Ibran sound changes: Difference between revisions

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== Common changes ==
== Common changes ==
(Changes to Ibran-flavored [[Vulgar Latin]].)
Latin to Ibran-flavored [[Vulgar Latin]].
{| class="toccolours"
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
! № !! Phonetic Rule !! Orthographic Rule !!colspan=5| Example
|-
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 1
| m > ∅ / __# || m > ∅ / __# || ''causam'' || ˈkau.sam || > || ''causa'' || ˈkau.sa
|-
| m > n / __# || m > n / __# || ''jam''    || ˈjam    || > || ''jan''  || ˈjan 
|-
|colspan=7| ''The latter change applies in some function words and probably all monosyllables.''
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 2
| { m, ŋ } > n / __n || { m, g } > n / __n || ''cognoscere'' || koŋ.nosˈkeːre || > || ''connoscere'' || kon.nosˈkeːre
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 3
| { t, k, d } > ∅ / __# || { t, c, d } > ∅ / __# || ''potit'' || ˈpo.tit || > || ''poti'' || ˈpo.ti
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 4
| h > ∅ || h > ∅ || ''habere'' || haˈbeːre || > || ''abere'' || aˈbeːre
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 5
| { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V || { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V || ''perdiu'' || ˈper.di.uː || > || ''perdju'' || ˈper.djuː
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 6
| V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ || V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ || ''genere'' || ˈɡe.ne.re || > || ''genre'' || ˈɡen.re
|-
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 7
| tk > tʃ  || tc > ç || ''portcu'' || ˈport.ku || > || ''porçu'' || ˈpor.tʃu
|-
|colspan=7| *|ç| ''should be that 'Visigothic Z' ''|ꝣ|'' in actuality''
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=7 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 8
| { a, aː }[+stress] > ɑ  || ''no change'' || ''parte'' || ˈpar.te || > || ''parte'' || ˈpɑr.te
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| { e, aj }[+stress] > ɛ  || ae[+stress] > e || ''gente''<br>''caecu'' || ˈɡen.te<br>ˈkaj.ku || ><br>> || ''gente''<br>''cecu'' || ˈɡɛn.te<br>ˈkɛ.ku
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| { i, eː, oj }[+stress] > e  || { i, e, oe }[+stress] > é || ''spissu''<br>''jacere''<br>''foedu'' || ˈspis.su<br>jaˈkeːre<br>ˈfoj.du || ><br>><br>> || ''spéssu''<br>''jacére''<br>''fédu'' || ˈspes.su<br>jaˈke.re<br>


# Word-final /m/ &rarr; ∅  
ˈfe.du
#: In some function words (e.g. ''meum,'' ''iam'') this /m/ |M| &rarr; /n/ |N|
|- bgcolor="#eee"
# /mn/ &rarr; /nn/
| iː[+stress] > i || ''no change'' || ''audire'' || auˈdiːre || > || ''audire'' || auˈdi.re
# Final /t/ &rarr; ∅
|- bgcolor="#eee"
# /h/ &rarr; ∅
| o[+stress] > ɔ  || ''no change'' || ''ovu'' || ˈo.vu || > || ''ovu'' || ˈɔ.vu
# /e/ or /i/ in hiatus in unstressed penult &rarr; /j/ |I| (transcribed as |''j''|)
|- bgcolor="#eee"
# V in unstressed penult &rarr; ∅
| { u, oː, au }[+stress] > o  || { u, o, au }[+stress] > ó || ''muttu''<br>''totu''<br>''paucu'' || ˈmut.tu<br>ˈtoːtu<br>ˈpau.ku || ><br>><br>> || ''móttu''<br>''tótu''<br>''pócu'' || ˈmot.tu<br>ˈto.tu<br>ˈpo.ku
# /tk/ &rarr; /tʃ/ |Z|
|- bgcolor="#eee"
# Word-stress vowels:
| uː[+stress] > u  || ''no change'' || ''unu'' || ˈuːnu || > || ''unu'' || ˈu.nu
#: /aː a/ &rarr; /ɑ/ |A|  
|-
#: /e aj/ &rarr; /ɛ/ |E| (tr. |''ę''|)
|rowspan=5 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 9
#: /i eː oj/ &rarr; /e/ |E| (tr. |''ẹ''|)
| { a, aː }[-stress] > ɑ || ''no change'' || ''marritu'' || marˈri.tu || > || ''marrito'' || mɑrˈri.tɔ
#: /iː/ &rarr; /i/ |I|
|-
#: /o/ &rarr; /ɔ/ |O| (tr. |''ǫ''|)
| { i, eː, e, oj, aj }[-stress] > ɛ  || { i, oe, ae }[-stress] > e || ''bibére'' || biˈbe.re || > || ''bebére'' || bɛˈbe.rɛ
#: /u oː aw/ &rarr; /o/ |O| (tr. |''ọ''|)
|-
#: /uː/ &rarr; /u/ |V| (tr. |''u''|)
| iː[-stress] > i || ''no change'' || ''ficatu'' || fiːˈkɑ.tu || > || ''ficato'' || fiˈkɑ.tɔ
# Unstressed vowels:
|-
#: /aː a/ &rarr; /ɑ/ |A|
| { u, oː, o, au }[-stress] > ɔ  || { u, au }[-stress] > o || ''audire'' || auˈdi.re || > || ''odire'' || ɔˈdi.rɛ
#: /i eː e oj aj/ &rarr; /ɛ/ |E|
|-
#: /iː/ &rarr; /i/ |I|
| uː[-stress] > u  || ''no change'' || ''tutare'' || tuːˈtɑ.re || > || ''tutare'' || tuˈtɑ.rɛ
#: /u oː o aw/ &rarr; /ɔ/ |O|
|}
#: /uː/ &rarr; /u/ |V| (tr. |''u''|)


=== Verb endings ===
=== Verb endings ===
Line 52: Line 88:


== Early changes ==
== Early changes ==
# /[voiced consonant]j/ &rarr; /dʒ/ |I| (tr. |''j''|)
{| class="toccolours"
# /[unvoiced cons.]j/ &rarr; /tʃ/ |Z|
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
# /j/ &rarr; /dʒ/ (V)_V
! № !! Phonetic Rule !! Orthographic Rule !!colspan=5| Example
#: Occasionally any of these /dʒ/ will reduce entirely to /j/ |Y| (by dialectal influence?)
|-
# /nn nj/ &rarr; /ɲ/ |NH|
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 1
# /ll lj/ &rarr; /ʎ/ |LL|
| { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > dʒ || { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > j || ''perdju'' || ˈpɛr.dju || > || ''perju'' || ˈper.dʒu
# /d ɡ/ &rarr; ∅  V_V
|- bgcolor="#eee"
# /b/ &rarr; /v/ |V| V_V
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 2
# /ɑi ɑɛ ɛɛ/ &rarr; /ɛj/ |EI| (tr. |''ęj''|)
| { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > tʃ || { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > ç<sup></sup> || ''propjo'' || ˈprɔ.pjɔ || > || ''proço'' || ˈprɔ.tʃɔ
# /eɛ ei/ &rarr; /ej/ |EI| (tr. |''ẹj''|)
|- bgcolor="#eee"
# /ɔi oi/ &rarr; /ɔj oj/ |OI| (tr. |''ǫj'' ''ọj''|)
|colspan=7| * ''Should be spelled the same way as the outcome of VL#7 above.''
#: These three rules do not take effect if the second vowel is stressed.
|-
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &rarr; /tʃ dʒ kʲ/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[V+front]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 3
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &rarr; /kʲ ɡʲ k/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[a]
| j > dʒ / { #, V }__V || ''no change'' || ''jocare'' || jɔˈkɑ.rɛ || > || ''jocare'' || dʒɔˈkɑ.rɛ
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &rarr; /k ɡ k̠/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[V+back]
|-
# /p f t s k kʲ k̠/ &rarr; /b v l z ɡ ɡʲ ɡ̄/ |B V L S G G GV| (|''gu''|) V_V
|colspan=7| * ''Sometimes #1 or #3 may result in ''|y| /j/'' instead.''
#: An original /l ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /d ... l/ (''oblitare'' &rarr; ''*obdilare'')
|- bgcolor="#eee"
#: An original /t ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /l ... d/ (''veritatem'' &rarr; ''*verilade'')
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 4
# /p t k/ &rarr; /b d ɡ/ |B D G| V_[r,l]
| { nn, nj } > ɲ || { nn, nj } > nh || ''connoscére'' || kɔn.nɔsˈke.rɛ || > || ''conhoscére'' || kɔ.ɲɔsˈke.rɛ
# /f/ &rarr; /v/ |V| _[r,l]
|-
# /tt kk ss rr/ &rarr; /t k s r/ |T C SS R|
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 5
# /ɑ[velar] e[velar] i[velar] o[velar] u[velar] &rarr; /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|''ae ęj ẹj oe ọj''|) [stressedV]_[dental,nasal]
| { ll, lj } > ʎ || { ll, lj } > ll<sup>[''confirm'']</sup> || ''stella'' || ˈstɛl.lɑ || > || ''stella'' || ˈstɛ.ʎɑ
# /ɑ[velar,dental] e[velar,dental] i[velar,dental] o[velar,dental] u[velar,dental] &rarr; /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|''ae ęj ẹj oe ọj''|) [stressedV]_[sibilant]
|-
#: But /i[velar,dental][sibilant] u[velar,dental][sibilant]/ &rarr; /i[sibilant+long] u[sibilant+long]/
|colspan=7| * ''Why isn't this ''|lh|'', parallel with ''|nh|'' from #4?''
#:(complicated... but basically:
|- bgcolor="#eee"
#::aKT aKN aKS/aTS &rarr; aeT aeN aeS
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 6
#::eKT eKN eKS/eTS &rarr; eiT eiN eiS
| { d, ɡ } > ∅ / V__V || { d, g } > ∅ / V__V || ''vedére'' || vɛˈde.rɛ || > || ''veére'' || vɛˈe.rɛ
#::iKT iKN iKS/iTS &rarr; éiT éiN '''iSS'''
|-
#::oKT oKN oKS/oTS &rarr; oeT oeN oeS
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 7
#::uKT uKN uKS/uTS &rarr; óiT óiN '''uSS''')
| b > v / V__V || b > v / V__V || ''abére'' || ɑˈbe.rɛ || > || ''avére'' || ɑˈve.rɛ
#:The eKT... ond oKT... rules go into effect whichever quality of E vowel is involved. In unstressed syllables—I won't bother writing the rule here—the element assimilates:
|- bgcolor="#eee"
#::aKT aKN aKS/aTS &rarr; aTT aNN aSS
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 8
#::eKT eKN eKS/eTS &rarr; eTT eNN eSS
| { ɑ, ɛ }{ i, ɛ }[-stress] > ɛj || { a, e }{ i, e }[-stress] > ei || ''pee'' || ˈpɛ.ɛ || > || ''pei'' || ˈpɛj
#::iKT iKN iKS/iTS &rarr; iTT iNN iSS
|-
#::oKT oKN oKS/oTS &rarr; oTT oNN oSS
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 9
#::uKT uKN uKS/uTS &rarr; uTT uNN uSS
| { ɛ, i }[-stress] > j / e__ || e[-stress] > i / é__ || ''fée'' || ˈfe.ɛ || > || ''féi'' || ˈfej
# /o u/[-stress] &rarr; /a &oelig;/ |A EV| (|''à eu''|) _C[V+front]
|- bgcolor="#eee"
# /ɑ e o/ &rarr; /a i &oelig;/ |A I EV| (|''à i eu''|) _/ɲ,ʎ/
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 10
# /ɑrj erj orj/ &rarr; /aːr ɛːr œːr/ |AIR EIR EUR|
| { i }[-stress] > j / { ɔ, o }__ || ''no change'' || ''ói'' || ˈo.i || > || ''ói'' || ˈoj
# /ɑ/ &rarr; /a/ r_ (unless _r or _[velar])
|-
# /ɛ e ɔ o/ /jɛ je ɔj/wɛ uː/o/ |IE IE OI/UE UO/O| when stressed.
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 11
#: ɔj/wɛ — wɛ in syllables closed by sonorants, ɔj elsewhere
| k > tʃ / __V[+front] || ''no change'' || ''dicére'' || diˈke.rɛ || > || ''dicére'' || diˈtʃe.rɛ
#: uː/o — uː in open syllables, o in closed ones.  (The spelling |''uo''| comes from an intermediate /wo/ stage)
|-
# /f/ &rarr; /h/ |''h''| _[V+round]
| ɡ > dʒ / __V[+front] || ''no change'' || ''gente'' || ˈɡɛn.tɛ || > || ''gente'' || ˈdʒɛn.tɛ
# final V (including /a/ but not /ɑ/), and V before final /s/ &larr; ∅ (unless restored by analogy)
|-
# final /ɑ/ &rarr; /ə/ |''e''|
| kʷ > kʲ / __V[+front] || ''no change'' || ''porque'' || pɔrˈkʷɛ || > || ''porque'' || pɔrˈkʲɛ
# /ɑ/ before the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |''a''|
|-
# other vowels before the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |''e''| if not
| ɡʷ > ɡʲ / __V[+front] || ''no change'' || ''anguélla'' || ɑnˈɡʷe.ʎɑ || > || ''anguélla'' || ɑnˈɡʲe.ʎɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 12
| k > kʲ / __ɑ || ''no change'' || ''locale'' || lɔˈkɑ.lɛ || > || ''locale'' || lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| ɡ > ɡʲ / __ɑ || ''no change'' || ''galbino'' || ɡɑlˈbi.nɔ || > || ''galbino'' || ɡʲɑlˈbi.nɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| kʷ > k / __ɑ || ''no change'' || ''qualqué'' || ˈkʷɑl.ke || > || ''qualqué'' || ˈkɑl.ke
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| ɡʷ > ɡ / __ɑ || ''no change'' || ''léngua'' || ˈlen.ɡʷɑ || > || ''léngua'' || ˈlen.ɡɑ
|-
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 13
| kʷ > k̠ / __V[+back] || ''no change'' || ''quómdo'' || ˈkʷom.dɔ || > || ''quómdo'' || ˈk̠om.dɔ
|-
| ɡʷ > ɡ̠ / __V[+back] || ''no change'' || ''exténguo'' || ɛksˈten.ɡʷɔ || > || ''exténguo'' || ɛksˈten.ɡ̠ɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=9 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 14
| p > b / V__V || p > b / V__V || ''sapére'' || sɑˈpe.rɛ || > || ''sabére'' || sɑˈbe.rɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| f > v / V__V || f > v / V__V || ''proféta'' || prɔˈfe.tɑ || > || ''provéla'' || prɔˈve.lɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| l > d / V__VtV || l > d / V__VtV || ''oblitare'' || ɔb.liˈtɑ.rɛ || > || ''obdilare'' || ɔb.diˈlɑ.rɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| t > d / VtV__V || t > d / VtV__V || ''veretate'' || vɛ.rɛˈtɑ.tɛ || > || ''verelade'' || vɛ.rɛˈlɑ.dɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| t > l / V__V || t > l / V__V || ''pote'' || ˈpɔ.tɛ || > || ''pole'' || ˈpɔ.lɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| s > z / V__V || ''no change'' || ''cósa'' || ˈko.sɑ || > || ''cósa'' || ˈko.zɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| k > ɡ / V__V || { c, q } > g / V__V || ''veraco'' || vɛˈrɑ.ko || > || ''verago'' || vɛˈrɑ.ɡɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| kʲ > ɡʲ / V__V || { c, q } > g / V__V || ''locale'' || lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ || > || ''logale'' || lɔˈɡʲɑ.lɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| k̠ > ɡ̠ / V__V || qu > gu / V__V || ''sequo'' || ˈsɛ.k̠ɔ || > || ''seguo'' || ˈsɛ.ɡ̠ɔ
|-
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 15
| p > b / V__{ r, l } || p > b / V__{ r, l } || ''Aprile'' || ɑˈpri.lɛ || > || ''Abrile'' || ɑˈbri.lɛ
|-
| t > d / V__{ r, l } || t > d / V__{ r, l } || ''matre'' || ˈmɑ.trɛ || > || ''madre'' || ˈmɑ.drɛ
|-
| k > ɡ / V__{ r, l } || c > g / V__{ r, l } || ''oclo'' || ˈɔk.lɔ || > || ''oglo'' || ˈɔɡ.lɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 16
| f > v / __{ r, l } || f > v / __{ r, l } || ''flóre'' || ˈflo.rɛ || > || ''vlóre'' || ˈvlo.rɛ
|-
|rowspan=5 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 17
| pp > p || pp > p || ''scuppire'' || skupˈpi.re || > || ''scupire'' || skuˈpi.re
|-
| tt > t || tt > t || ''mótto'' || ˈmot.tɔ || > || ''móto'' || ˈmo.tɔ
|-
| kk > k || cc > c || ''toccare'' || tɔkˈkʲɑ.rɛ || > || ''tocare'' || tɔˈkʲɑ.rɛ
|-
| ss > s || ''no change'' || ''passare'' || pɑsˈsɑ.rɛ || > || ''passare'' || pɑˈsɑ.rɛ
|-
| rr > r || rr > r || ''marrilo'' || mɑrˈri.lɔ || > || ''marilo'' || mɑˈri.lɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 18
| { a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɑɛ̯ /<br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || { à, a }{ c, g, l } > ae / <br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]  || ''facto'' || ˈfɑk.tɔ || > || ''faeto'' || ˈfɑɛ̯.tɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| { e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɛj /<br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || { e, é }{ c, g, l } > ei / <br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || ''pecto'' || ˈpɛk.tɔ || > || ''peito'' || ˈpɛj.tɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ej /<br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || i{ c, g, l } > éi / <br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || ''coniglo'' || kɔˈniɡ.lɔ || > || ''conéilo'' || kɔˈnej.lɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| { o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɔɛ̯ /<br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || { o, ó }{ c, g, l } > oe / <br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || ''oglo'' || ˈɔɡ.lɔ || > || ''oelo'' || ˈɔɛ̯.lɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > oj /<br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || u{ c, g, l } > ói / <br>__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop] || ''buglo'' || ˈbuɡ.lɔ || > || ''bóilo'' || ˈboj.lɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|colspan=7| * ''And the rules for what makes a lateral [+back] are...?''
|-
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 19
| { a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɑɛ̯ / __[+sibilant] || { à, a }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ae / __[+sibilant] || ''laxo'' || ˈlɑk.sɔ || > || ''laesso'' || ˈlɑɛ̯.sɔ
|-
| { e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɛj / __[+sibilant] || { e, é }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ei / __[+sibilant] || ''méxto'' || ˈmeks.tɔ || > || ''meisto'' || ˈmɛjs.tɔ
|-
| i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > iC[+sibilant][+long] / __ || i{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > isC[+sibilant] / __ || ''salsiço'' || sɑlˈsi.tʃɔ || > || ''salsisço'' || sɑlˈsiʃ.ʃɔ
|-
| { o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɔɛ̯ / __[+sibilant] || { o, ó }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > oe / __[+sibilant] || ''coxa'' || ˈkɔk.sɑ || > || ''coessa'' || ˈkɔɛ̯.sɑ
|-
| u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > uC[+sibilant][+long] / __ || u{ [+velar], [+dental]C[+sibilant] } > usC[+sibilant] / __ || ''duce'' || ˈdu.tʃɛ || > || ''dusce'' || ˈduʃ.ʃɛ
|-
|colspan=7| * |ss| ''is probably used for both ''/s/'' and any ''/sː/'' that might occur.  Unless some monstrosity like ''|sß|'' begins to appeal to me...''
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 19b
| C[+velar]C<sub>2</sub>{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C<sub>2</sub>[+long] / V[-stress]__ || C[+velar]C<sub>2</sub>{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub> / V[-stress]__ || ''eccésto'' || ɛkˈtʃes.tɔ || > || ''eccésto'' || ɛtˈtʃes.tɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C<sub>2</sub>[+sibilant] > C<sub>2</sub>[+long] / V[-stress]__ || C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C<sub>2</sub>[+sibilant] > sC<sub>2</sub> / V[-stress]__ || ''pensare'' || pɛnˈsɑrɛ || > || ''pessare''<br>?''pesßare'' || pɛsˈsɑrɛ
|-
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 20
| ɔ[-stress] > a / __CV[+front] || o > à / __CV[+front] || ''volére'' || vɔˈle.rɛ || > || ''vàlére'' || vaˈle.rɛ
|-
| u[-stress] > œ / __CV[+front] || u > eu / __CV[+front] || ''scupire'' || skuˈpi.rɛ || > || ''squeupire''<br>?''squèpire'' || skœˈpi.rɛ
|-
|colspan=7| ''* My urge for symmetry is making me want to use |è| instead of |eu| now...''
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 21
| ɑ > a / __{ ɲ, ʎ } || a > à / __{ nh, ll } || ''montanha'' || mɔnˈtɑ.ɲɑ || > || ''montànha'' || mɔnˈta.ɲɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| { ɛ, e } > i / __{ ɲ, ʎ } || { e, é } > i / __{ nh, ll } || ''éllo'' || ˈe.ʎɔ || > || ''illo'' || ˈi.ʎɔ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
| { ɔ, o } > œ / __{ ɲ, ʎ } || { o, ó } > eu / __{ nh, ll } || ''collo'' || ˈkɔ.ʎɔ || > || ''queullo''<br>?''quèllo'' || ˈkœ.ʎɔ
|-
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 22
| { ɑ, a }rj > aːr || { a, à }ri > àir || ''caldarja'' || kʲɑlˈdɑrjɑ || > || ''caldàira'' || kʲɑlˈdaːrɑ
|-
| { e, ɛ }rj > ɛːr || { é, e }ri > eir || ''emperjo'' || ɛmˈpɛrjɔ || > || ''empeiro'' || ɛmˈpɛːrɔ
|-
| { o, ɔ }rj > œːr || { ó, o }ri > eur || ''glórja'' || ˈɡlorjɑ || > || ''gleura''<br>?''glèura'' || ˈɡlœːrɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 23
| ɑ > a / r__{ [-velar], -r } || a > à / r__{ [-velar], -r } || ''grande'' || ˈɡrɑn.dɛ || > || ''grànde'' || ˈɡrandɛ
|-
|rowspan=5 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 24
| ɛ[+stress] > jɛ / [-sibilant]__ || e[+stress] > ie / [-sibilant]__ || ''tempos'' || ˈtɛmpɔs || > || ''tiempos'' || ˈtjɛmpɔs
|-
| e[+stress] > je / [-sibilant]__ || é[+stress] > ié / [-sibilant]__ || ''sabére'' || sɑˈbe.rɛ || > || ''sabiére'' || sɑˈbje.rɛ
|-
| ɔ[+stress] > wɛ / __[+sonorant]C || o[+stress] > ue / __[+sonorant]C || ''longo'' || ˈlɔnɡɔ || > || ''luengo'' || ˈlwɛnɡɔ
|-
| ɔ[+stress] > ɔj / __ || o[+stress] > oi / __ || ''debos'' || dɛˈbɔs || > || ''debois'' || dɛˈbɔjs
|-
| o[+stress] > uː / [open syllables] || ó[+stress] > uo / [open syllables] || ''cósa'' || ˈkozɑ || > || ''cuósa'' || ˈkuːzɑ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 25
| f > h / __V[+round] || f > h / __V[+round] || ''fórno'' || ˈfornɔ || > || ''hórno'' || ˈhornɔ
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"| 26
| V[-low-back][-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s } || V[-low-back][-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s } || ''uno'' || ˈunɔ || > || ''un'' || ˈun
|-
|colspan=7| * ''If the final syllable started in a consonant cluster, a prop vowel ''/ə/'' appears, spelled ''|e|''.''
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 27
| ɑ[-stress] > ə / __# || a > e / __# || ''cuosa'' || ˈkuːzɑ || > || ''cuose'' || ˈkuːzə
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 28
| ɑ[-stress] > ə / __[-initial syllable] || a > e / __[-initial syllable] || ''ornamient'' || ˌɔrnɑˈmjɛnt || > || ''ornemient'' || ˌɔrnəˈmjɛnt
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"| 29
| V[-stress] > ∅ / __{[-initial syllable], [-final syllable]} || V[-stress] > ∅ / __{[-initial syllable], [-final syllable]} || ''verelad'' || ˌvɛrɛˈlɑd || > || ''verlad'' || ˌvɛrˈlɑd
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|colspan=7| * ''Certain consonant clusters (which?) also require the prop vowel ''/ə/'', still spelled ''|e|''.''
|}
 
# plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es|  (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
# plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es|  (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
# initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
# initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
Line 109: Line 286:


About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.
About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.
== Later changes ==
# Nasalized vowels denasalize
# /Vn/ &rarr; /V~/ finally and before consonants
# Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
# /u/ &rarr; /y/
# /ʎ/ &rarr; /j/ (/iʎ/ &rarr; /iː/ finally or before consonants)
# /ɡl/ &rarr; /lː/
# /tʃ tʃː dʒ dʒː/ &rarr; /ç tʃ ʝ dʒ/
# /i/ after a hiatus &rarr; /ji/
'''Roesan changes'''
# /õ ã/ &rarr; /ũ ɐ̃/
# syllable-initial /j/ &rarr; /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ &rarr; /ɟʝ cç ç/
# /s/ assimilates to following consonants
# /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ &rarr; /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
# /w/ &rarr; ∅ _[V+rounded]
# /kʲ ɡʲ/ &rarr; /tʃ dʒ/
# /k ɡ/ &rarr; /kʲ ɡʲ/
# /k̠ ɡ̠/ &rarr; /k ɡ/
# final stops devoice
# loss of schwa in final syllables
# loss of /h/
# /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ &rarr; /ɔː aː/
# /ej ɛj/ &rarr; /ɛj/
# /oj ɔj/ &rarr; /œj/
'''Paysan changes'''
# /ĩ õ ỹ/ &rarr; /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
# /a (ã)/ &rarr; /æ (æ̃)/
# /s/ &rarr; ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ &rarr; /ɛC ɔC/)
# /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ &rarr; /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
# Unstressed short vowels &rarr; /ə/  (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
# /kʲ ɡʲ/ &rarr; /tʃ dʒ/
# /k̠ ɡ̠/ &rarr; /k ɡ/
# /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
# /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ &rarr; /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
# /ɡ/ &rarr; /x/
[[Category:Ibran]]
[[Category:Sound changes]]

Latest revision as of 17:55, 21 March 2013

Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.

Common changes

Latin to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.

№ Phonetic Rule Orthographic Rule Example
1 m > ∅ / __# m > ∅ / __# causam ˈkau.sam > causa ˈkau.sa
m > n / __# m > n / __# jam ˈjam > jan ˈjan
The latter change applies in some function words and probably all monosyllables.
2 { m, ŋ } > n / __n { m, g } > n / __n cognoscere koŋ.nosˈkeːre > connoscere kon.nosˈkeːre
3 { t, k, d } > ∅ / __# { t, c, d } > ∅ / __# potit ˈpo.tit > poti ˈpo.ti
4 h > ∅ h > ∅ habere haˈbeːre > abere aˈbeːre
5 { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V perdiu ˈper.di.uː > perdju ˈper.djuː
6 V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ genere ˈɡe.ne.re > genre ˈɡen.re
7 tk > tʃ tc > ç portcu ˈport.ku > porçu ˈpor.tʃu
*|ç| should be that 'Visigothic Z' |ꝣ| in actuality
8 { a, aː }[+stress] > ɑ no change parte ˈpar.te > parte ˈpɑr.te
{ e, aj }[+stress] > ɛ ae[+stress] > e gente
caecu		 ˈɡen.te
ˈkaj.ku		 >
>		 gente
cecu		 ˈɡɛn.te
ˈkɛ.ku
{ i, eː, oj }[+stress] > e { i, e, oe }[+stress] > é spissu
jacere
foedu		 ˈspis.su
jaˈkeːre
ˈfoj.du		 >
>
>		 spéssu
jacére
fédu		 ˈspes.su
jaˈke.re

ˈfe.du

iː[+stress] > i no change audire auˈdiːre > audire auˈdi.re
o[+stress] > ɔ no change ovu ˈo.vu > ovu ˈɔ.vu
{ u, oː, au }[+stress] > o { u, o, au }[+stress] > ó muttu
totu
paucu		 ˈmut.tu
ˈtoːtu
ˈpau.ku		 >
>
>		 móttu
tótu
pócu		 ˈmot.tu
ˈto.tu
ˈpo.ku
uː[+stress] > u no change unu ˈuːnu > unu ˈu.nu
9 { a, aː }[-stress] > ɑ no change marritu marˈri.tu > marrito mɑrˈri.tɔ
{ i, eː, e, oj, aj }[-stress] > ɛ { i, oe, ae }[-stress] > e bibére biˈbe.re > bebére bɛˈbe.rɛ
iː[-stress] > i no change ficatu fiːˈkɑ.tu > ficato fiˈkɑ.tɔ
{ u, oː, o, au }[-stress] > ɔ { u, au }[-stress] > o audire auˈdi.re > odire ɔˈdi.rɛ
uː[-stress] > u no change tutare tuːˈtɑ.re > tutare tuˈtɑ.rɛ

Verb endings

Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.

Verbs in -āre (-áre)

  • Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
  • Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
  • Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
  • Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
  • Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.

Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)

  • Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
  • Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
  • Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
  • Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
  • Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.

Verbs in -īre (-íre)

  • Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
  • Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
  • Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
  • Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
  • Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.

Early changes

№ Phonetic Rule Orthographic Rule Example
1 { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > dʒ { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > j perdju ˈpɛr.dju > perju ˈper.dʒu
2 { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > tʃ { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > ç propjo ˈprɔ.pjɔ > proço ˈprɔ.tʃɔ
* Should be spelled the same way as the outcome of VL#7 above.
3 j > dʒ / { #, V }__V no change jocare jɔˈkɑ.rɛ > jocare dʒɔˈkɑ.rɛ
* Sometimes #1 or #3 may result in |y| /j/ instead.
4 { nn, nj } > ɲ { nn, nj } > nh connoscére kɔn.nɔsˈke.rɛ > conhoscére kɔ.ɲɔsˈke.rɛ
5 { ll, lj } > ʎ { ll, lj } > ll[confirm] stella ˈstɛl.lɑ > stella ˈstɛ.ʎɑ
* Why isn't this |lh|, parallel with |nh| from #4?
6 { d, ɡ } > ∅ / V__V { d, g } > ∅ / V__V vedére vɛˈde.rɛ > veére vɛˈe.rɛ
7 b > v / V__V b > v / V__V abére ɑˈbe.rɛ > avére ɑˈve.rɛ
8 { ɑ, ɛ }{ i, ɛ }[-stress] > ɛj { a, e }{ i, e }[-stress] > ei pee ˈpɛ.ɛ > pei ˈpɛj
9 { ɛ, i }[-stress] > j / e__ e[-stress] > i / é__ fée ˈfe.ɛ > féi ˈfej
10 { i }[-stress] > j / { ɔ, o }__ no change ói ˈo.i > ói ˈoj
11 k > tʃ / __V[+front] no change dicére diˈke.rɛ > dicére diˈtʃe.rɛ
ɡ > dʒ / __V[+front] no change gente ˈɡɛn.tɛ > gente ˈdʒɛn.tɛ
kʷ > kʲ / __V[+front] no change porque pɔrˈkʷɛ > porque pɔrˈkʲɛ
ɡʷ > ɡʲ / __V[+front] no change anguélla ɑnˈɡʷe.ʎɑ > anguélla ɑnˈɡʲe.ʎɑ
12 k > kʲ / __ɑ no change locale lɔˈkɑ.lɛ > locale lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ
ɡ > ɡʲ / __ɑ no change galbino ɡɑlˈbi.nɔ > galbino ɡʲɑlˈbi.nɔ
kʷ > k / __ɑ no change qualqué ˈkʷɑl.ke > qualqué ˈkɑl.ke
ɡʷ > ɡ / __ɑ no change léngua ˈlen.ɡʷɑ > léngua ˈlen.ɡɑ
13 kʷ > k̠ / __V[+back] no change quómdo ˈkʷom.dɔ > quómdo ˈk̠om.dɔ
ɡʷ > ɡ̠ / __V[+back] no change exténguo ɛksˈten.ɡʷɔ > exténguo ɛksˈten.ɡ̠ɔ
14 p > b / V__V p > b / V__V sapére sɑˈpe.rɛ > sabére sɑˈbe.rɛ
f > v / V__V f > v / V__V proféta prɔˈfe.tɑ > provéla prɔˈve.lɑ
l > d / V__VtV l > d / V__VtV oblitare ɔb.liˈtɑ.rɛ > obdilare ɔb.diˈlɑ.rɛ
t > d / VtV__V t > d / VtV__V veretate vɛ.rɛˈtɑ.tɛ > verelade vɛ.rɛˈlɑ.dɛ
t > l / V__V t > l / V__V pote ˈpɔ.tɛ > pole ˈpɔ.lɛ
s > z / V__V no change cósa ˈko.sɑ > cósa ˈko.zɑ
k > ɡ / V__V { c, q } > g / V__V veraco vɛˈrɑ.ko > verago vɛˈrɑ.ɡɔ
kʲ > ɡʲ / V__V { c, q } > g / V__V locale lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ > logale lɔˈɡʲɑ.lɛ
k̠ > ɡ̠ / V__V qu > gu / V__V sequo ˈsɛ.k̠ɔ > seguo ˈsɛ.ɡ̠ɔ
15 p > b / V__{ r, l } p > b / V__{ r, l } Aprile ɑˈpri.lɛ > Abrile ɑˈbri.lɛ
t > d / V__{ r, l } t > d / V__{ r, l } matre ˈmɑ.trɛ > madre ˈmɑ.drɛ
k > ɡ / V__{ r, l } c > g / V__{ r, l } oclo ˈɔk.lɔ > oglo ˈɔɡ.lɔ
16 f > v / __{ r, l } f > v / __{ r, l } flóre ˈflo.rɛ > vlóre ˈvlo.rɛ
17 pp > p pp > p scuppire skupˈpi.re > scupire skuˈpi.re
tt > t tt > t mótto ˈmot.tɔ > móto ˈmo.tɔ
kk > k cc > c toccare tɔkˈkʲɑ.rɛ > tocare tɔˈkʲɑ.rɛ
ss > s no change passare pɑsˈsɑ.rɛ > passare pɑˈsɑ.rɛ
rr > r rr > r marrilo mɑrˈri.lɔ > marilo mɑˈri.lɔ
18 { a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɑɛ̯ /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 { à, a }{ c, g, l } > ae /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 facto ˈfɑk.tɔ > faeto ˈfɑɛ̯.tɔ
{ e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɛj /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 { e, é }{ c, g, l } > ei /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 pecto ˈpɛk.tɔ > peito ˈpɛj.tɔ
i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ej /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 i{ c, g, l } > éi /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 coniglo kɔˈniɡ.lɔ > conéilo kɔˈnej.lɔ
{ o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɔɛ̯ /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 { o, ó }{ c, g, l } > oe /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 oglo ˈɔɡ.lɔ > oelo ˈɔɛ̯.lɔ
u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > oj /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 u{ c, g, l } > ói /
__C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]		 buglo ˈbuɡ.lɔ > bóilo ˈboj.lɔ
* And the rules for what makes a lateral [+back] are...?
19 { a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɑɛ̯ / __[+sibilant] { à, a }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ae / __[+sibilant] laxo ˈlɑk.sɔ > laesso ˈlɑɛ̯.sɔ
{ e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɛj / __[+sibilant] { e, é }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ei / __[+sibilant] méxto ˈmeks.tɔ > meisto ˈmɛjs.tɔ
i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > iC[+sibilant][+long] / __ i{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > isC[+sibilant] / __ salsiço sɑlˈsi.tʃɔ > salsisço sɑlˈsiʃ.ʃɔ
{ o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɔɛ̯ / __[+sibilant] { o, ó }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > oe / __[+sibilant] coxa ˈkɔk.sɑ > coessa ˈkɔɛ̯.sɑ
u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > uC[+sibilant][+long] / __ u{ [+velar], [+dental]C[+sibilant] } > usC[+sibilant] / __ duce ˈdu.tʃɛ > dusce ˈduʃ.ʃɛ
* |ss| is probably used for both /s/ and any /sː/ that might occur. Unless some monstrosity like |sß| begins to appeal to me...
19b C[+velar]C2{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C2[+long] / V[-stress]__ C[+velar]C2{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C2C2 / V[-stress]__ eccésto ɛkˈtʃes.tɔ > eccésto ɛtˈtʃes.tɔ
C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C2[+sibilant] > C2[+long] / V[-stress]__ C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C2[+sibilant] > sC2 / V[-stress]__ pensare pɛnˈsɑrɛ > pessare
?pesßare		 pɛsˈsɑrɛ
20 ɔ[-stress] > a / __CV[+front] o > à / __CV[+front] volére vɔˈle.rɛ > vàlére vaˈle.rɛ
u[-stress] > œ / __CV[+front] u > eu / __CV[+front] scupire skuˈpi.rɛ > squeupire
?squèpire		 skœˈpi.rɛ
* My urge for symmetry is making me want to use |è| instead of |eu| now...
21 ɑ > a / __{ ɲ, ʎ } a > à / __{ nh, ll } montanha mɔnˈtɑ.ɲɑ > montànha mɔnˈta.ɲɑ
{ ɛ, e } > i / __{ ɲ, ʎ } { e, é } > i / __{ nh, ll } éllo ˈe.ʎɔ > illo ˈi.ʎɔ
{ ɔ, o } > œ / __{ ɲ, ʎ } { o, ó } > eu / __{ nh, ll } collo ˈkɔ.ʎɔ > queullo
?quèllo		 ˈkœ.ʎɔ
22 { ɑ, a }rj > aːr { a, à }ri > àir caldarja kʲɑlˈdɑrjɑ > caldàira kʲɑlˈdaːrɑ
{ e, ɛ }rj > ɛːr { é, e }ri > eir emperjo ɛmˈpɛrjɔ > empeiro ɛmˈpɛːrɔ
{ o, ɔ }rj > œːr { ó, o }ri > eur glórja ˈɡlorjɑ > gleura
?glèura		 ˈɡlœːrɑ
23 ɑ > a / r__{ [-velar], -r } a > à / r__{ [-velar], -r } grande ˈɡrɑn.dɛ > grànde ˈɡrandɛ
24 ɛ[+stress] > jɛ / [-sibilant]__ e[+stress] > ie / [-sibilant]__ tempos ˈtɛmpɔs > tiempos ˈtjɛmpɔs
e[+stress] > je / [-sibilant]__ é[+stress] > ié / [-sibilant]__ sabére sɑˈbe.rɛ > sabiére sɑˈbje.rɛ
ɔ[+stress] > wɛ / __[+sonorant]C o[+stress] > ue / __[+sonorant]C longo ˈlɔnɡɔ > luengo ˈlwɛnɡɔ
ɔ[+stress] > ɔj / __ o[+stress] > oi / __ debos dɛˈbɔs > debois dɛˈbɔjs
o[+stress] > uː / [open syllables] ó[+stress] > uo / [open syllables] cósa ˈkozɑ > cuósa ˈkuːzɑ
25 f > h / __V[+round] f > h / __V[+round] fórno ˈfornɔ > hórno ˈhornɔ
26 V[-low-back][-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s } V[-low-back][-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s } uno ˈunɔ > un ˈun
* If the final syllable started in a consonant cluster, a prop vowel /ə/ appears, spelled |e|.
27 ɑ[-stress] > ə / __# a > e / __# cuosa ˈkuːzɑ > cuose ˈkuːzə
28 ɑ[-stress] > ə / __[-initial syllable] a > e / __[-initial syllable] ornamient ˌɔrnɑˈmjɛnt > ornemient ˌɔrnəˈmjɛnt
29 V[-stress] > ∅ / __{[-initial syllable], [-final syllable]} V[-stress] > ∅ / __{[-initial syllable], [-final syllable]} verelad ˌvɛrɛˈlɑd > verlad ˌvɛrˈlɑd
* Certain consonant clusters (which?) also require the prop vowel /ə/, still spelled |e|.
  1. plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
  2. initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
  3. /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
  4. [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
  5. /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
  6. /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
  7. /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/

About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.

Later changes

  1. Nasalized vowels denasalize
  2. /Vn/ → /V~/ finally and before consonants
  3. Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
  4. /u/ → /y/
  5. /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎ/ → /iː/ finally or before consonants)
  6. /ɡl/ → /lː/
  7. /tʃ tʃː dʒ dʒː/ → /ç tʃ ʝ dʒ/
  8. /i/ after a hiatus → /ji/


Roesan changes

  1. /õ ã/ → /ũ ɐ̃/
  2. syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
  3. /s/ assimilates to following consonants
  4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
  5. /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
  6. /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
  7. /k ɡ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ/
  8. /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
  9. final stops devoice
  10. loss of schwa in final syllables
  11. loss of /h/
  12. /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
  13. /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
  14. /oj ɔj/ → /œj/

Paysan changes

  1. /ĩ õ ỹ/ → /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
  2. /a (ã)/ → /æ (æ̃)/
  3. /s/ → ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ → /ɛC ɔC/)
  4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
  5. Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
  6. /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
  7. /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
  8. /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
  9. /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
  10. /ɡ/ → /x/
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