Ibran sound changes

Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.

Common changes

Latin to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.

№	Phonetic Rule	Orthographic Rule	Example
1	m > ∅ / __#	m > ∅ / __#	causam	ˈkau.sam	>	causa	ˈkau.sa
	m > n / __#	m > n / __#	jam	ˈjam	>	jan	ˈjan
	The latter change applies in some function words and probably all monosyllables.
2	{ m, ŋ } > n / __n	{ m, g } > n / __n	cognoscere	koŋ.nosˈkeːre	>	connoscere	kon.nosˈkeːre
3	{ t, k, d } > ∅ / __#	{ t, c, d } > ∅ / __#	potit	ˈpo.tit	>	poti	ˈpo.ti
4	h > ∅	h > ∅	habere	haˈbeːre	>	abere	aˈbeːre
5	{ e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V	{ e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V	perdiu	ˈper.di.uː	>	perdju	ˈper.djuː
6	V[-stress][+penult] > ∅	V[-stress][+penult] > ∅	genere	ˈɡe.ne.re	>	genre	ˈɡen.re
7	tk > tʃ	tc > ç	portcu	ˈport.ku	>	porçu	ˈpor.tʃu
	*|ç| should be that 'Visigothic Z' |ꝣ| in actuality
8	{ a, aː }[+stress] > ɑ	no change	parte	ˈpar.te	>	parte	ˈpɑr.te
	{ e, aj }[+stress] > ɛ	ae[+stress] > e	gente caecu	ˈɡen.te ˈkaj.ku	> >	gente cecu	ˈɡɛn.te ˈkɛ.ku
	{ i, eː, oj }[+stress] > e	{ i, e, oe }[+stress] > é	spissu jacere foedu	ˈspis.su jaˈkeːre ˈfoj.du	> > >	spéssu jacére fédu	ˈspes.su jaˈke.re ˈfe.du
	iː[+stress] > i	no change	audire	auˈdiːre	>	audire	auˈdi.re
	o[+stress] > ɔ	no change	ovu	ˈo.vu	>	ovu	ˈɔ.vu
	{ u, oː, au }[+stress] > o	{ u, o, au }[+stress] > ó	muttu totu paucu	ˈmut.tu ˈtoːtu ˈpau.ku	> > >	móttu tótu pócu	ˈmot.tu ˈto.tu ˈpo.ku
	uː[+stress] > u	no change	unu	ˈuːnu	>	unu	ˈu.nu
9	{ a, aː }[-stress] > ɑ	no change	marritu	marˈri.tu	>	marrito	mɑrˈri.tɔ
	{ i, eː, e, oj, aj }[-stress] > ɛ	{ i, oe, ae }[-stress] > e	bibére	biˈbe.re	>	bebére	bɛˈbe.rɛ
	iː[-stress] > i	no change	ficatu	fiːˈkɑ.tu	>	ficato	fiˈkɑ.tɔ
	{ u, oː, o, au }[-stress] > ɔ	{ u, au }[-stress] > o	audire	auˈdi.re	>	odire	ɔˈdi.rɛ
	uː[-stress] > u	no change	tutare	tuːˈtɑ.re	>	tutare	tuˈtɑ.rɛ

Verb endings

Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.

Verbs in -āre (-áre)

• Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
• Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
• Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
• Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
• Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.

Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)

• Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
• Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
• Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
• Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
• Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.

Verbs in -īre (-íre)

• Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
• Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
• Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
• Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
• Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.

Early changes

№	Phonetic Rule	Orthographic Rule	Example
1	{ [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > dʒ	{ [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > j	perdju	ˈpɛr.dju	>	perju	ˈper.dʒu
2	{ [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > tʃ	{ [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > ç	propjo	ˈprɔ.pjɔ	>	proço	ˈprɔ.tʃɔ
	* Should be spelled the same way as the outcome of VL#7 above.
3	j > dʒ / { #, V }__V	no change	jocare	jɔˈkɑ.rɛ	>	jocare	dʒɔˈkɑ.rɛ
	* Sometimes #1 or #3 may result in |y| /j/ instead.
4	{ nn, nj } > ɲ	{ nn, nj } > nh	connoscére	kɔn.nɔsˈke.rɛ	>	conhoscére	kɔ.ɲɔsˈke.rɛ
5	{ ll, lj } > ʎ	{ ll, lj } > ll[confirm]	stella	ˈstɛl.lɑ	>	stella	ˈstɛ.ʎɑ
	* Why isn't this |lh|, parallel with |nh| from #4?
6	{ d, ɡ } > ∅ / V__V	{ d, g } > ∅ / V__V	vedére	vɛˈde.rɛ	>	veére	vɛˈe.rɛ
7	b > v / V__V	b > v / V__V	abére	ɑˈbe.rɛ	>	avére	ɑˈve.rɛ
8	{ ɑ, ɛ }{ i, ɛ }[-stress] > ɛj	{ a, e }{ i, e }[-stress] > ei	pee	ˈpɛ.ɛ	>	pei	ˈpɛj
9	{ ɛ, i }[-stress] > j / e__	e[-stress] > i / é__	fée	ˈfe.ɛ	>	féi	ˈfej
10	{ i }[-stress] > j / { ɔ, o }__	no change	ói	ˈo.i	>	ói	ˈoj
11	k > tʃ / __V[+front]	no change	dicére	diˈke.rɛ	>	dicére	diˈtʃe.rɛ
	ɡ > dʒ / __V[+front]	no change	gente	ˈɡɛn.tɛ	>	gente	ˈdʒɛn.tɛ
	kʷ > kʲ / __V[+front]	no change	porque	pɔrˈkʷɛ	>	porque	pɔrˈkʲɛ
	ɡʷ > ɡʲ / __V[+front]	no change	anguélla	ɑnˈɡʷe.ʎɑ	>	anguélla	ɑnˈɡʲe.ʎɑ
12	k > kʲ / __ɑ	no change	locale	lɔˈkɑ.lɛ	>	locale	lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ
	ɡ > ɡʲ / __ɑ	no change	galbino	ɡɑlˈbi.nɔ	>	galbino	ɡʲɑlˈbi.nɔ
	kʷ > k / __ɑ	no change	qualqué	ˈkʷɑl.ke	>	qualqué	ˈkɑl.ke
	ɡʷ > ɡ / __ɑ	no change	léngua	ˈlen.ɡʷɑ	>	léngua	ˈlen.ɡɑ
13	kʷ > k̠ / __V[+back]	no change	quómdo	ˈkʷom.dɔ	>	quómdo	ˈk̠om.dɔ
	ɡʷ > ɡ̠ / __V[+back]	no change	exténguo	ɛksˈten.ɡʷɔ	>	exténguo	ɛksˈten.ɡ̠ɔ
14	p > b / V__V	p > b / V__V	sapére	sɑˈpe.rɛ	>	sabére	sɑˈbe.rɛ
	f > v / V__V	f > v / V__V	proféta	prɔˈfe.tɑ	>	provéla	prɔˈve.lɑ
	l > d / V__VtV	l > d / V__VtV	oblitare	ɔb.liˈtɑ.rɛ	>	obdilare	ɔb.diˈlɑ.rɛ
	t > d / VtV__V	t > d / VtV__V	veretate	vɛ.rɛˈtɑ.tɛ	>	verelade	vɛ.rɛˈlɑ.dɛ
	t > l / V__V	t > l / V__V	pote	ˈpɔ.tɛ	>	pole	ˈpɔ.lɛ
	s > z / V__V	no change	cósa	ˈko.sɑ	>	cósa	ˈko.zɑ
	k > ɡ / V__V	{ c, q } > g / V__V	veraco	vɛˈrɑ.ko	>	verago	vɛˈrɑ.ɡɔ
	kʲ > ɡʲ / V__V	{ c, q } > g / V__V	locale	lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ	>	logale	lɔˈɡʲɑ.lɛ
	k̠ > ɡ̠ / V__V	qu > gu / V__V	sequo	ˈsɛ.k̠ɔ	>	seguo	ˈsɛ.ɡ̠ɔ
15	p > b / V__{ r, l }	p > b / V__{ r, l }	Aprile	ɑˈpri.lɛ	>	Abrile	ɑˈbri.lɛ
	t > d / V__{ r, l }	t > d / V__{ r, l }	matre	ˈmɑ.trɛ	>	madre	ˈmɑ.drɛ
	k > ɡ / V__{ r, l }	c > g / V__{ r, l }	oclo	ˈɔk.lɔ	>	oglo	ˈɔɡ.lɔ
16	f > v / __{ r, l }	f > v / __{ r, l }	flóre	ˈflo.rɛ	>	vlóre	ˈvlo.rɛ
17	pp > p	pp > p	scuppire	skupˈpi.re	>	scupire	skuˈpi.re
	tt > t	tt > t	mótto	ˈmot.tɔ	>	móto	ˈmo.tɔ
	kk > k	cc > c	toccare	tɔkˈkʲɑ.rɛ	>	tocare	tɔˈkʲɑ.rɛ
	ss > s	no change	passare	pɑsˈsɑ.rɛ	>	passare	pɑˈsɑ.rɛ
	rr > r	rr > r	marrilo	mɑrˈri.lɔ	>	marilo	mɑˈri.lɔ
18	{ a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɑɛ̯ / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]	{ à, a }{ c, g, l } > ae / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]	facto	ˈfɑk.tɔ	>	faeto	ˈfɑɛ̯.tɔ
	{ e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɛj / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]	{ e, é }{ c, g, l } > ei / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]	pecto	ˈpɛk.tɔ	>	peito	ˈpɛj.tɔ
	i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ej / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]	i{ c, g, l } > éi / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]	coniglo	kɔˈniɡ.lɔ	>	conéilo	kɔˈnej.lɔ
	{ o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > ɔɛ̯ / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]	{ o, ó }{ c, g, l } > oe / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]	oglo	ˈɔɡ.lɔ	>	oelo	ˈɔɛ̯.lɔ
	u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+back][+lateral] } > oj / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]	u{ c, g, l } > ói / __C{ [+dental], [+nasal] }[+stop]	buglo	ˈbuɡ.lɔ	>	bóilo	ˈboj.lɔ
	* And the rules for what makes a lateral [+back] are...?
19	{ a, ɑ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɑɛ̯ / __[+sibilant]	{ à, a }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ae / __[+sibilant]	laxo	ˈlɑk.sɔ	>	laesso	ˈlɑɛ̯.sɔ
	{ e, ɛ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɛj / __[+sibilant]	{ e, é }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ei / __[+sibilant]	méxto	ˈmeks.tɔ	>	meisto	ˈmɛjs.tɔ
	i[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > iC[+sibilant][+long] / __	i{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > isC[+sibilant] / __	salsiço	sɑlˈsi.tʃɔ	>	salsisço	sɑlˈsiʃ.ʃɔ
	{ o, ɔ }[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] } > ɔɛ̯ / __[+sibilant]	{ o, ó }{ [+velar], [+dental] } > oe / __[+sibilant]	coxa	ˈkɔk.sɑ	>	coessa	ˈkɔɛ̯.sɑ
	u[+stress]{ [+velar], [+dental] }C[+sibilant] > uC[+sibilant][+long] / __	u{ [+velar], [+dental]C[+sibilant] } > usC[+sibilant] / __	duce	ˈdu.tʃɛ	>	dusce	ˈduʃ.ʃɛ
	* |ss| is probably used for both /s/ and any /sː/ that might occur. Unless some monstrosity like |sß| begins to appeal to me...
19b	C[+velar]C2{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C2[+long] / V[-stress]__	C[+velar]C2{ [+dental], [+nasal] } > C2C2 / V[-stress]__	eccésto	ɛkˈtʃes.tɔ	>	eccésto	ɛtˈtʃes.tɔ
	C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C2[+sibilant] > C2[+long] / V[-stress]__	C{ [+dental], [+velar] }C2[+sibilant] > sC2 / V[-stress]__	pensare	pɛnˈsɑrɛ	>	pessare ?pesßare	pɛsˈsɑrɛ
20	ɔ[-stress] > a / __CV[+front]	o > à / __CV[+front]	volére	vɔˈle.rɛ	>	vàlére	vaˈle.rɛ
	u[-stress] > œ / __CV[+front]	u > eu / __CV[+front]	scupire	skuˈpi.rɛ	>	squeupire ?squèpire	skœˈpi.rɛ
	* My urge for symmetry is making me want to use |è| instead of |eu| now...
21	ɑ > a / __{ ɲ, ʎ }	a > à / __{ nh, ll }	montanha	mɔnˈtɑ.ɲɑ	>	montànha	mɔnˈta.ɲɑ
	{ ɛ, e } > i / __{ ɲ, ʎ }	{ e, é } > i / __{ nh, ll }	éllo	ˈe.ʎɔ	>	illo	ˈi.ʎɔ
	{ ɔ, o } > œ / __{ ɲ, ʎ }	{ o, ó } > eu / __{ nh, ll }	collo	ˈkɔ.ʎɔ	>	queullo ?quèllo	ˈkœ.ʎɔ
22	{ ɑ, a }rj > aːr	{ a, à }ri > àir	caldarja	kʲɑlˈdɑrjɑ	>	caldàira	kʲɑlˈdaːrɑ
	{ e, ɛ }rj > ɛːr	{ é, e }ri > eir	emperjo	ɛmˈpɛrjɔ	>	empeiro	ɛmˈpɛːrɔ
	{ o, ɔ }rj > œːr	{ ó, o }ri > eur	glórja	ˈɡlorjɑ	>	gleura ?glèura	ˈɡlœːrɑ
23	ɑ > a / r__{ [-velar], -r }	a > à / r__{ [-velar], -r }	grande	ˈɡrɑn.dɛ	>	grànde	ˈɡrandɛ
24	ɛ[+stress] > jɛ / [-sibilant]__	e[+stress] > je / [-sibilant]__	tempos	ˈtɛmpɔs	>	tjempos	ˈtjɛmpɔs
	e[+stress] > je / [-sibilant]__	é[+stress] > jé / [-sibilant]__	sabére	sɑˈbe.rɛ	>	sabjére	sɑˈbje.rɛ
	ɔ[+stress] > wɛ / __[+sonorant]C	o[+stress] > ue / __[+sonorant]C	longo	ˈlɔnɡɔ	>	luengo	ˈlwɛnɡɔ
	ɔ[+stress] > ɔj / __	o[+stress] > oi / __	debos	dɛˈbɔs	>	debois	dɛˈbɔjs
	o[+stress] > uː / [open syllables]	ó[+stress] > uo / [open syllables]	cósa	ˈkozɑ	>	cuósa	ˈkuːzɑ
25	f > h / __V[+round]	f > h / __V[+round]	fórno	ˈfornɔ	>	hórno	ˈhornɔ
26	V[-low-back][-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s }	V[-low-back-stress] > ∅ / __{ #, s }	uno	ˈunɔ	>	un	ˈun
	* If the final syllable started in a consonant cluster, a prop vowel /ə/ appears, spelled |e|.

1. final /ɑ/ → /ə/ |e|
2. /ɑ/ between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |a|
3. other vowels between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |e| if not
4. plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
5. initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
6. /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
7. [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
8. /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
9. /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
10. /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/

About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.

Later changes

1. Nasalized vowels denasalize
2. /Vn/ → /V~/ finally and before consonants
3. Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
4. /u/ → /y/
5. /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎ/ → /iː/ finally or before consonants)
6. /ɡl/ → /lː/
7. /tʃ tʃː dʒ dʒː/ → /ç tʃ ʝ dʒ/
8. /i/ after a hiatus → /ji/

Roesan changes

1. /õ ã/ → /ũ ɐ̃/
2. syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
3. /s/ assimilates to following consonants
4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
5. /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
6. /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
7. /k ɡ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ/
8. /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
9. final stops devoice
10. loss of schwa in final syllables
11. loss of /h/
12. /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
13. /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
14. /oj ɔj/ → /œj/

Paysan changes

1. /ĩ õ ỹ/ → /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
2. /a (ã)/ → /æ (æ̃)/
3. /s/ → ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ → /ɛC ɔC/)
4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
5. Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
6. /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
7. /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
8. /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
9. /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
10. /ɡ/ → /x/