
| V[-stress] > ∅ / __{[-initial syllable], [-final syllable]} || V[-stress] > ∅ / __{[-initial syllable], [-final syllable]} || ''verelad'' || ˌvɛrɛˈlɑd || > || ''verlad'' || ˌvɛrˈlɑd
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|colspan=7| * ''Certain consonant clusters (which?) also require the prop vowel ''/ə/'', still spelled ''|e|''.''
|}  
|}  


# /k ɡ kʷ/ &rarr; /tʃ dʒ kʲ/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[V+front]
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &rarr; /kʲ ɡʲ k/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[ɑ]
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &rarr; /k ɡ k̠/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[V+back]
# /p f t s k kʲ k̠/ &rarr; /b v l z ɡ ɡʲ ɡ̄/ |B V L S G G GV| (|''gu''|) V_V
#: An original /l ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /d ... l/ (''oblitare'' &rarr; ''*obdilare'')
#: An original /t ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /l ... d/ (''veritatem'' &rarr; ''*verilade'')
# /p t k/ &rarr; /b d ɡ/ |B D G| V_[r,l]
# /f/ &rarr; /v/ |V| _[r,l]
# /tt kk ss rr/ &rarr; /t k s r/ |T C SS R|
# /ɑ[velar] e[velar] i[velar] o[velar] u[velar] &rarr; /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|''ae ęj ẹj oe ọj''|) [stressedV]_[dental,nasal]
#* the [velar] may be a lateral
# /ɑ[velar,dental] e[velar,dental] i[velar,dental] o[velar,dental] u[velar,dental] &rarr; /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|''ae ęj ẹj oe ọj''|) [stressedV]_[sibilant]
#: But /i[velar,dental][sibilant] u[velar,dental][sibilant]/ &rarr; /i[sibilant+long] u[sibilant+long]/
#:(complicated... but basically:
#::aKT aKN aKS/aTS &rarr; aeT aeN aeS
#::eKT eKN eKS/eTS &rarr; eiT eiN eiS
#::iKT iKN iKS/iTS &rarr; éiT éiN '''iSS'''
#::oKT oKN oKS/oTS &rarr; oeT oeN oeS
#::uKT uKN uKS/uTS &rarr; óiT óiN '''uSS''')
#:The eKT... ond oKT... rules go into effect whichever quality of E vowel is involved. In unstressed syllables—I won't bother writing the rule here—the element assimilates:
#::aKT aKN aKS/aTS &rarr; aTT aNN aSS
#::eKT eKN eKS/eTS &rarr; eTT eNN eSS
#::iKT iKN iKS/iTS &rarr; iTT iNN iSS
#::oKT oKN oKS/oTS &rarr; oTT oNN oSS
#::uKT uKN uKS/uTS &rarr; uTT uNN uSS
# /ɔ u/[-stress] &rarr; /a &oelig;/ |A EV| (|''à eu''|) _C[V+front]
# /ɑ e o/ &rarr; /a i &oelig;/ |A I EV| (|''à i eu''|) _/ɲ,ʎ/
# /ɑrj erj orj/ &rarr; /aːr ɛːr œːr/ |AIR EIR EUR|
# /ɑ/ &rarr; /a/ r_ (unless _r or _[velar])
# /ɛ e ɔ o/ &rarr; /jɛ je ɔj/wɛ uː/o/ |IE IE OI/UE UO/O| when stressed.
#: ɔj/wɛ — wɛ in syllables closed by sonorants, ɔj elsewhere
#: uː/o — uː in open syllables, o in closed ones.  (The spelling |''uo''| comes from an intermediate /wo/ stage)
#: e/ɛ — do not palatalize after shibilants
# /f/ &rarr; /h/ |''h''| _[V+round]
# final V (including /a/ but not /ɑ/), and V before final /s/ &larr; ∅ (unless restored by analogy)
# final /ɑ/ &rarr; /ə/ |''e''|
# /ɑ/ between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |''a''|
# other vowels between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |''e''| if not
# plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es|  (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
# plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es|  (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
# initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
# initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.

Latest revision as of 17:55, 21 March 2013

Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.

Common changes

Latin to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.

№ Phonetic Rule Orthographic Rule Example
1 m > ∅ / __# m > ∅ / __# causam ˈkau.sam > causa ˈkau.sa
m > n / __# m > n / __# jam ˈjam > jan ˈjan
The latter change applies in some function words and probably all monosyllables.
2 { m, ŋ } > n / __n { m, g } > n / __n cognoscere koŋ.nosˈkeːre > connoscere kon.nosˈkeːre
3 { t, k, d } > ∅ / __# { t, c, d } > ∅ / __# potit ˈpo.tit > poti ˈpo.ti
4 h > ∅ h > ∅ habere haˈbeːre > abere aˈbeːre
5 { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V perdiu ˈper.di.uː > perdju ˈper.djuː
6 V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ genere ˈɡe.ne.re > genre ˈɡen.re
7 tk > tʃ tc > ç portcu ˈport.ku > porçu ˈpor.tʃu
*|ç| should be that 'Visigothic Z' |ꝣ| in actuality
8 { a, aː }[+stress] > ɑ no change parte ˈpar.te > parte ˈpɑr.te
{ e, aj }[+stress] > ɛ ae[+stress] > e gente
caecu		 ˈɡen.te
ˈkaj.ku		 >
>		 gente
cecu		 ˈɡɛn.te
ˈkɛ.ku
{ i, eː, oj }[+stress] > e { i, e, oe }[+stress] > é spissu
jacere
foedu		 ˈspis.su
jaˈkeːre
ˈfoj.du		 >
>
>		 spéssu
jacére
fédu		 ˈspes.su
jaˈke.re

ˈfe.du

iː[+stress] > i no change audire auˈdiːre > audire auˈdi.re
o[+stress] > ɔ no change ovu ˈo.vu > ovu ˈɔ.vu
{ u, oː, au }[+stress] > o { u, o, au }[+stress] > ó muttu
totu
paucu		 ˈmut.tu
ˈtoːtu
ˈpau.ku		 >
>
>		 móttu
tótu
pócu		 ˈmot.tu
ˈto.tu
ˈpo.ku
uː[+stress] > u no change unu ˈuːnu > unu ˈu.nu
9 { a, aː }[-stress] > ɑ no change marritu marˈri.tu > marrito mɑrˈri.tɔ
{ i, eː, e, oj, aj }[-stress] > ɛ { i, oe, ae }[-stress] > e bibére biˈbe.re > bebére bɛˈbe.rɛ
iː[-stress] > i no change ficatu fiːˈkɑ.tu > ficato fiˈkɑ.tɔ
{ u, oː, o, au }[-stress] > ɔ { u, au }[-stress] > o audire auˈdi.re > odire ɔˈdi.rɛ
uː[-stress] > u no change tutare tuːˈtɑ.re > tutare tuˈtɑ.rɛ

Verb endings

Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.

Verbs in -āre (-áre)

  • Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
  • Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
  • Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
  • Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
  • Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.

Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)

  • Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
  • Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
  • Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
  • Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
  • Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.

Verbs in -īre (-íre)

  • Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
  • Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
  • Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
  • Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
  • Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.

Early changes

№ Phonetic Rule Orthographic Rule Example
1 { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > dʒ { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > j perdju ˈpɛr.dju > perju ˈper.dʒu
2 { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > tʃ { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > ç propjo ˈprɔ.pjɔ > proço ˈprɔ.tʃɔ
* Should be spelled the same way as the outcome of VL#7 above.
3 j > dʒ / { #, V }__V no change jocare jɔˈkɑ.rɛ > jocare dʒɔˈkɑ.rɛ
* Sometimes #1 or #3 may result in |y| /j/ instead.
4 { nn, nj } > ɲ { nn, nj } > nh connoscére kɔn.nɔsˈke.rɛ > conhoscére kɔ.ɲɔsˈke.rɛ
5 { ll, lj } > ʎ { ll, lj } > ll[confirm] stella ˈstɛl.lɑ > stella ˈstɛ.ʎɑ
* Why isn't this |lh|, parallel with |nh| from #4?
6 { d, ɡ } > ∅ / V__V { d, g } > ∅ / V__V vedére vɛˈde.rɛ > veére vɛˈe.rɛ
7 b > v / V__V b > v / V__V abére ɑˈbe.rɛ > avére ɑˈve.rɛ
8 { ɑ, ɛ }{ i, ɛ }[-stress] > ɛj { a, e }{ i, e }[-stress] > ei pee ˈpɛ.ɛ > pei ˈpɛj
9 { ɛ, i }[-stress] > j / e__ e[-stress] > i / é__ fée ˈfe.ɛ > féi ˈfej
10 { i }[-stress] > j / { ɔ, o }__ no change ói ˈo.i > ói ˈoj
11 k > tʃ / __V[+front] no change dicére diˈke.rɛ > dicére diˈtʃe.rɛ
ɡ > dʒ / __V[+front] no change gente ˈɡɛn.tɛ > gente ˈdʒɛn.tɛ
kʷ > kʲ / __V[+front] no change porque pɔrˈkʷɛ > porque pɔrˈkʲɛ
ɡʷ > ɡʲ / __V[+front] no change anguélla ɑnˈɡʷe.ʎɑ > anguélla ɑnˈɡʲe.ʎɑ
12 k > kʲ / __ɑ no change locale lɔˈkɑ.lɛ > locale lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ
ɡ > ɡʲ / __ɑ no change galbino ɡɑlˈbi.nɔ > galbino ɡʲɑlˈbi.nɔ
kʷ > k / __ɑ no change qualqué ˈkʷɑl.ke > qualqué ˈkɑl.ke
ɡʷ > ɡ / __ɑ no change léngua ˈlen.ɡʷɑ > léngua ˈlen.ɡɑ
13 kʷ > k̠ / __V[+back] no change quómdo ˈkʷom.dɔ > quómdo ˈk̠om.dɔ
ɡʷ > ɡ̠ / __V[+back] no change exténguo ɛksˈten.ɡʷɔ > exténguo ɛksˈten.ɡ̠ɔ
14 p > b / V__V p > b / V__V sapére sɑˈpe.rɛ > sabére sɑˈbe.rɛ
f > v / V__V f > v / V__V proféta prɔˈfe.tɑ > provéla prɔˈve.lɑ
l > d / V__VtV l > d / V__VtV oblitare ɔb.liˈtɑ.rɛ > obdilare ɔb.diˈlɑ.rɛ
t > d / VtV__V t > d / VtV__V veretate vɛ.rɛˈtɑ.tɛ > verelade vɛ.rɛˈlɑ.dɛ
t > l / V__V t > l / V__V pote ˈpɔ.tɛ > pole ˈpɔ.lɛ
s > z / V__V no change cósa ˈko.sɑ > cósa ˈko.zɑ
k > ɡ / V__V { c, q } > g / V__V veraco vɛˈrɑ.ko > verago vɛˈrɑ.ɡɔ
kʲ > ɡʲ / V__V { c, q } > g / V__V locale lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ > logale lɔˈɡʲɑ.lɛ
k̠ > ɡ̠ / V__V qu > gu / V__V sequo ˈsɛ.k̠ɔ > seguo ˈsɛ.ɡ̠ɔ
15 p > b / V__{ r, l } p > b / V__{ r, l } Aprile ɑˈpri.lɛ > Abrile ɑˈbri.lɛ
t > d / V__{ r, l } t > d / V__{ r, l } matre ˈmɑ.trɛ > madre ˈmɑ.drɛ
k > ɡ / V__{ r, l } c > g / V__{ r, l } oclo ˈɔk.lɔ > oglo ˈɔɡ.lɔ
16 f > v / __{ r, l } f > v / __{ r, l } flóre ˈflo.rɛ > vlóre ˈvlo.rɛ
17 pp > p pp > p scuppire skupˈpi.re > scupire skuˈpi.re
tt > t tt > t mótto ˈmot.tɔ > móto ˈmo.tɔ
kk > k cc > c toccare tɔkˈkʲɑ.rɛ > tocare tɔˈkʲɑ.rɛ
ss > s no change passare pɑsˈsɑ.rɛ > passare pɑˈsɑ.rɛ
rr > r rr > r marrilo mɑrˈri.lɔ > marilo mɑˈri.lɔ
18 { a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɑɛ̯ /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 { à, a }{ c, g, l } > ae /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 facto ˈfɑk.tɔ > faeto ˈfɑɛ̯.tɔ
{ e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɛj /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 { e, é }{ c, g, l } > ei /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 pecto ˈpɛk.tɔ > peito ˈpɛj.tɔ
i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ej /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 i{ c, g, l } > éi /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 coniglo kɔˈniɡ.lɔ > conéilo kɔˈnej.lɔ
{ o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɔɛ̯ /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 { o, ó }{ c, g, l } > oe /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 oglo ˈɔɡ.lɔ > oelo ˈɔɛ̯.lɔ
u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > oj /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 u{ c, g, l } > ói /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 buglo ˈbuɡ.lɔ > bóilo ˈboj.lɔ
* And the rules for what makes a lateral [+back] are...?
19 { a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɑɛ̯ / __[+sibilant] { à, a }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ae / __[+sibilant] laxo ˈlɑk.sɔ > laesso ˈlɑɛ̯.sɔ
{ e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɛj / __[+sibilant] { e, é }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ei / __[+sibilant] méxto ˈmeks.tɔ > meisto ˈmɛjs.tɔ
i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > iC[+sibilant][+long] / __ i{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > isC[+sibilant] / __ salsiço sɑlˈsi.tʃɔ > salsisço sɑlˈsiʃ.ʃɔ
{ o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɔɛ̯ / __[+sibilant] { o, ó }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > oe / __[+sibilant] coxa ˈkɔk.sɑ > coessa ˈkɔɛ̯.sɑ
u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > uC[+sibilant][+long] / __ u{ [+velar], [+dental]C[+sibilant] } > usC[+sibilant] / __ duce ˈdu.tʃɛ > dusce ˈduʃ.ʃɛ
* |ss| is probably used for both /s/ and any /sː/ that might occur. Unless some monstrosity like |sß| begins to appeal to me...
19b C[+velar]C2{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C2[+long] / V[-stress]__ C[+velar]C2{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C2C2 / V[-stress]__ eccésto ɛkˈtʃes.tɔ > eccésto ɛtˈtʃes.tɔ
C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C2[+sibilant] > C2[+long] / V[-stress]__ C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C2[+sibilant] > sC2 / V[-stress]__ pensare pɛnˈsɑrɛ > pessare
?pesßare		 pɛsˈsɑrɛ
20 ɔ[-stress] > a / __CV[+front] o > à / __CV[+front] volére vɔˈle.rɛ > vàlére vaˈle.rɛ
u[-stress] > œ / __CV[+front] u > eu / __CV[+front] scupire skuˈpi.rɛ > squeupire
?squèpire		 skœˈpi.rɛ
* My urge for symmetry is making me want to use |è| instead of |eu| now...
21 ɑ > a / __{ ɲ, ʎ } a > à / __{ nh, ll } montanha mɔnˈtɑ.ɲɑ > montànha mɔnˈta.ɲɑ
{ ɛ, e } > i / __{ ɲ, ʎ } { e, é } > i / __{ nh, ll } éllo ˈe.ʎɔ > illo ˈi.ʎɔ
{ ɔ, o } > œ / __{ ɲ, ʎ } { o, ó } > eu / __{ nh, ll } collo ˈkɔ.ʎɔ > queullo
?quèllo		 ˈkœ.ʎɔ
22 { ɑ, a }rj > aːr { a, à }ri > àir caldarja kʲɑlˈdɑrjɑ > caldàira kʲɑlˈdaːrɑ
{ e, ɛ }rj > ɛːr { é, e }ri > eir emperjo ɛmˈpɛrjɔ > empeiro ɛmˈpɛːrɔ
{ o, ɔ }rj > œːr { ó, o }ri > eur glórja ˈɡlorjɑ > gleura
?glèura		 ˈɡlœːrɑ
23 ɑ > a / r__{ [-velar], -r } a > à / r__{ [-velar], -r } grande ˈɡrɑn.dɛ > grànde ˈɡrandɛ
24 ɛ[+stress] > jɛ / [-sibilant]__ e[+stress] > ie / [-sibilant]__ tempos ˈtɛmpɔs > tiempos ˈtjɛmpɔs
e[+stress] > je / [-sibilant]__ é[+stress] > ié / [-sibilant]__ sabére sɑˈbe.rɛ > sabiére sɑˈbje.rɛ
ɔ[+stress] > wɛ / __[+sonorant]C o[+stress] > ue / __[+sonorant]C longo ˈlɔnɡɔ > luengo ˈlwɛnɡɔ
ɔ[+stress] > ɔj / __ o[+stress] > oi / __ debos dɛˈbɔs > debois dɛˈbɔjs
o[+stress] > uː / [open syllables] ó[+stress] > uo / [open syllables] cósa ˈkozɑ > cuósa ˈkuːzɑ
25 f > h / __V[+round] f > h / __V[+round] fórno ˈfornɔ > hórno ˈhornɔ
26 V[-low-back][-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s } V[-low-back][-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s } uno ˈunɔ > un ˈun
* If the final syllable started in a consonant cluster, a prop vowel /ə/ appears, spelled |e|.
27 ɑ[-stress] > ə / __# a > e / __# cuosa ˈkuːzɑ > cuose ˈkuːzə
28 ɑ[-stress] > ə / __[-initial syllable] a > e / __[-initial syllable] ornamient ˌɔrnɑˈmjɛnt > ornemient ˌɔrnəˈmjɛnt
29 V[-stress] > ∅ / __{[-initial syllable], [-final syllable]} V[-stress] > ∅ / __{[-initial syllable], [-final syllable]} verelad ˌvɛrɛˈlɑd > verlad ˌvɛrˈlɑd
* Certain consonant clusters (which?) also require the prop vowel /ə/, still spelled |e|.
  1. plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
  2. initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
  3. /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
  4. [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
  5. /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
  6. /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
  7. /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/

About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.

Later changes

  1. Nasalized vowels denasalize
  2. /Vn/ → /V~/ finally and before consonants
  3. Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
  4. /u/ → /y/
  5. /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎ/ → /iː/ finally or before consonants)
  6. /ɡl/ → /lː/
  7. /tʃ tʃː dʒ dʒː/ → /ç tʃ ʝ dʒ/
  8. /i/ after a hiatus → /ji/


Roesan changes

  1. /õ ã/ → /ũ ɐ̃/
  2. syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
  3. /s/ assimilates to following consonants
  4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
  5. /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
  6. /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
  7. /k ɡ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ/
  8. /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
  9. final stops devoice
  10. loss of schwa in final syllables
  11. loss of /h/
  12. /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
  13. /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
  14. /oj ɔj/ → /œj/

Paysan changes

  1. /ĩ õ ỹ/ → /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
  2. /a (ã)/ → /æ (æ̃)/
  3. /s/ → ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ → /ɛC ɔC/)
  4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
  5. Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
  6. /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
  7. /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
  8. /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
  9. /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
  10. /ɡ/ → /x/
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