Proto-Austronesian Hebrew/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine. | Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine. | ||
* グ/gu - noise | * グ/gu - noise | ||
* ス/su - this | |||
* ス/su - | |||
* プ/pu - mouth | * プ/pu - mouth | ||
* ス゚/͏cu - ship | * ス゚/͏cu - ship | ||
* ク゚/͏ŋu - | * ク゚/͏ŋu - who | ||
In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey. | In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey. | ||
PH segolates follow the form CvCCu in the absolute and CvCvC in the construct, in PAH. | PH segolates follow the form CvCCu in the absolute and CvCvC in the construct, in PAH. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== Relative === | === Relative === | ||
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the | The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Aramaic pronoun *šu-. The relative pronoun can act as a proclitic particle or it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect). | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| case | | case | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| | | ク゚͏<br />ŋu | ||
| | | カ゚̅ツ͏<br />ŋātu | ||
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing. | ! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G | ||
| | | キ゚͏<br />ŋi | ||
| | | カ゚̅チ<br />ŋāti | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I | ||
| | | カ゚͏<br />ŋa | ||
| | | カ゚̅タ<br />ŋāta | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | | | colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ク゚̅ツ̅<br />ŋūtū | ||
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| dual <br /> / <br /> plural | ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| dual <br /> / <br /> plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ||
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | | | colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ク゚̅チ̅<br />ŋūtī | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Demonstrative === | === Demonstrative === | ||
==== Near ==== | ==== Near ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| case | | case | ||
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! Fem. | ! Fem. | ||
| # | | # | ||
|- | |||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | |||
| ス<br />su | |||
| ソ̅ツ<br />sōtu | |||
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing. | |||
|- | |||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G | |||
| シ<br />si | |||
| ソ̅チ<br />sōti | |||
|- | |||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I | |||
| サ<br />sa | |||
| ソ̅タ<br />sōta | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
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== Adverbs == | == Adverbs == | ||
=== Suffixing === | |||
These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun. | These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun. | ||
; -h : This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. It attaches to the genitive/oblique case.<br /> e.g. アㇽサ゚ㇷ/'arcah = towards the earth/groundward ; カ゚̅マィミㇷ/ŋāmaymih = towards the sky/heavenward. There is a unique construction, ア̅ダㇷ/'ādah = together (not "one-ward"). | ; -ㇷ/-h : This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. It attaches to the genitive/oblique case.<br /> e.g. アㇽサ゚ㇷ/'arcah = towards the earth/groundward ; カ゚̅マィミㇷ/ŋāmaymih = towards the sky/heavenward. There is a unique construction, ア̅ダㇷ/'ādah = together (not "one-ward"). | ||
; -m : This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix. It attaches to the singular genitive, although there are dual constructions: <br /> ヤマナィミㇺ /yamanaymim - ambidextrously ("two-right-handedly"). Be sure an ya- has not been added to the front of the word, otherwise -m is just part of a vocative construction. | ; -ㇺ/-m : This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix. It attaches to the singular genitive, although there are dual constructions: <br /> ヤマナィミㇺ /yamanaymim - ambidextrously ("two-right-handedly"). Be sure an ya- has not been added to the front of the word, otherwise -m is just part of a vocative construction. | ||
; -yda : Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. チナィダ/tinayda = twice | ; ヤ̅-...-ㇺ/yā-...-m : vocative marker | ||
; -ィダ/-yda : Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. チナィダ/tinayda = twice | |||
Independent | === Independent === | ||
; tm : there | ; tm : there | ||
; hlm/hlny/hnny : here | ; hlm/hlny/hnny : here | ||
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; 'apnk/'idk : then, thereupon | ; 'apnk/'idk : then, thereupon | ||
; 'al : 'surely' with imperfect, 'not' with jussives | ; 'al : 'surely' with imperfect, 'not' with jussives | ||
; kn : thus | ; kn : rightly, thus | ||
; mid : very much | ; mid : very much | ||
; 'ayka(m) : how? | ; 'ayka(m) : how? | ||
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; lō : not | ; lō : not | ||
; bal : no, without | ; bal : no, without | ||
; ying : there is/are | ; ying : there is/are | ||
; ayin : there is/are not | ; 'ayin : there is/are not | ||
== Particles == | == Particles == | ||
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! 3f | ! 3f | ||
| カモハ̅ <br /> kamohā | | カモハ̅ <br /> kamohā | ||
| カモヒㇴ͏ <br /> | | カモヒㇴ͏ <br /> kamohin | ||
|} | |} | ||
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タ/ta- is the definite direct object marker. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew 'ot(a)- re-emerges: | タ/ta- is the definite direct object marker. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew 'ot(a)- re-emerges: | ||
=== Mixed === | |||
ミㇴ/ミッ/min-/mi+ is preposition meaning from, or than. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew mimmē- re-emerges: | ミㇴ/ミッ/min-/mi+ is preposition meaning from, or than. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew mimmē- re-emerges: | ||
; 'it(ta) : with | ; 'it(ta) : with | ||
; gal(e) : 'upon' | ; gal(e) : 'upon' | ||
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; sabīb(e) : around | ; sabīb(e) : around | ||
; hinn(a) : ergative | ; hinn(a) : ergative | ||
=== Separable | === Separable === | ||
; beyna : between | ; beyna : between | ||
; bāda : behind | ; bāda : behind | ||
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: ''See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.'' | : ''See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.'' | ||
Repeated patterns are marked, but are most often distinguished by ablaut. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" | {| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" | ||
|+ | |+ Non-present perfective | ||
| # | | # | ||
| g | | g | ||
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! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2 | ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2 | ||
! m. | ! m. | ||
| -tā | | {{Yes|-tā}} | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -temā | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -temā | ||
| -temū | | -temū | ||
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! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3 | ! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3 | ||
! m. | ! m. | ||
| -a | | style="background:wheat;" | -a | ||
| -ā | | style="background:MediumTurquoise;" | -ā | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ū | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; background:limegreen" | -ū | ||
|- | |||
! f. | |||
| -ō | |||
| {{Yes|-tā}} | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" | |||
|+ Non-past Progressive/Imperfective | |||
| # | |||
| g | |||
! Sing. | |||
! Dual | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1 || c. | |||
| 'a- - -u | |||
| na- - -ā | |||
| na- - -u | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2 | |||
! m. | |||
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | ta- - -u | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ta- - -āna | |||
| ta- - -ūna | |||
|- | |||
! f. | |||
| ta- - -īna | |||
| {{No|ta- - -nā}} | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3 | |||
! m. | |||
| ya- - -u | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ya- - -āni | |||
| ya- - -ūna | |||
|- | |||
! f. | |||
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | ta- - -u | |||
| {{No|ya- - -nā}} | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" | |||
|+ Past Imperfective (Narrative) | |||
| # | |||
| g | |||
! Sing. | |||
! Dual | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1 || c. | |||
| wa- - - | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | wana- - - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2 | |||
! m. | |||
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | watta- - - | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | watta- - -ā | |||
| watta- - -ū | |||
|- | |||
! f. | |||
| watta- - -ī | |||
| style="background: orchid;" | watta- - -ā | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3 | |||
! m. | |||
| wayya- - - | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | wayya- - -ā | |||
| wayya- - -ū | |||
|- | |||
! f. | |||
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | watta- - - | |||
| style="background: orchid;" | wayya- - -ā | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" | |||
|+ Contemplative/Jussive | |||
| # | |||
| g | |||
! Sing. | |||
! Dual | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1 || c. | |||
| 'a- - - | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | na- - - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2 | |||
! m. | |||
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | ta- - - | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ta- - -ā | |||
| ta- - -ū | |||
|- | |||
! f. | |||
| ta- - -ī | |||
| style="background: orchid;" | ta- - -ā | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3 | |||
! m. | |||
| ya- - - | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ya- - -ā | |||
| ya- - -ū | |||
|- | |||
! f. | |||
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | ta- - - | |||
| style="background: orchid;" | ta- - -ā | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" | |||
|+ Cohortative and Imperative | |||
| # | |||
| g | |||
! Sing. | |||
! Dual | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1 || c. | |||
| 'a- - -a | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | na- - -a | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2 | |||
! m. | |||
| style="background:wheat;" | -(a) | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; background:MediumTurquoise;" | -ā | |||
| style="background:limegreen;" | -ū | |||
|- | |||
! f. | |||
| -ī | |||
| -nā | |||
|} | |||
<br clear="both" /> | |||
Participles follow the predicable -u/-atu normal ending pattern. Infinitives are sometimes the same as participles, but usually are distinguish by ablaut. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
| Stem | |||
! Actor | |||
! Object | |||
! Local | |||
! Benefact. | |||
|- | |||
! Simple | |||
| QaTaL- | |||
| naQTaL- | |||
| 'iQtuTiL- | |||
| QuTuTuL- | |||
|- | |||
! Intensive | |||
| QiTTaL- | |||
| QuTTal- | |||
| hitQaTTel- | |||
| QuTTōTel- | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Causative | |||
| hiQTīL- | |||
| hoQTaL- | |||
| ŋitQaTel- | |||
| ŋuQTaTel- | |||
|} | |||
== Numerals == | |||
All forms are given in the absolute state, direct case. Numbers are treated like adjective and match their nouns in case, gender, state, and definiteness. | |||
=== Cardinals === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| # | |||
! m. | |||
! f. | ! f. | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! 1 | ||
| 'ādu | |||
| 'ādtu | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| ŋenāmi | |||
| ŋettōmi | |||
|} | |} | ||
One and two are frequently used as attributive adjectives. They normally follow the noun they modifies. They may also be used substantively in the construct state. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| # | |||
! m. | |||
! f. | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| ŋalōŋu | |||
| ŋalōŋtu | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| 'arbu | |||
| 'arabatu | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| gameŋu | |||
| gameŋatu | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| ŋeŋu | |||
| ŋeŋatu | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| ŋabu | |||
| ŋabatu | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| ŋamonu | |||
| ŋamonatu | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| tiŋu | |||
| tiŋatu | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| 'aŋaru | |||
| 'aŋatatu | |||
|} | |||
The numbers 3 to 10 can also be substantive, but there is '''''the opposite of gender-agreement.''''' As in Hebrew, this is called '''chiastic agreement'''. That means, the masculine form is used with feminine nouns and the masculine form is used with feminine nouns. The construct form always precedes the noun it modifies. The absolute, typically in apposition, typically precedes the noun. | |||
=== Ordinal === | |||
After 10, cardinals are used as ordinals. |
Latest revision as of 19:14, 22 February 2013
Nouns
Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine.
- グ/gu - noise
- ス/su - this
- プ/pu - mouth
- ス゚/͏cu - ship
- ク゚/͏ŋu - who
In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.
PH segolates follow the form CvCCu in the absolute and CvCvC in the construct, in PAH.
Masculine
case | Singular | Dual | Plural | case |
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | -u | -āmi | -ūma | D |
Genitive | -i | -aymi | -īma | O |
Indirect | -a |
case | Singular | Dual | Plural | case |
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | -Ø | -ām | -ūm | D |
Genitive | -aym | -īm | O | |
Indirect |
Feminine
case | Singular | Dual | Plural | case |
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | -atu | -atōmi | -ōtu | D |
Genitive | -ati | -ataymi | -ōti | O |
Indirect | -ata |
case | Singular | Dual | Plural | case |
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | -at | -atōm | -ōt | D |
Genitive | -ataym | O | ||
Indirect |
Pronouns
Personal - Independent
Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses. There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.
case | Common | # |
---|---|---|
D | アク 'aku |
sing. |
O | ||
D | アニ 'ani |
dual |
O | ||
D | アニ̅ヌ̅ 'anīnū |
pl. |
O | アニ̅ニ̅ 'anīnī |
case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | ア̅ッタ̅ 'āttā |
ア̅ッチ 'ātti |
sing |
O | |||
D | アッツマ̅ 'attumā |
dual | |
O | アッツマィ 'attumay | ||
D | アッツム̅ 'attumū |
アッチッナ̅ 'attinnā |
plural |
O | アッツミ̅ 'attumī |
case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | フワ huwa |
ヒヤ hiya |
sing. |
O | フワチ huwati |
ヒヤチ hiyati | |
D | フマ̅ humā |
dual | |
O | フマィ humay | ||
D | フム̅ humū |
ヒッナ̅ hinnā |
plural |
O | フミ̅ humī |
Personal - Suffix
Sing. | Dual | Pl. | |
---|---|---|---|
1c | -ī -nī |
-nayā | -nū |
2m | -kā | -kumā | -kem |
2f | -ki | -kin | |
3m | -ō | -humā | -hem |
3f | -hā | -hin |
The customary noun in Hebrew grammars to show the enclitic personal pronouns is סוּס/sūs, which means 'horse'. Horses were unknown in Southeast Asai in the first millenium B.C., and so that meaning of the word became mythical. The ordinary meaning of スス, however was 'canoe', the meaning we will use here.
kana | roman. | gloss |
---|---|---|
スシ̅ スㇲニ̅ |
susī susnī |
my canoe of my canoe |
スㇲカ | suska | your (m) canoe |
スㇲキ | suski | your (f) canoe |
スソ̅ | susō | his canoe |
スㇲハ̅ | sushā | her canoe |
スㇲナヤ̅ | susnayā | our² canoe |
スㇲクマ̅ | suskumā | y'all's² canoe |
スㇲフマ̅ | sushumā | their² canoe |
スㇲヌ̅ | susnū | our canoe |
スㇲケㇺ | suskem | y'all's (m) canoe |
スㇲキㇴ | suskin | y'all's (f) canoe |
スㇲヘㇺ | sushem | their (m) canoe |
スㇲヒㇴ | sushin | their (f) canoe |
Relative
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Aramaic pronoun *šu-. The relative pronoun can act as a proclitic particle or it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).
case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | ク゚͏ ŋu |
カ゚̅ツ͏ ŋātu |
sing. |
G | キ゚͏ ŋi |
カ゚̅チ ŋāti | |
I | カ゚͏ ŋa |
カ゚̅タ ŋāta | |
D | ク゚̅ツ̅ ŋūtū |
dual / plural | |
O | ク゚̅チ̅ ŋūtī |
Demonstrative
Near
case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | ス su |
ソ̅ツ sōtu |
sing. |
G | シ si |
ソ̅チ sōti | |
I | サ sa |
ソ̅タ sōta | |
D | イッル゚̅ 'illū |
dual / plural | |
O | イッリ゚̅ 'illī |
Far
The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective. It is also used in verbless clauses, like all pronouns. More confusingly, huwa/hiya also functions like a relative pronoun, or better yet as "that is". "the one", "the very one", or "that one".
Interrogative and Indefinite
Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender. Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.
Interrogative
case | Who? | What(ever)? | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | ミ̅ユ mīyu |
マ̅ mā |
sing. |
G | ミ̅マ mīya | ||
I | ミ̅乂 mīyi | ||
D | ミ̅ヨ̅ミ mīyōmi |
マ̅マ̅ māmā |
dual |
O | ミ̅マィミ mīyaymi |
マ̅マィ māmay | |
D | ミ̅ユ̅マ mīyūma |
マ̅ム̅ māmū |
plural |
O | ミ̅乂̅マ mīyīma |
マ̅ミ̅ māmī |
Indefinite
These forms often take enclitic pronouns. Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.
case | personal | impersonal | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | マッヌ mannu |
ミ̅ヌ mīnu |
sing. |
G | マッナ manna |
ミ̅ナ mīna | |
I | マッニ manni |
ミ̅ニ mīni | |
D | マッヌマ̅ mannumā |
ミ̅ヌマ̅ mīnumā |
dual |
O | マッヌマィ mannumay |
ミ̅ヌマィ mīnumay | |
D | マッヌム̅ mannumū |
ミ̅ヌム̅ mīnumū |
plural |
O | マッヌミ̅ mannumī |
ミ̅ヌミ̅ mīnumī |
The dual and plural of mannu can be used impersonally. The construct forms are man- and mīn- in the singular and mannum- and mīnum- in the dual/plural.
Adverbs
Suffixing
These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.
- -ㇷ/-h
- This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. It attaches to the genitive/oblique case.
e.g. アㇽサ゚ㇷ/'arcah = towards the earth/groundward ; カ゚̅マィミㇷ/ŋāmaymih = towards the sky/heavenward. There is a unique construction, ア̅ダㇷ/'ādah = together (not "one-ward"). - -ㇺ/-m
- This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix. It attaches to the singular genitive, although there are dual constructions:
ヤマナィミㇺ /yamanaymim - ambidextrously ("two-right-handedly"). Be sure an ya- has not been added to the front of the word, otherwise -m is just part of a vocative construction. - ヤ̅-...-ㇺ/yā-...-m
- vocative marker
- -ィダ/-yda
- Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. チナィダ/tinayda = twice
Independent
- tm
- there
- hlm/hlny/hnny
- here
- `nt/`tn/ht
- now
- 'apnk/'idk
- then, thereupon
- 'al
- 'surely' with imperfect, 'not' with jussives
- kn
- rightly, thus
- mid
- very much
- 'ayka(m)
- how?
- 'iyyi/'i
- where?
- 'an
- where?
- lama
- why? for what
- lō
- not
- bal
- no, without
- ying
- there is/are
- 'ayin
- there is/are not
Particles
- he
- question particle
- wi
- common conjunction
- pē
- clause conjunction
- ap
- also
- 'ō
- or, adversative
- hlm
- when, as soon as
- hm
- if, or
- koy
- since, because, if, when, which
Prepositions
Inseparable Prepositions
バ-/ba- means in, at, among, (or 'when' with infinitive construct verbs), etc. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:
Sing. | Dual | Pl. | |
---|---|---|---|
1c | ビ̅ bī |
バナヤ̅ banayā |
バヌ̅ banū |
2m | バカ̅ bakā |
バクマ̅ bakumā |
バケㇺ bakem |
2f | バキ baki |
バキㇴ bakin | |
3m | ボ̅ bō |
バフマ̅ bahumā |
バヘㇺ bahem |
3f | バハ̅ bahā |
バヒㇴ bahin |
ラ͏͏͏͏゚-/͏la- means to, onto, for, etc. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:
Sing. | Dual | Pl. | |
---|---|---|---|
1c | リ̅゜ lī |
ラ゚ナヤ̅ lanayā |
ラ゚ヌ̅ lanū |
2m | ラ゚カ̅ lakā |
ラ゚クマ̅ lakumā |
ラ゚ケㇺ͏ lakem |
2f | ラ゚キ͏ laki |
ラ゚キㇴ͏ lakin | |
3m | ロ̅゜ lō |
ラ゚フマ̅ lahumā |
ラ゚ヘㇺ͏ lahem |
3f | ラ゚ハ̅ lahā |
ラ゚ヒㇴ͏ lahin |
カ-/ka- means 'like' or 'as'. The primitive Hebrew form カモ/kamo re-emerges when pronouns are attached and in poetry.
Sing. | Dual | Pl. | |
---|---|---|---|
1c | カモィ kamoy |
カモナヤ̅ kamonayā |
カモヌ̅ kamonū |
2m | カモカ̅ kamokā |
カモクマ̅ kamokumā |
カモケㇺ͏ kamokem |
2f | カモキ͏ kamoki |
カモキㇴ͏ kamokin | |
3m | カモゥ kamow |
カモフマ̅ kamohumā |
カモヘㇺ͏ kamohem |
3f | カモハ̅ kamohā |
カモヒㇴ͏ kamohin |
タ/ta- is the definite direct object marker. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew 'ot(a)- re-emerges:
Mixed
ミㇴ/ミッ/min-/mi+ is preposition meaning from, or than. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew mimmē- re-emerges:
- 'it(ta)
- with
- gal(e)
- 'upon'
- 'im(ma)
- 'with'
- 'od(d)
- still, yet
- da
- until
- taqat(a)
- under
- 'aqar(e)
- after
- lapan(a)
- before
- sabīb(e)
- around
- hinn(a)
- ergative
Separable
- beyna
- between
- bāda
- behind
Verbs
- See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.
Repeated patterns are marked, but are most often distinguished by ablaut.
# | g | Sing. | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | c. | -tū | -nayā | -nū |
2 | m. | -tā | -temā | -temū |
f. | -tī | -tinā | ||
3 | m. | -a | -ā | -ū |
f. | -ō | -tā |
# | g | Sing. | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | c. | 'a- - -u | na- - -ā | na- - -u |
2 | m. | ta- - -u | ta- - -āna | ta- - -ūna |
f. | ta- - -īna | ta- - -nā | ||
3 | m. | ya- - -u | ya- - -āni | ya- - -ūna |
f. | ta- - -u | ya- - -nā |
# | g | Sing. | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | c. | wa- - - | wana- - - | |
2 | m. | watta- - - | watta- - -ā | watta- - -ū |
f. | watta- - -ī | watta- - -ā | ||
3 | m. | wayya- - - | wayya- - -ā | wayya- - -ū |
f. | watta- - - | wayya- - -ā |
# | g | Sing. | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | c. | 'a- - - | na- - - | |
2 | m. | ta- - - | ta- - -ā | ta- - -ū |
f. | ta- - -ī | ta- - -ā | ||
3 | m. | ya- - - | ya- - -ā | ya- - -ū |
f. | ta- - - | ta- - -ā |
# | g | Sing. | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | c. | 'a- - -a | na- - -a | |
2 | m. | -(a) | -ā | -ū |
f. | -ī | -nā |
Participles follow the predicable -u/-atu normal ending pattern. Infinitives are sometimes the same as participles, but usually are distinguish by ablaut.
Stem | Actor | Object | Local | Benefact. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Simple | QaTaL- | naQTaL- | 'iQtuTiL- | QuTuTuL- |
Intensive | QiTTaL- | QuTTal- | hitQaTTel- | QuTTōTel- |
Causative | hiQTīL- | hoQTaL- | ŋitQaTel- | ŋuQTaTel- |
Numerals
All forms are given in the absolute state, direct case. Numbers are treated like adjective and match their nouns in case, gender, state, and definiteness.
Cardinals
# | m. | f. |
---|---|---|
1 | 'ādu | 'ādtu |
2 | ŋenāmi | ŋettōmi |
One and two are frequently used as attributive adjectives. They normally follow the noun they modifies. They may also be used substantively in the construct state.
# | m. | f. |
---|---|---|
3 | ŋalōŋu | ŋalōŋtu |
4 | 'arbu | 'arabatu |
5 | gameŋu | gameŋatu |
6 | ŋeŋu | ŋeŋatu |
7 | ŋabu | ŋabatu |
8 | ŋamonu | ŋamonatu |
9 | tiŋu | tiŋatu |
10 | 'aŋaru | 'aŋatatu |
The numbers 3 to 10 can also be substantive, but there is the opposite of gender-agreement. As in Hebrew, this is called chiastic agreement. That means, the masculine form is used with feminine nouns and the masculine form is used with feminine nouns. The construct form always precedes the noun it modifies. The absolute, typically in apposition, typically precedes the noun.
Ordinal
After 10, cardinals are used as ordinals.